PT J
AU Gu, JGG
   MacDermott, AB
AF Gu, JGG
   MacDermott, AB
TI Activation of ATP P2X receptors elicits glutamate release from sensory neuron synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic transmission; gated currents; channels; calcium; dorsal; rat; nicotine
AB Painful stimuli to the skin initiate action potentials in the peripheral terminals of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. These action potentials propagate to DRG central terminals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, evoking release of excitatory transmitters such as glutamate onto postsynaptic dorsal horn neurons. P2X receptors, a family of ligand-gated ion channels(1,2) activated by the endogenous ligand ATP, are highly expressed by DRG neurons(3-5). Immunoreactivity to P2X receptors has been identified in the dorsal horn superficial laminae associated with nociceptive DRG central terminals(5), suggesting the presence of presynaptic P2X receptors. Here we have used a DRG-dorsal horn co-culture system to show that P2X receptors are localized at presynaptic sites on DRG neurons; that activation of these receptors results in increased frequency of spontaneous glutamate release; and that activation of P2X receptors at or near presynaptic DRG nerve terminals elicits action potentials that cause evoked glutamate release. Thus activation of P2X receptors at DRG central terminals can modify sensory signal throughput, and might even initiate sensory signals at central synapses without direct peripheral input. This putative central modulation and generation of sensory signals maybe associated with physiological and pathological pain sensation, making presynaptic P2X receptors a possible target for pain therapy.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, CTR NEUROBIOL & BEHAV, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Gu, JGG (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT PHYSIOL & CELLULAR BIOPHYS, 630 W 168TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
NR 22
TC 425
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 749
EP 753
DI 10.1038/39639
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900060
PM 9338789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Einasto, J
   Einasto, M
   Gottlober, S
   Muller, V
   Saar, V
   Starobinsky, AA
   Tago, E
   Tucker, D
   Andernach, H
   Frisch, P
AF Einasto, J
   Einasto, M
   Gottlober, S
   Muller, V
   Saar, V
   Starobinsky, AA
   Tago, E
   Tucker, D
   Andernach, H
   Frisch, P
TI A 120-Mpc periodicity in the three-dimensional distribution of galaxy superclusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rich clusters; power-spectrum; universe; scale
AB ACCORDING to the favoured models for the formation of large-scale structure in the Universe (in which the dynamics of the Universe is dominated by cold dark matter), the distribution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies should be random on large scales, It therefore came as a surprise when a periodicity was reported(1) in the distribution of high-density regions of galaxies in the directions of the Galactic poles, although the apparent lack of periodicity in other directions led to the initial report being regarded as a statistical anomaly(2). A subsequent study(3-6) also claimed evidence for periodicity on the same stale, but the statistical significance of this result was uncertain due to the small number of clusters used, Here, using a new compilation(7) of available data on galaxy clusters, we present evidence for a quasiregular three-dimensional network of rich superclusters and voids, with the regions of high density separated by similar to 120 Mpc, If this reflects the distribution of all matter (luminous and dark), then there must exist some hitherto unknown process that produces regular structure on large scales.
C1 INST ASTROPHYS,D-14482 POTSDAM,GERMANY.
   LD LANDAU THEORET PHYS INST,MOSCOW 117946,RUSSIA.
   FERMILAB NATL ACCELERATOR LAB,BATAVIA,IL 60510.
   INST NACL INVEST AGR,ESA,JUE OBSERV,E-28080 MADRID,SPAIN.
   UNIV GUANAJUATO,DEPT ASTRON,GUANAJUATO,MEXICO.
   UNIV OBSERV,D-37083 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Leibniz Association; Leibniz Institut fur Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP); Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics; United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of Chicago; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory; Instituto Nacional Investigacion Tecnologia Agraria Alimentaria (INIA); Universidad de Guanajuato
RP Einasto, J (corresponding author), TARTU ASTROPHYS OBSERV,EE-2444 TORAVERE,ESTONIA.
NR 18
TC 162
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/385139a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daaka, Y
   Luttrell, LM
   Lefkowitz, RJ
AF Daaka, Y
   Luttrell, LM
   Lefkowitz, RJ
TI Switching of the coupling of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor to different G proteins by protein kinase A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterotrimeric g-proteins; beta-adrenergic-receptor; map kinase; beta-2-adrenergic receptor; dependent activation; signaling pathways; pertussis-toxin; tyrosine-kinase; gamma-subunits; fibroblasts
AB Many of the G-grotein-coupled receptors for hormones that bind to the cell surface can signal to the interior of the cell through several different classes of G protein(1-4). Far example, although most of the actions of the prototype beta(2)-adrenergic receptor are mediated through G(s) proteins and thr cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) system(5,6), beta-adrenergis receptors can also couple to G(i) proteins(1,2). Here we investigate the mechanism that controls the specificity of this coupling. We show that in HEK293 cells, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase by the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor is mediated by the beta gamma subunits of pertussis-toxin-sensitive G proteins through a pathway involving the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Src and the G protein Ras, Activation of this pathway by the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor requires that the receptor be phosphorylated by PKA because it is blocked by H-89, an inhibitor of PKA. Additionally, a mutant of the receptor, which lacks the sites normally phosphorylated by PKA, can activate adenylyl cyclase(5), the enzyme that generates cAMP, but not MAP kinase. Our results demonstrate that a mechanism previously shown to mediate uncoupling of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor from G(s) and thus heterologous desensitization(7) (PKA-mediated receptor phosphorylation), also serves to 'switch' coupling of this receptor from G(s) to G(i) and initiate a new set of signalling events.
C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOCHEM,DURHAM,NC 27710.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 28
TC 1079
Z9 1254
U1 1
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/36362
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700058
PM 9363896
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU FranceLanord, C
   Derry, LA
AF FranceLanord, C
   Derry, LA
TI Organic carbon burial forcing of the carbon cycle from Himalayan erosion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phanerozoic time; bengal fan; chemistry; sediments; climate; system; rivers; matter
AB Weathering and erosion can affect the long-term ocean-atmosphere budget of carbon dioxide both through the consumption of carbonic acid during silicate weathering and through changes in the weathering and burial rates of organic carbon(1-4). Recent attention has focused on increased silicate weathering of tectonically uplifted areas in the India-Asia collision zone as a possible cause for falling atmospheric CO2 levels in the Cenozoic era(5-7) The chemistry of Neogene sediments from the main locus of sedimentary deposition for Himalayan detritus, the Bengal Fan, can be used to estimate the sinks of CO2 from silicate weathering and from the weathering and burial of organic carbon resulting from Himalayan uplift. Here we show that Neogene CO2 consumption from the net burial of organic carbon during Himalayan sediment deposition was 2-3 times that resulting from the weathering of Himalayan silicates. Thus the dominant effect of Neogene Himalayan erosion on the carbon cycle is an increase in the amount of organic carbon in the sedimentary reservoir, not an increase in silicate weathering fluxes.
C1 CORNELL UNIV, DEPT GEOL SCI, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP FranceLanord, C (corresponding author), CTR RECH PETROG & GEOCHIM, CNRS, BP 20, F-54501 VANDOEUVRE LES NANCY, FRANCE.
NR 32
TC 341
Z9 392
U1 4
U2 142
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 65
EP 67
DI 10.1038/36324
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schadel, M
   Bruchle, W
   Dressler, R
   Eichler, B
   Gaggeler, HW
   Gunther, R
   Gregorich, KE
   Hoffman, DC
   Hubener, S
   Jost, DT
   Kratz, JV
   Paulus, W
   Schumann, D
   Timokhin, S
   Trautmann, N
   Turler, A
AF Schadel, M
   Bruchle, W
   Dressler, R
   Eichler, B
   Gaggeler, HW
   Gunther, R
   Gregorich, KE
   Hoffman, DC
   Hubener, S
   Jost, DT
   Kratz, JV
   Paulus, W
   Schumann, D
   Timokhin, S
   Trautmann, N
   Turler, A
TI Chemical properties of element 106 (seaborgium)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enhanced nuclear-stability; liquid-liquid extractions; solution chemistry; aqueous-solution; amine
AB The synthesis, via nuclear fusion reactions, of elements heavier than the actinides, allows one to probe the limits of the periodic table as a means of classifying the elements. In particular, deviations in the periodicity of chemical properties for the heaviest elements are predicted as a consequence of increasingly strong relativistic effects on the electronic shell structure(1-7). The transactinide elements have now been extended up to element 112 (ref. 8), but the chemical properties have been investigated only for the first two of the transactinide elements, 104 and 105 (refs 9-19). Those studies showed that relativistic effect render these two elements chemically different from their lighter homologues in the same columns of the periodic table (Fig. 1). Here we report the chemical separation of element 106 (seaborgium, Sg) and investigations of its chemical behaviour in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. The methods that we use are able to probe the reactivity of individual atoms, and based on the detection of just seven atoms of seaborgium we find that it exhibits properties characteristic of the group 6 homologues molybdenum and tungsten. Thus seaborgium appears to restore the trends of the periodic table disrupted by relativistic effects in elements 104 and 105.
C1 PAUL SCHERRER INST,CH-5232 VILLIGEN,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV BERN,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,CH-3012 BERN,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV MAINZ,INST KERNCHEM,D-55099 MAINZ,GERMANY.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   GLENN T SEABORG INST TRANSACTINIUM SCI,LIVERMORE,CA 94551.
   FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM ROSSENDORF EV,INST RADIOCHEM,D-01314 DRESDEN,GERMANY.
   TECH UNIV DRESDEN,INST ANALYT CHEM,D-01062 DRESDEN,GERMANY.
   JOINT INST NUCL RES,FLEROV LAB NUCL REACT,DUBNA,RUSSIA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; University of Bern; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR); Technische Universitat Dresden; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia
RP Schadel, M (corresponding author), GESELL SCHWERIONENFORSCH MBH,D-64291 DARMSTADT,GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 129
Z9 135
U1 5
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 55
EP 57
DI 10.1038/40375
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hata, A
   Lo, RS
   Wotton, D
   Lagna, G
   Massague, J
AF Hata, A
   Lo, RS
   Wotton, D
   Lagna, G
   Massague, J
TI Mutations increasing autoinhibition inactivate tumour suppressors Smad2 and Smad4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta
AB Smad2 and Smad4 are related tumour-suppressor proteins(1,2), which, when stimulated by the growth factor TGF-beta, form a complex to inhibit growth(3). The effector function of Smad2 and Smad4 is located in the conserved carboxy-terminal domain (C domain) of these proteins and is inhibited by the presence of their amino-terminal domains (N domain)(4,5). This inhibitory function of the N domain is shown here to involve an interaction with the C domain that prevents the association of Smad2 with Smad4. This inhibitory function is increased in tumour-derived forms of Smad2 and 4 that carry a missense mutation in a conserved N domain arginine residue. The mutant N domains have an increased affinity for their respective C domains, inhibit the Smad2-Smad4 interaction, and prevent TGF beta-induced Smad2-Smad4 association and signalling. Whereas mutations in the C domain disrupt the effector function of the Smad proteins, N-domain arginine mutations inhibit SMAD signalling through a g-ain of autoinhibitory function. Gain of autoinhibitory function isa new mechanism for inactivating tumour suppressors.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,CELL BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,MOL EMBRYOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
NR 24
TC 306
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 82
EP 87
DI 10.1038/40424
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300055
PM 9214507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Han, J
   Jiang, Y
   Li, Z
   Kravchenko, VV
   Ulevitch, RJ
AF Han, J
   Jiang, Y
   Li, Z
   Kravchenko, VV
   Ulevitch, RJ
TI Activation of the transcription factor MEF2C by the MAP kinase p38 in inflammation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; cells; gene; biosynthesis; endotoxin; threonine; promoter
AB For cells of the innate immune system to mount a host defence response to infection, they must recognize products of microbial pathogens such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin secreted by Gram-negative bacterial, These cellular responses require intracellular signalling pathways, such as the four MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways(2-6). In mammalian cells the MAPK p38 is thought to play an important role in the regulation of cellular responses during infection through its effects on the expression of proinflammatory molecules(7-9). One means of understanding the role of p38 in these responses is to identify proteins with functions regulated by p38-catalysed phosphorylation, Here we demonstrate a link between the p38 pathway and a member of the myocyte-enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) group of transcription factors, We found that in monocytic cells, LPS increases the transactivation activity of MEF2C(10-12) through p38-catalysed phosphorylation, One consequence of MEF2C activation is increased c-jun gene transcription. Our results show that p38 may influence host defence and inflammation by maintaining the balance of c-Jun protein consumed during infection.
RP Han, J (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, DEPT IMMUNOL, 10550 N TORREY PINES RD, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 27
TC 676
Z9 795
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 296
EP 299
DI 10.1038/386296a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300055
PM 9069290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Varricchio, DJ
   Jackson, F
   Borkowski, JJ
   Horner, JR
AF Varricchio, DJ
   Jackson, F
   Borkowski, JJ
   Horner, JR
TI Nest and egg clutches of the dinosaur Troodon formosus and the evolution of avian reproductive traits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ornithischian dinosaurs
AB Living archosaurs (crocodilians and birds) share several reproductive features, including hard-shelled eggs(1), parental care(2,3), assembly-line oviducts(4) and luteal morphology(5). Nevertheless, crocodilians produce many small eggs that they ovulate, shell and deposit en masse, and incubate within sediments or vegetation mounds(2,4,6), whereas birds produce fewer but larger eggs(7), usually from a single ovary and oviduct(3). Further, birds ovulate, shell and lay one egg at a time and incubate eggs directly with body heat(3). New discoveries from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana allow re-evaluation of the transition from basal archosaurian to avian reproductive behaviour in the Coelurosauria(8,9), the theropod pod dinosaur dade that includes birds. Egg clutches and nests (Figs 1-3) suggest that the smalt coelurosaurian Troodon formosus (weight, about 50 kg) produced two eggs simultaneously at daily or longer intervals and incubated eggs using a combination of soil and direct body contact. Non-avian coelurosaurians thus possess several primitive features found in crocodilians (two functional ovaries and oviducts, lack of egg rotation and chalazae, partial burial of eggs, precocial young) and several derived features shared with birds (relatively larger and potentially asymmetric eggs, one egg produced per oviduct at a time, loss of egg retention, open nests, brooding) (Fig. 4).
C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV, MUSEUM ROCKIES, BOZEMAN, MT 59717 USA.
   MONTANA STATE UNIV, DEPT MATH SCI, BOZEMAN, MT 59717 USA.
C3 Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman
RP Varricchio, DJ (corresponding author), OLD TRAIL MUSEUM, POB 919, CHOTEAU, MT 59422 USA.
NR 29
TC 167
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 247
EP 250
DI 10.1038/385247a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawamura, T
   Kume, N
   Aoyama, T
   Moriwaki, H
   Hoshikawa, H
   Aiba, Y
   Tanaka, T
   Miwa, S
   Katsura, Y
   Kita, T
   Masaki, T
AF Sawamura, T
   Kume, N
   Aoyama, T
   Moriwaki, H
   Hoshikawa, H
   Aiba, Y
   Tanaka, T
   Miwa, S
   Katsura, Y
   Kita, T
   Masaki, T
TI An endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scavenger receptor; macrophage; cells; atherosclerosis; recognition; expression; cholesterol; binding; domains; cloning
AB Endothelial dysfunction or activation elicited by oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis(1-4), characterized by intimal thickening and lipid deposition in the arteries. Ox-LDL and its lipid constituents impair endothelial production of nitric oxide, and induce the endothelial expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and smooth-muscle growth factors, which may be involved in atherogenesis(5-7). Vascular endothelial cells in culture(8,9) and in vivo(10,11) internalize and degrade Ox-LDL through a putative receptor-mediated pathway that does not involve macrophage scavenger receptors(12-15). Here we report the molecular cloning, using expression cloning strategy, of an Ox-LDL receptor from vascular endothelial cells. The cloned receptor is a membrane protein that belongs structurally to the C-type lectin family, and is expressed in vivo in vascular endothelium and vascular-rich organs.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT GERIATR MED,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,CHEST DIS RES INST,DEPT IMMUNOL,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   JAPANESE RED CROSS SAITAMA BRANCH,YONO,SAITAMA 338,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Kyoto University
NR 27
TC 1192
Z9 1393
U1 1
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 73
EP 77
DI 10.1038/386073a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600053
PM 9052782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dolan, RJ
   Fletcher, PC
AF Dolan, RJ
   Fletcher, PC
TI Dissociating prefrontal and hippocampal function in episodic memory encoding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amnesia; activation; retrieval
AB Human lesion data indicate that an intact left hippocampal formation is necessary for auditory-verbal memory(1). By contrast, functional neuroimaging has highlighted the role of the left prefrontal cortex(2-4) but has generally failed to reveal the predicted left hippocampal activation. Here we describe an experiment involving learning category-exemplar word pairs (such as 'dog...boxer') in which we manipulate the novelty of either individual elements or the entire category-exemplar pairing. We demonstrate both left medial temporal (including hippocampal) and left prefrontal activation and show that these activations are dissociable with respect to encoding demands. Left prefrontal activation is maximal with a change in category-exemplar pairings, whereas medial temporal activation is sensitive to the overall degree of novelty. Thus, left prefrontal cortex is sensitive to processes required to establish meaningful connections between a category and its exemplar, a process maximized when a previously formed connection is changed. Conversely, the left medial temporal activation reflects processes that register the overall novelty of the presented material. Our results provide striking evidence of functionally dissociable roles for the prefrontal cortex and hippocampal formation during learning of auditory-verbal material.
C1 ROYAL FREE HOSP,SCH MED,LONDON NW3,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School
RP Dolan, RJ (corresponding author), INST NEUROL,WELLCOME DEPT COGNIT NEUROL,QUEEN SQ,LONDON WC1N 3BG,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 333
Z9 367
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 582
EP 585
DI 10.1038/41561
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200049
PM 9252188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monks, CRF
   Kupfer, H
   Tamir, I
   Barlow, A
   Kupfer, A
AF Monks, CRF
   Kupfer, H
   Tamir, I
   Barlow, A
   Kupfer, A
TI Selective modulation of protein kinase C-theta during T-cell activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; b-cells; receptor; member; family
AB EVERY cell contains many families of protein kinases, and may express several structurally related yet genetically distinct kinases of each family. The activity of the serine/threonine protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes(1-2) has long been implicated in T-cell activation(3), but it is not known which members of the PKC family regulate the T-cell response to foreign antigens. The activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is spatially restricted to their site of contact, where receptors on the T cells engage their counter-receptors on the APCs(4,5). We used this localized engagement to identify, at the single-cell level, intracellular proteins involved in the activation process. By digital immunofluorescence microscopy, we localized six isoforms of PKC in antigen-specific T-cell clones activated by APCs. Surprisingly, only PKC-theta translocated to the site of cell contact. Accordingly, in vitro kinase activity assays of PkC immunoprecipitates from the conjugates of T cells and APCs showed a selective increase in the activity of PKC-theta, indicating that the translocated enzyme is active. Several modes of partial T-cell activation that failed to cause PKC-theta translocation also failed to cause T-cell proliferation, further suggesting the involvement of PKC-theta in T-cell activation.
C1 NATL JEWISH CTR IMMUNOL & RESP MED,DIV BASIC SCI,DENVER,CO 80206.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT CELLULAR & STRUCT BIOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 National Jewish Health; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 20
TC 482
Z9 529
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/385083a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100055
PM 8985252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fan, W
   Boston, BA
   Kesterson, RA
   Hruby, VJ
   Cone, RD
AF Fan, W
   Boston, BA
   Kesterson, RA
   Hruby, VJ
   Cone, RD
TI Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanocyte-stimulating-hormone; messenger-rna; alpha-melanotropin; molecular-cloning; neuropeptide-y; receptor; gene; mouse; expression; brain
AB DOMINANT alleles at the agouti locus (A) cause an obesity syndrome in the mouse, as a consequence of ectopic expression of the agouti peptide(1-6). This peptide, normally only found in the skin, is a high-affinity antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1-R)(7), thus explaining the inhibitory effect of agouti on eumelanin pigment synthesis, The agouti peptide is also an antagonist of the hypothalamic melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R)(7-9). To test the hypothesis that agouti causes obesity by antagonism of hypothalamic melanocortin receptors(7), we identified cyclic melanocortin analogues(10) that are potent agonists or antagonists of the neural MC3 (refs 11, 12) and MC4 receptors. Intracerebroventricular administration of the agonist, MTII, inhibited feeding in four models of hyperphagia: fasted C57BL/6J, ob/ob, and A(Y) mice, and mice injected with neuropeptide Y. Co-administration of the specific melanocortin antagonist and agouti-mimetic SHU9119 completely blocked this inhibition. Furthermore, administration of SHU9119 significantly enhanced nocturnal feeding, or feeding stimulated by a prior fast. Our data show that melanocortinergic neurons exert a tonic inhibition of feeding behaviour. Chronic disruption of this inhibitory signal is a likely explanation of the agouti obesity syndrome.
C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV, VOLLUM INST ADV BIOMED RES, PORTLAND, OR 97201 USA.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV, DEPT PEDIAT, PORTLAND, OR 97201 USA.
   UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT CHEM, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; University of Arizona
NR 28
TC 1678
Z9 1935
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/385165a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800056
PM 8990120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noll, KS
   Roush, TL
   Cruikshank, DP
   Johnson, RE
   Pendleton, YJ
AF Noll, KS
   Roush, TL
   Cruikshank, DP
   Johnson, RE
   Pendleton, YJ
TI Detection of ozone on Saturn's satellites Rhea and Dione
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID charged-particle irradiation; europa; ganymede; oxygen; callisto; spectra; albedo; search; ices; life
AB The satellites Rhea and Dione orbit within the magnetosphere of Saturn, where they are exposed to particle irradiation from trapped ions. A similar situation applies to the galilean moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, which reside within Jupiter's radiation belts. All of these satellites have surfaces rich in water ice(1,2). Laboratory studies of the interaction of charged-particle radiation with water ice predicted(3) the tenuous oxygen atmospheres recently found on Europa(4) and Ganymede(5). However, theoretical investigations did not anticipate the trapping of significantly larger quantities of O-2 within the surface ice(6). The accumulation of detectable abundances of O-3, produced by the action of ultraviolet or charged-particle radiation on O-2, was also not predicted before being observed on Ganymede(7). Here we report the identification of O-3 in spectra of the saturnian satellites Rhea and Dione. The presence of trapped O-3 is thus no longer unique to Ganymede, suggesting that special circumstances may not be required for its production.
C1 NASA, AMES RES CTR, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 94035 USA.
   SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOSCI, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94132 USA.
   UNIV VIRGINIA, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22901 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; California State University System; San Francisco State University; University of Virginia
RP Noll, KS (corresponding author), SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST, 3700 SAN MARTIN DR, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA.
NR 29
TC 138
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/40348
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300043
PM 9214500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swanton, C
   Mann, DJ
   Fleckenstein, B
   Neipel, F
   Peters, G
   Jones, N
AF Swanton, C
   Mann, DJ
   Fleckenstein, B
   Neipel, F
   Peters, G
   Jones, N
TI Herpes viral cyclin/Cdk6 complexes evade inhibition by CDK inhibitor proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent kinases; kaposis-sarcoma; dna-sequences; identification; transition; cancer; p27
AB The passage of mammalian cells through the restriction point into the S phase of the cell cycle is regulated by the activities of Cdk4 and Cdk6 complexed with the D-type cyclins and by cyclin E/Cdk2 (refs 1-3). The activities of these holoenzymes are constrained by CDK inhibitory proteins(4,5). The importance of the restriction point is illustrated by its deregulation in many tumour cells(6,7) and upon infection with DNA tumour viruses(8). Here we describe the properties of cyclins encoded by two herpesviruses, herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) which can transform blood lymphocytes(9) and induce malignancies of lymphoid origin in New World primates(9,10) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) implicated as a causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity lymphomas(11,12). Both viral cyclins form active kinase complexes with Cdk6 that are resistant to inhibition by the CDK inhibitors p16(Ink4a), p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). Furthermore, ectopic expression of a viral cyclin prevents G1 arrest imposed by each inhibitor and stimulates cell-cycle progression in quiescent fibroblasts. These results suggest a new mechanism for deregulation of the cell cycle and indicate that the viral cyclins may contribute to the oncogenic nature of these viruses.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   UNIV ERLANGEN NURNBERG,INST KLIN & MOL VIROL,D-8520 ERLANGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of Erlangen Nuremberg
NR 25
TC 280
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/36606
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400057
PM 9367157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Starr, R
   Willson, TA
   Viney, EM
   Murray, LJL
   Rayner, JR
   Jenkins, BJ
   Gonda, TJ
   Alexander, WS
   Metcalf, D
   Nicola, NA
   Hilton, DJ
AF Starr, R
   Willson, TA
   Viney, EM
   Murray, LJL
   Rayner, JR
   Jenkins, BJ
   Gonda, TJ
   Alexander, WS
   Metcalf, D
   Nicola, NA
   Hilton, DJ
TI A family of cytokine-inducible inhibitors of signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine phosphorylation; activation; receptors; cloning; chain
AB Cytokines are secreted proteins that regulate important cellular responses such as proliferation and differentiation(1). Key events in cytokine signal transduction are well defined: cytokines induce receptor aggregation, leading to activation of members of the JAK family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. In turn, members af the STAT family of transcription factors are phosphorylated, dimerize and increase the transcription of genes with STAT recognition sites in their promoters(1-4). Less is known of how cytokine signal transduction is switched off. We have cloned a complementary DNA encoding a protein SOCS-1, containing an SH2-domain, by its ability to inhibit the macrophage differentiation of M1 cells in response to interleukin-6. Expression of SOCS-1 inhibited both interleukin-6-induced receptor phosphorylation and STAT activation. We have also cloned two-relatives of SOCS-1, named SOCS-2 and SOCS-3, which together with the previously described CIS (ref. 5) form a new family of proteins. Transcription of all four SOCS genes is increased rapidly in response to interleukin-6, in vitro and in vivo, suggesting they may act in a classic negative feedback loop to regulate cytokine signal transduction.
C1 ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSP, WALTER & ELIZA HALL INST MED RES, PARKVILLE, VIC 3052, AUSTRALIA.
   COOPERAT RES CTR CELLULAR GROWTH FACTORS, PARKVILLE, VIC 3052, AUSTRALIA.
   INST MED & VET SCI, HANSON CTR CANC RES, ADELAIDE, SA 5000, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; SA Pathology
NR 27
TC 1812
Z9 2079
U1 0
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 917
EP 921
DI 10.1038/43206
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600055
PM 9202125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masson, GS
   Busettini, C
   Miles, FA
AF Masson, GS
   Busettini, C
   Miles, FA
TI Vergence eye movements in response to binocular disparity without depth perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID viewing distance; visual-cortex; monkey; dependence; mechanisms; stereopsis; motion
AB Primates use vergence eye movements to align their two eyes on the same object and can correct misalignments by sensing the difference in the positions of the two retinal images of the object (binocular disparity). When large random-dot patterns are viewed dichoptically and small binocular misalignments are suddenly imposed (disparity steps), corrective vergence eye movements are elicited at ultrashort latencies(1,2). Here we show that the same steps applied to dense anticorrelated patterns, in which each black dot in one eye is matched to a white dot in the other eye, initiate vergence responses that are very similar, except that they are in the opposite direction. This sensitivity to the disparity of anticorrelated patterns is shared by many disparity-selective neurons in cortical area V1 (ref. 3), despite the fact that human subjects fail to perceive depth in such stimuli(4,5). These data indicate that the vergence eye movements initiated at ultrashort latencies result solely from locally matched binocular features, and derive their visual input from an early stage of cortical processing before the level at which depth percepts are elaborated.
C1 NEI,SENSORIMOTOR RES LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   CNRS,CTR RECH NEUROSCI COGNIT,F-13402 MARSEILLE,FRANCE.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 21
TC 187
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 283
EP 286
DI 10.1038/38496
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200047
PM 9305842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xue, D
   Horvitz, HR
AF Xue, D
   Horvitz, HR
TI Caenorhabditis elegans CED-9 protein is a bifunctional cell-death inhibitor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; cysteine protease; bcl-2; gene; p35; apoptosis; survival; encodes; expression; prevention
AB The Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 prevents cells from undergoing programmed cell death and encodes a protein similar to the mammalian cell-death inhibitor Bcl-2 (refs 1-7). We show here that the CED-9 protein is a substrate for the C. elegans cell-death protease CED-3 (refs 8, 9), which is a member of a family of cysteine proteases first defined by CED-3 and human interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE)(10-12). CED-9 can be cleaved by CED-3 at two sites near its amino terminus, and the presence of at least one of these sites is important for complete protection by CED-9 against cell death. Cleavage of CED-9 by CED-3 generates a carboxy-terminal product that resembles Bcl-2 in sequence and in function. Bcl-2 and the baculovirus protein p35, which inhibits cell death in different species through a mechanism that depends on the presence of its cleavage site for the CED-3/ICE family of proteases(9,13-17), inhibit cell death additively in C. elegans, Our results indicate that CED-9 prevents programmed cell death in C. elegans through two distinct mechanisms: first, CED-9 may, by analogy with p35 (refs 9, 17), directly inhibit the CED-3 protease by an interaction involving the CED-3 cleavage sites in CED-9; second, CED-9 may directly or indirectly inhibit CED-3 by means of a protective mechanism similar to that used by mammalian Bcl-2.
C1 MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 30
TC 104
Z9 128
U1 1
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 305
EP 308
DI 10.1038/36889
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700068
PM 9384385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lappalainen, P
   Drubin, DG
AF Lappalainen, P
   Drubin, DG
TI Cofilin promotes rapid actin filament turnover in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID depolymerizing factor; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; internalization step; gene encodes; yeast; cytoskeleton; endocytosis; polymerization; organization; inhibition
AB The ability of actin filaments to function in cell morphogenesis and motility is coupled to their capacity for rapid assembly and disassembly. Because disassembly in vitro is much slower than in vivo, cellular factors that stimulate disassembly have long been assumed to exist. Although numerous proteins can affect actin dynamics in vitro, demonstration of in vivo relevance of these effects has not been achieved. We have used genetics and an actin-inhibitor in yeast to demonstrate that rapid cycles of actin assembly and disassembly depend on the small actin-binding protein cofilin, and that cofilin stimulates filament disassembly. These results may explain why cofilin is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and is essential for viability in every organism in which its function has been tested genetically. Magnitudes of disassembly defects in cofilin mutants in vivo were found to be correlated closely with the magnitudes of disassembly defects observed in vitro, supporting our conclusions. Furthermore, these cofilin mutants provided an opportunity to distinguish in living cells those actin functions that depend specifically on filament turnover (endocytosis) from those that do not (cortical actin patch motility).
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT MOL & CELL BIOL, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 30
TC 394
Z9 460
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 78
EP 82
DI 10.1038/40418
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300054
PM 9214506
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krause, DW
   Prasad, GVR
   vonKoenigswald, W
   Sahni, A
   Grine, FE
AF Krause, DW
   Prasad, GVR
   vonKoenigswald, W
   Sahni, A
   Grine, FE
TI Cosmopolitanism among Gondwanan Late Cretaceous mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID india; ultrastructure; australia; faunas; africa
AB Consistent with geophysical evidence for the breaking up of Pangaea, it has been hypothesized that Cretaceous vertebrates on progressively isolated landmasses exhibit generally increasing levels of provincialism(1-3), with distinctly heightened endemism occurring at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous(4). The Cretaceous fossil record from the southern supercontinent of Gondwana has been much too poor to test this hypothesis with regards to mammals (Fig. 1). Early Cretaceous mammals are known only from isolated sites in Argentinas, Australia(6,7), Cameroon(8,9) and Morocco(10). Apart from several occurrences in South America(11), knowledge of Late Cretaceous Gondwanan mammals is limited to a single site in India that previously yielded a few specimens of placental mammals(12,13), and a site in Madagascar that previously yielded only one indeterminate tooth fragment(14). Here we report the occurrence of a highly specialized and distinctive group of extinct mammals, the Sudamericidae (Gondwanatheria), in the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar and India. These new records comprise the first evidence of gondwanatheres outside South America and the first indication of cosmopolitanism among Late Cretaceous Gondwanan mammals. Antarctica may have served as an important Cretaceous biogeographic link between South America and Indo-Madagascar.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANTHROPOL,NEW YORK,NY 11794.
   UNIV JAMMU,DEPT GEOL,JAMMU 180004,INDIA.
   UNIV BONN,INST PALAEONTOL,D-53115 BONN,GERMANY.
   PANJAB UNIV,CTR ADV STUDY GEOL,CHANDIGARH 160014,INDIA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of Jammu; University of Bonn; Panjab University
RP Krause, DW (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANAT SCI,NEW YORK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 504
EP 507
DI 10.1038/37343
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siscoe, G
AF Siscoe, G
TI Magnetospheric physics - Big storms make little storms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Siscoe, G (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR SPACE PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 7
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 448
EP 449
DI 10.1038/37239
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeyl, C
   Bell, G
AF Zeyl, C
   Bell, G
TI The advantage of sex in evolving yeast populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deleterious mutations; evolution; ty3
AB Sex is a general feature of the life cycle of eukaryotes. It is not universal, however, as many organisms seem to lack sex entirely(1). The widespread occurrence of sex is puzzling, both because meiotic recombination can disrupt co-adapted combinations of genes, and because it halves the potential rate of reproduction in organisms with strongly differentiated male and female gametes(2). Most attempts to explain the maintenance of sexuality invoke differences between parents and sexual offspring. These differences may be advantageous in novel or changing environments if new gene combinations are favoured from time to time(1). Sex would then serve to concentrate beneficial mutations that have arisen independently into the same line of descent. But in a stable environment sex might serve to concentrate deleterious mutations, so that they will be more effectively purged from the population by selection(3). We have studied the effect of sex on mean fitness in experimental populations of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae. Our results show that sex increases mean fitness in an environment to which the populations were well adapted, but not in an environment to which new adaptation occurred, supporting the hypothesis that the advantage of sexuality lay in the removal of deleterious mutations.
C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, CTR MICROBIAL ECOL, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA.
   MCGILL UNIV, DEPT BIOL, MONTREAL, PQ H3A 1B1, CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV, REDPATH MUSEUM, MONTREAL, PQ H3A 1B1, CANADA.
C3 Michigan State University; McGill University; McGill University
NR 17
TC 120
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 465
EP 468
DI 10.1038/41312
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300046
PM 9242403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU SommarugaWograth, S
   Koinig, KA
   Schmidt, R
   Sommaruga, R
   Tessadri, R
   Psenner, R
AF SommarugaWograth, S
   Koinig, KA
   Schmidt, R
   Sommaruga, R
   Tessadri, R
   Psenner, R
TI Temperature effects on the acidity of remote alpine lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID boreal forest; climate; acidification; precipitation; chemistry
AB Climate variations and changes in sulphur and nitrogen deposition from the atmosphere influence the acid-base balance of sensitive lakes in a complex and site-specific way(1-3). For example, although lakes in several regions have shown a decline in sulphate concentration following reductions in atmospheric sulphate deposition(4-6), the expected recovery of pH and alkalinity has not always taken place, implicating an additional response to changes in the local climate. Here we report a study of 57 remote alpine lakes which shows that, between 1985 and 1995, lake pH and the concentration of sulphate, base cations and silica have increased, whereas inorganic nitrogen concentrations have decreased. This contrasts with atmospheric input trends, which have led to a decrease in sulphate and a slight increase in nitrogen deposition over the same period(7,8). We propose that the changes in lake chemistry are therefore likely to be caused by enhanced weathering and increased biological activity resulting from an increase in air temperature of about 1 degrees C since 1985. Our analysis of an alpine lake core covering a 200-year period provides further evidence for a strong positive correlation between pH and mean air temperatures, and thus for the high sensitivity of lakes at high altitudes and high latitudes to climate warming. In these remote locations, temperature effects, rather than acid deposition, appear to dominate changes in lake acidity.
C1 UNIV INNSBRUCK, INST ZOOL & LIMNOL, A-6020 INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA.
   AUSTRIAN ACAD SCI, INST LIMNOL, A-5310 MONDSEE, AUSTRIA.
   UNIV INNSBRUCK, INST MINERAL & PETROG, A-6020 INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA.
C3 University of Innsbruck; Austrian Academy of Sciences; University of Innsbruck
NR 30
TC 209
Z9 230
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/387064a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, SY
   Yang, AG
   Chen, JD
   Kute, T
   King, CR
   Collier, J
   Cong, YP
   Yao, CP
   Huang, XF
AF Chen, SY
   Yang, AG
   Chen, JD
   Kute, T
   King, CR
   Collier, J
   Cong, YP
   Yao, CP
   Huang, XF
TI Potent antitumour activity of a new class of tumour-specific killer cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudomonas exotoxin; proto-oncogene; human-breast; antibody; expression; cancer; lymphocytes; melanoma; therapy; vectors
AB Two approaches to the antibody-directed targeting of toxic or cytolytic activity and augmentation of cellular immune responses have been explored For tumour immunotherapy, but so far success has been limited(1-3). Obstacles facing immunotherapy are the limited accessibility of antibodies or antibody conjugates to solid tumours and the difficulty in obtaining tumour-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes(4-7). Here we generate a new class of tumour-specific killer cells by genetically modifying lymphocytes to produce and secrete a targeted toxin against an oncoprotein overexpressed on breast and other tumour cells, The transduced lymphocytes were shown to have potent and selective cytotoxicity to tumours in culture and nude mouse models, The potent in vivo antitunour activity is probably a result of the migration of the lymphocytes to tumours as a targeted toxin carrier, and production and accumulation of the targeted toxins inside tumours as a producer. Our approach, which has features of both antibody-directed and cell-mediated immunotherapy, may have application in a gene therapy context.
C1 WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,CTR COMPREHENS CANC,DEPT PATHOL,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27157.
   WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,CTR COMPREHENS CANC,DEPT COMPARAT MED,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27157.
   GEORGETOWN UNIV,VINCENT T LOMBARDI CANC RES CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20007.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & MOL GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Wake Forest University; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center; Wake Forest University; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center; Georgetown University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Chen, SY (corresponding author), WAKE FOREST UNIV,BOWMAN GRAY SCH MED,CTR COMPREHENS CANC,DEPT CANC BIOL,WINSTON SALEM,NC 27157, USA.
NR 27
TC 61
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 78
EP 80
DI 10.1038/385078a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100053
PM 8985250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, MA
   Frigg, R
   Flechsig, E
   Raeber, AJ
   Kalinke, U
   Bluethmann, H
   Bootz, F
   Suter, M
   Zinkernagel, RM
   Aguzzi, A
AF Klein, MA
   Frigg, R
   Flechsig, E
   Raeber, AJ
   Kalinke, U
   Bluethmann, H
   Bootz, F
   Suter, M
   Zinkernagel, RM
   Aguzzi, A
TI A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID follicular dendritic cells; necrosis-factor receptor-1; mice lacking; deficient mice; t-cells; protein; mouse; prp; replication; resistant
AB Although prion proteins are most efficiently propagated through intracerebral inoculation, peripheral administration has caused the diseases kuru, iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and new-variant CJD(1,2). The development of neurological disease after peripheral inoculation depends on prion expansion within cells of the lymphoreticular system(3,4). Here we investigate the identity of these cells by using a panel of immune-deficient mice inoculated with prions intraperitoneally: we found that defects affecting only T lymphocytes had no apparent effect, but that all mutations that disrupted the differentiation and response of B lymphocytes prevented the development of clinical scrapie. As an absence of B cells and of antibodies correlates with severe defects in follicular dendritic cells, a lack of any of these three components may prevent the development of clinical scrapie. However, we found that scrapie developed after peripheral inoculation in mice expressing immunoglobulins that were exclusively of the M subclass and without detectable specificity for the normal form of the prion PrPc, and in mice which had differentiated B cells but no functional follicular dendritic cells. We conclude that differentiated B cells are crucial for neuroinvasion by scrapie, regardless of the specificity of their receptors.
C1 UNIV ZURICH,INST NEUROPATHOL,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,INST MOL BIOL,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,INST EXPT IMMUNOL,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   HOFFMANN LA ROCHE AG,CH-4070 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,INST LAB ANIM SCI,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich; University of Zurich; University of Zurich; Roche Holding; University of Zurich
NR 29
TC 421
Z9 445
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 25
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6661
BP 687
EP 690
DI 10.1038/37789
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YM508
UT WOS:A1997YM50800032
PM 9414161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahissar, M
   Hochstein, S
AF Ahissar, M
   Hochstein, S
TI Task difficulty and the specificity of perceptual learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; orientation; discrimination; information; vision
AB Practising simple visual tasks leads to a dramatic improvement in performing them. This learning is specific to the stimuli used for training. We show here that the degree of specificity depends on the difficulty of the training conditions. We find that the pattern of specificities maps onto the pattern of receptive held selectivities along the visual pathway. With easy conditions, learning generalizes across orientation and retinal position, matching the spatial generalization of higher visual areas. As task difficulty increases, learning becomes more specific with respect to both orientation and position, matching the fine spatial retinotopy exhibited by lower areas. Consequently, we enjoy the benefits of learning generalization when possible, and of fine grain but specific training when necessary. The dynamics of learning show a corresponding feature. Improvement begins with easy cases (when the subject is allowed long processing times) and only subsequently proceeds to harder cases. This learning cascade implies that easy conditions guide the learning of hard ones. Taken together, the specificity and dynamics suggest that learning proceeds as a countercurrent along the cortical hierarchy. Improvement begins at higher generalizing levels, which, in turn, direct harder-condition learning to the subdomain of their lower-level inputs. As predicted by this reverse hierarchy model, learning can be effective using only difficult trials, but on condition that learning onset has previously been enabled, A single prolonged presentation suffices to initiate learning. We call this single-encounter enabling effect 'eureka'.
C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,INST LIFE SCI,CTR NERUAL COMPUTAT,DEPT NEUROBIOL,IL-91904 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT NEUROBIOL,CTR HIGHER BRAIN FUNCT,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Weizmann Institute of Science
NR 30
TC 641
Z9 763
U1 0
U2 92
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 401
EP 406
DI 10.1038/387401a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600060
PM 9163425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MaggioAprile, I
   Renner, C
   Erb, A
   Walker, E
   Fischer, B
AF MaggioAprile, I
   Renner, C
   Erb, A
   Walker, E
   Fischer, B
TI Critical currents approaching the depairing limit at a twin boundary in YBa2Cu3O7-delta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning-tunneling-microscope; flux lattice; vortex; superconductors; spectroscopy; heat
AB Interest in vortex matter has risen considerably since the discovery of the high-temperature superconductors, which exhibit magnetic vortex states that are especially rich and complex(1). The global behaviour of magnetic vortices in nearly perfect crystals-such as melting of the vortex lattice(2-5)-has been much studied, but of more technological relevance is the influence on the vortex states of the various structural defects present in most practical superconductors. An important example of such a defect is the twin boundary present in twinned orthorhombic crystals of YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO). Studies of such samples using magnetic-field-sensitive probes(6-9) have suggested that the twin boundary plays an important role in pinning the vortices and so enhancing the currents that YBCO can support while remaining superconducting. But the low spatial resolution of these techniques does not permit these effects to be studied at the scale of the vortices or boundaries themselves. Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy offers a means of circumventing these problems of resolution(10-12), as it directly probes the superconducting order parameter at nanometre length scales. Here we use this technique to investigate the importance of twin boundaries in YBCO. In particular we observe an unexpectedly large pinning strength for perpendicular vortex flux across the boundary, which implies that the critical current that can be supported along the boundary approaches the theoretical 'depairing' limit.
RP MaggioAprile, I (corresponding author), UNIV GENEVA,DEPT PHYS MAT CONDENSEE,24 QUAI E ANSERMET,CH-1211 GENEVA 4,SWITZERLAND.
NR 18
TC 59
Z9 59
U1 2
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 487
EP 490
DI 10.1038/37312
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duhamel, JR
   Bremmer, F
   BenHamed, S
   Graf, W
AF Duhamel, JR
   Bremmer, F
   BenHamed, S
   Graf, W
TI Spatial invariance of visual receptive fields in parietal cortex neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID response property; macaque monkey; area mt; space; connections; movement; memory; gaze
AB Spatial information is conveyed to the primary visual cortex in retinal coordinates, Movement trajectory programming, however, requires a transformation from this sensory frame of reference into a frame appropriate for the selected part of the body, such as the eye, head or arms(1-4). To achieve this transformation, visual information must be combined with information from other sources: for instance, the location of an object of interest can be defined with respect to the observer's head if the position of the eyes in the orbit is known and is added to the object's retinal coordinates, Here we show that in a subdivision of the monkey parietal lobe, the ventral intraparietal area (VIP), the activity of visual neurons is modulated by eye-position signals, as in many other areas of the cortical visual system(5-10). We find that individual receptive fields of a population of VIP neurons are organized along-a continuum, from eye to head coordinates, In the latter case, neurons encode the azimuth and/or elevation of a visual stimulus, independently of the direction in which the eyes are looking, thus representing spatial locations explicitly in at least a head-centred frame of reference.
C1 RUHR UNIV BOCHUM,DEPT ZOOL & NEUROBIOL,D-44780 BOCHUM,GERMANY.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum
RP Duhamel, JR (corresponding author), COLL FRANCE,CNRS,LAB PHYSIOL PERCEPT & ACT,11 PL MARCELIN BERTELOT,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 29
TC 466
Z9 503
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 845
EP 848
DI 10.1038/39865
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800056
PM 9349815
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helbing, D
   Keltsch, J
   Molnar, P
AF Helbing, D
   Keltsch, J
   Molnar, P
TI Modelling the evolution of human trail systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active walker models; growth-patterns
AB Many human social phenomena, such as cooperation(1-3), the growth of settlements(4), traffic dynamics(5-7) and pedestrian movement(7-10), appear to be accessible to mathematical descriptions that invoke self-organization(11,12). Here we develop a model of pedestrian motion to explore the evolution of trails in urban green spaces such as parks. Our aim is to address such questions as what the topological structures of these trail systems are(13), and whether optimal path systems can be predicted for urban planning. We use an 'active walker' model(14-19) that takes into account pedestrian motion and orientation and the concomitant feedbacks with the surrounding environment. Such models have previously been applied to the study of complex structure formation in physical(14-16), chemical(17) and biological(18,19) systems. We find that our model is able to reproduce many of the observed large-scale spatial features of trail systems.
C1 SCI COMP,D-72070 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
   CLARK ATLANTA UNIV,CTR THEORET STUDIES PHYS SYST,ATLANTA,GA 30314.
C3 Clark Atlanta University
RP Helbing, D (corresponding author), UNIV STUTTGART,INST THEORET PHYS,PFAFFENWALDRING 57-3,D-70550 STUTTGART,GERMANY.
NR 23
TC 264
Z9 310
U1 3
U2 107
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 47
EP 50
DI 10.1038/40353
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300044
PM 9214501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blattler, T
   Brandner, S
   Raeber, AJ
   Klein, MA
   Voigtlander, T
   Weissmann, C
   Aguzzi, A
AF Blattler, T
   Brandner, S
   Raeber, AJ
   Klein, MA
   Voigtlander, T
   Weissmann, C
   Aguzzi, A
TI PrP-expressing tissue required for transfer of scrapie infectivity from spleen to brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creutzfeldt-jakob disease; central-nervous-system; host prion protein; mice; mouse; pathogenesis; replication; agent; spread
AB Much available evidence points to a pathological isoform of the prion protein PrP being the infectious agent that causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, but the mechanisms controlling the neurotropism of prions are still unclear. We have previously shown that mice that do not express PrP (Prnp(o/o) mice) are resistant to infection by prions(1,2), and that if a Prnp(+/+) neurograft is introduced into such animals and these are infected intracerebrally with scrapie, the graft but not the surrounding tissue shows scrapie pathology(3). Here we show that PrP-expressing neurografts in Prnp(o/o) mice do not develop scrapie histopathology after intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation with scrapie prions. Prion titres were undetectable in spleens of inoculated Prnp(o/o) mice, but were restored to wild-type levels upon reconstitution of the host lymphohaemopoietic system with PrP-expressing cells. Surprisingly, however, i.p. or i.v. inoculation failed to produce scrapie pathology in the neurografts of 27 out of 28 reconstituted animals, in contrast to intracerebral inoculation. We conclude that transfer of infectivity from the spleen to the central nervous system is crucially dependent on the expression of PrP in a tissue compartment that cannot be reconstituted by bone marrow transfer. Thus the requirement for the normal isoform of PrP in peripheral tissues represents a bottleneck for the spread of prions from peripheral sites to the central nervous system.
C1 UNIV ZURICH,INST NEUROPATHOL,DEPT PATHOL,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,INST MOL BIOL,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich; University of Zurich
NR 21
TC 224
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 69
EP 73
DI 10.1038/37981
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600046
PM 9288968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pierre, P
   Turley, SJ
   Gatti, E
   Hull, M
   Meltzer, J
   Mirza, A
   Inaba, K
   Steinman, RM
   Mellman, I
AF Pierre, P
   Turley, SJ
   Gatti, E
   Hull, M
   Meltzer, J
   Mirza, A
   Inaba, K
   Steinman, RM
   Mellman, I
TI Developmental regulation of MHC class II transport in mouse dendritic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID langerhans cells; compartments; molecules; complex; expression; endosm; lysosm; membrane; peptide
AB Dendritic cells (DCs) have the unique capacity to initiate primary and secondary immune responses(1-3). They acquire antigens in peripheral tissues and migrate to lymphoid organs where they present processed peptides to T cells. DCs must therefore exist in distinct functional states, an idea that is supported by observations that they downregulate endocytosis and upregulate surface molecules of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) upon maturation(4-7). Here we investigate the features of DC maturation by reconstituting the terminal differentiation of mouse DCs in vitro and in situ. We find that early DCs, corresponding to those found in peripheral tissues, exhibit a phenotype in which most class II molecules are intracellular and localized to lysosomes. Upon maturation, these cells give rise to a new intermediate phenotype in which intracellular class II molecules are found in peripheral non-lysosomal vesicles, similar to the specialized CIIV population seen in B cells. The intermediate cells then differentiate into late DCs which express almost all of their class II molecules on the plasma membrane. These variations in class II compartmentalization are accompanied by dramatic alterations in the intracellular transport of the ne iv class II molecules and in antigen presentation. We found that although early DCs could not present antigen immediately after uptake, efficient presentation of the previously internalized antigen occurred after maturation, 24-48 hours later. By regulating class II transport and compartmentalization, DCs are able to delay antigen display, a property crucial to their role in immune surveillance.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Yale University; Rockefeller University
NR 26
TC 648
Z9 751
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 787
EP 792
DI 10.1038/42039
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700054
PM 9285592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU BenArie, N
   Bellen, HJ
   Armstrong, DL
   McCall, AE
   Gordadze, PR
   Guo, QX
   Matzuk, MM
   Zoghbi, HY
AF BenArie, N
   Bellen, HJ
   Armstrong, DL
   McCall, AE
   Gordadze, PR
   Guo, QX
   Matzuk, MM
   Zoghbi, HY
TI Math1 is essential for genesis of cerebellar granule neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proneural gene; nervous-system; mouse-brain; mutant mice; cells; expression; protooncogene; deletion; protein; wnt-1
AB The cerebellum is essential for fine motor control of movement and posture, and its dysfunction disrupts balance and impairs control of speech, limb and eye movements. The developing cerebellum consists mainly of three types of neuronal cells: granule cells in the external germinal layer, Purkinje cells, and neurons of the deep nuclei(1). The molecular mechanisms that underlie the specific determination and the differentiation of each of these neuronal subtypes are unknown. Math1 (refs 2, 3), the mouse homologue of the Drosophila gene atonal(4), encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is specifically expressed in the precursors of the external germinal layer and their derivatives. Here we report that mice lacking Math1 fail to form granule cells and are born with a cerebellum that is devoid of an external germinal layer. To our knowledge, Math1 is the first gene to be shown to be required in vivo for the genesis of granule cells, and hence the predominant neuronal population in the cerebellum.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
NR 29
TC 543
Z9 649
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 169
EP 172
DI 10.1038/36579
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400053
PM 9367153
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aluwihare, LI
   Repeta, DJ
   Chen, RF
AF Aluwihare, LI
   Repeta, DJ
   Chen, RF
TI A major biopolymeric component to dissolved organic carbon in surface sea water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matter; seawater; ocean
AB Organic carbon dissolved in sea water is an important component of the global carbon cycle(1). Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the ocean's surface mixed layer are at least twice those in the deep sea(2,3), because of the production of soluble carbon compounds by marine algae in the euphotic zone(4,5). But very little is known about the chemical composition of DOC, and the connection between photosynthetic production and DOC accumulation is not well understood(6,7). Here we report the chemical characterization of macromolecular DOC at several sites in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Neutral sugars, acetate and lipids show similar distributions, suggesting that these constituents are linked together in a common macromolecular structure. Chemical linkage patterns between the oligosaccharide portions of dissolved organic matter subjected to ultrafiltration are highly specific, with little variation between ocean basins. We show that laboratory culture experiments on the decomposition of algal exudate produce macromolecular organic matter with similar compositions and linkage characteristics. We propose that a significant fraction of DOC in sea surface water consists of structurally related and biosynthetically derived acyl oligosaccharides that persist after more labile organic matter has been degraded.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT MARINE CHEM & GEOCHEM,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,ENVIRONM & COASTAL OCEANS SCI PROGRAM,BOSTON,MA 02125.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Boston
NR 19
TC 325
Z9 387
U1 2
U2 131
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/387166a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webb, RS
   Rind, DH
   Lehman, SJ
   Healy, RJ
   Sigman, D
AF Webb, RS
   Rind, DH
   Lehman, SJ
   Healy, RJ
   Sigman, D
TI Influence of ocean heat transport on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; surface-temperature; ice-age; water circulation; reconstructions; model; deep; record
AB A series of climate simulations using an atmospheric general circulation model shows that maintaining ocean heat transport at close to present-day values, but with otherwise glacial boundary conditions, leads to an enhanced cooling, particularly in the tropics. This is in agreement with recent geochemical evidence from fossil corals, ground waters, and ice. Near-modern ocean heat transport may have been sustained in all ocean basins during the Last Glacial Maximum in order to balance the formation and export of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water.
C1 NASA, GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES, NEW YORK, NY 10025 USA.
   UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
   UNIV COLORADO, INSTAAR, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Webb, RS (corresponding author), NOAA, NATL GEOPHYS DATA CTR, PALEOCLIMATOL PROGRAM, 325 BROADWAY, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA.
NR 44
TC 131
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 695
EP 699
DI 10.1038/385695a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dillon, AC
   Jones, KM
   Bekkedahl, TA
   Kiang, CH
   Bethune, DS
   Heben, MJ
AF Dillon, AC
   Jones, KM
   Bekkedahl, TA
   Kiang, CH
   Bethune, DS
   Heben, MJ
TI Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tubules
AB Pores of molecular dimensions can adsorb large quantities of gases owing to the enhanced density of the adsorbed material inside the pores(1), a consequence of the attractive potential of the pore walls, Pederson and Broughton have suggested(2) that carbon nanotubes, which have diameters of typically a few nanometres, should be able to draw up liquids by capillarity, and this effect has been seen for low-surface-tension liquids in large-diameter, multi-walled nanotubes(3). Here we show that a gas can condense to high density inside narrow, single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), Temperature-programmed desorption spectrosocopy shows that hydrogen will condense inside SWNTs under conditions that do not induce adsorption within a standard mesoporous activated carbon, The very high hydrogen uptake in these materials suggests that they might be effective as a hydrogen-storage material for fuel-cell electric vehicles.
C1 NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,GOLDEN,CO 80401.
   IBM CORP,ALMADEN RES CTR,DIV RES,SAN JOSE,CA 95120.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); National Renewable Energy Laboratory - USA; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
NR 22
TC 3635
Z9 4080
U1 10
U2 1485
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 377
EP 379
DI 10.1038/386377a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hansell, DA
   Bates, NR
   Carlson, CA
AF Hansell, DA
   Bates, NR
   Carlson, CA
TI Predominance of vertical loss of carbon from surface waters of the equatorial Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID el-nino; co2
AB The equatorial Pacific Ocean makes a significant contribution to global carbon fluxes through both degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere and new primary production(1-4); the eastern and central region is the source of most of the 1-2 Pg (10(15) g) of CO2 supplied annually to the atmosphere by the equatorial oceans(5), and new primary production in the region may account for up to 18-56% of this global oceanic value(6). The fate of carbon fixed by new primary production-whether removed to the deep ocean as sinking particles or retained in surface waters requires critical assessment because of the very different timescales of C removal that each process entails. Here we evaluate the transformations of carbon and nitrogen compounds in the surface waters of the South Equatorial Current of the Pacific Ocean. We calculate that carbon removed from the surface layer by degassing and sinking organic particles accounted for 41% and 53%, respectively, of the total C depletion during boreal autumn, 1992. The net accumulation of organic matter in the surface layer, a precondition for its eventual transport away from the Equator by horizontal advection, accounted for <6% of the drawdown, in substantial disagreement with the values up to 75% estimated from recent studies(7-9).
RP Hansell, DA (corresponding author), BERMUDA BIOL STN RES INC,GE-01,ST GEORGES,BERMUDA.
NR 13
TC 45
Z9 51
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 59
EP 61
DI 10.1038/386059a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bergman, MI
AF Bergman, MI
TI Measurements of electric anisotropy due to solidification texturing and the implications for the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; travel-times; elastic-anisotropy; free oscillations; iron; phases; pkikp
AB Seismic body-wave and normal-mode data(1-4) suggest that the Earth's solid inner core is elastically anisotropic, with the fast direction nearly parallel to the rotation axis, Compressional body-wave data also suggest that the anisotropy increases with turning depth, with a maximum anisotropy of 3-4% (refs 5-7). Here I propose that the inner core's elastic anisotropy and the depth dependence of the anisotropy may be due to solidification texturing that results from the dendritic growth of iron crystals. I demonstrate through laboratory measurements that directionally solidified metallic alloys can indeed exhibit a significant elastic anisotropy due to solidification texturing. The anisotropy is due to the dendrites growing along a particular crystallographic axis(8,9), which tends to be aligned along the direction of heat flow. Directional cooling in the Earth's core must therefore be predominantly in the cylindrically radial direction in order for solidification texturing to cause the observed anisotropy; such directional heat flow may be consistent with the pattern of convection in the outer core(10). It is possible that columnar crystals composed of dendrites and elongated in the cylindrically radial direction could also explain observations of inner-core attenuation anisotropy(11,12).
C1 HARVARD UNIV, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Bergman, MI (corresponding author), SIMONS ROCK COLL, DEPT PHYS, GREAT BARRINGTON, MA 01230 USA.
NR 33
TC 155
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/37962
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurtsiefer, C
   Pfau, T
   Mlynek, J
AF Kurtsiefer, C
   Pfau, T
   Mlynek, J
TI Measurement of the Wigner function of an ensemble of helium atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical homodyne tomography; density-matrix; interferometer; states; vacuum; phase
AB Beams of atoms can exhibit interference and diffraction phenomena just like waves of light. For a coherent beam of helium atoms in a double-slit experiment, measurements of the quantum-mechanical analogue of the classical phase-space distribution function show that the motion of atoms behaves in a strongly non-classical manner.
RP Kurtsiefer, C (corresponding author), UNIV KONSTANZ,FAK PHYS,POSTFACH 5560,D-78434 CONSTANCE,GERMANY.
NR 27
TC 270
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 150
EP 153
DI 10.1038/386150a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, Y
   Li, W
   Su, K
   Yussa, M
   Han, W
   Perrimon, N
   Pick, L
AF Yu, Y
   Li, W
   Su, K
   Yussa, M
   Han, W
   Perrimon, N
   Pick, L
TI The nuclear hormone receptor Ftz-F1 is a cofactor for the Drosophila homeodomain protein Ftz
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene fushi-tarazu; dna-binding specificity; expression; activation; regulator; element
AB Homeobox genes specify cell fate and positional identity in embryos throughout the animal kingdom(1). Paradoxically, although each has a specific function in vivo, the in vitro DNA-binding specificities of homeodomain proteins are overlapping and relatively weak. A current model is that homeodomain proteins interact with cofactors that increase specificity in vivo(2,3). Here we use a native binding site for the homeodomain protein Fushi tarazu (Ftz) to isolate Ftz-F1, a protein of the nuclear hormone-receptor superfamily and a new Ftz cofactor. Ftz and Ftz-F1 are present in a complex in Drosophila embryos. Ftz-F1 facilitates the binding of Ftz to DNA, allowing interactions with weak-affinity sites at concentrations of Ftz that alone bind only high-affinity sites. Embryos lacking Ftz-F1 display ftz-like pair-rule cuticular defects. This phenotype is a result of abnormal ftz function because it is expressed but fails to activate downstream target genes. Cooperative interaction between homeodomain proteins and cofactors of different classes may serve as a general mechanism to increase HOX protein specificity and to broaden the range of target sites they regulate.
C1 CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED,BROOKDALE CTR MOL BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10029.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 28
TC 173
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 552
EP 555
DI 10.1038/385552a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500052
PM 9020364
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palecek, SP
   Loftus, JC
   Ginsberg, MH
   Lauffenburger, DA
   Horwitz, AF
AF Palecek, SP
   Loftus, JC
   Ginsberg, MH
   Lauffenburger, DA
   Horwitz, AF
TI Integrin-ligand binding properties govern cell migration speed through cell-substratum adhesiveness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycoprotein-iib-iiia; fibronectin receptor; adhesion; motility; locomotion; vitronectin; fibroblasts; attachment; antibody; dynamics
AB Migration of cells in higher organisms is mediated by adhesion receptors, such as integrins, that link the cell to extracellular-matrix ligands, transmitting forces and signals necessary for locomotion(1-4). Whether cells will migrate or not on a given substratum, and also their speed, depends on several variables related to integrin-ligand interactions, including ligand levels(5,6), integrin levels(7-9), and integrin-ligand binding affinities(10-12). These and other(13) factors affect the way molecular systems integrate to effect and regulate cell migration. Here we show that changes in cell migration speed resulting from three separate variables-substratum ligand level, cell integrin expression level, and integrin-ligand binding affinity-are all quantitatively predictable through the changes they cause in a single unifying parameter: short-term cell-substratum adhesion strength. This finding is consistent with predictions of a mathematical model for cell migration(14). The ligand concentration promoting maximum migration speed decreases reciprocally as integrin expression increases. Increases in integrin-ligand affinity similarly result in maximal migration at reciprocally lower ligand concentrations. The maximum speed attainable, however, remains unchanged as ligand concentration, integrin expression, or integrin-ligand affinity vary, suggesting that integrin coupling with intracellular motors remains unaltered.
C1 MIT, CTR BIOMED ENGN, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
   SCRIPPS RES INST, COMM VASC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT CELL & STRUCT BIOL, URBANA, IL 61801 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Scripps Research Institute; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Palecek, SP (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT CHEM ENGN, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 1172
Z9 1416
U1 0
U2 141
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 537
EP 540
DI 10.1038/385537a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500048
PM 9020360
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavaghan, H
AF Gavaghan, H
TI Useful Web sites for bioinformatics in Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 422
EP 422
DI 10.1038/38812
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, TE
   Grawunder, U
   Lieber, MR
AF Wilson, TE
   Grawunder, U
   Lieber, MR
TI Yeast DNA ligase IV mediates non-homologous DNA end joining
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; v(d)j recombination; gene; repair; cdc9
AB The discovery of homologues from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the human Ku DNA-end-binding proteins (HDF1 and KU80) has established that this organism is capable of non-homologous double-strand end joining (NHET)(1-5), a form of DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR) active in mammalian V(D)J recombination(6-8). Identification of the DNA ligase that mediates NHEJ in yeast will help elucidate the function of the four mammalian DNA ligases in DSBR, V(D)J recombination and other reactions(9,10). Here we show that S. cerevisiae has two typical DNA ligases, the known DNA ligase I homologue CDC9 (refs 11-14) and the previously unknown DNA ligase IV homologue DNL4. dnl4 mutants are deficient in precise and end-processed NHEJ. DNL4 and HDF1 are epistatic in this regard, with the mutation of each having equivalent effects. dn14 mutants are complemented by overexpression of Dn14 but not of Cdc9, and deficiency of Dn14 alone does not impair either cell growth or the Cdc9-mediated responses to ionizing and ultraviolet radiation. Thus, S. cerevisiae has two distinct and separate Ligation pathways.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DIV LAB MED, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, DIV MOL ONCOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 24
TC 344
Z9 418
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 495
EP 498
DI 10.1038/41365
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300054
PM 9242411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ackerman, SL
   Kozak, LP
   Przyborski, SA
   Rund, LA
   Boyer, BB
   Knowles, BB
AF Ackerman, SL
   Kozak, LP
   Przyborski, SA
   Rund, LA
   Boyer, BB
   Knowles, BB
TI The mouse rostral cerebellar malformation gene encodes an UNC-5-like protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; migrations; expression; mutation; unc-6; axons
AB Migration of neurons from proliferative zones to their functional sites is fundamental to the normal development of the central nervous system(1,2). Mice homozyous for the spontaneous rostral cerebellar malformation mutation (rcm(s)) or a newly identified transgenic insertion allele (rcm(tg)) exhibit cerebellar and midbrain defects, apparently as a result of abnormal neuronal migration. Laminar structure abnormalities in lateral regions of the rostral cerebellar cortex have been described in homozygous rcm(5)-mice(3). We now demonstrate that the cerebellum of both rcm(5) and rcm(tg) homozygotes is smaller and has fewer folia than in the wild-type, ectopic cerebellar cells are present in midbrain regions by three days after birth, and there are abnormalities in postnatal cerebellar neuronal migration. We have cloned the rcm complementary DNA, which encodes a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The sequence of the rcm protein (Rcm) is highly similar to that of UNC-5, a Caenorhabditis elegans protein that is essential for dorsal guidance of pioneer axons and for the movement of cells away from the netrin ligand, which is encoded by the unc-6 gene(4-7). As Rcm is a member of a newly described family of vertebrate homologues of UNC-5 which are netrin-binding proteins, our results indicate that UNC-5-like proteins may have a conserved function in mediating netrin-guided migrations(8).
RP Ackerman, SL (corresponding author), JACKSON LAB,600 MAIN ST,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609, USA.
NR 24
TC 308
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 838
EP 842
DI 10.1038/386838a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600056
PM 9126743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, FM
   Basinski, MB
   Beals, JM
   Briggs, SL
   Churgay, LM
   Clawson, DK
   DiMarchi, RD
   Furman, TC
   Hale, JE
   Hsiung, HM
   Schoner, BE
   Smith, DP
   Zhang, XY
   Wery, JP
   Schevitz, RW
AF Zhang, FM
   Basinski, MB
   Beals, JM
   Briggs, SL
   Churgay, LM
   Clawson, DK
   DiMarchi, RD
   Furman, TC
   Hale, JE
   Hsiung, HM
   Schoner, BE
   Smith, DP
   Zhang, XY
   Wery, JP
   Schevitz, RW
TI Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor; gene; mice
AB Mutations in the obese gene (OB) or in the gene encoding the OB receptor(OB-R) result in obesity, infertility and diabetes in a variety of mouse phenotypes(1-7). The demonstration that OB protein (also known as leptin) can normalize body weight in ob/ob mice has generated enormous interests(8-11). Most human obesity does not appear to result from a mutant form of leptin: rather, serum leptin concentrations are increased and there is an apparent inability to transport it to the central nervous system (CNS)(12). Injection of leptin into the CNS of overfed rodents resistant to peripheral administration was found to induce biological activity(13). Consequently, for the leptin to act as a weight-lowering hormone in human obesity, it appears that appropriate concentrations must be present in the CNS. This places a premium on understanding the structure of the hormone in order to design more potent and selective agonists, Here we report the crystal structure at 2.4 Angstrom resolution of a human mutant OB protein (leptin-E100) that has comparable biological activity to wild type but which crystallizes more readily. The structure reveals a four-helix bundle similar to that of the long-chain helical cytokine family(14).
RP Zhang, FM (corresponding author), ELI LILLY & CO,LILLY RES LABS,ENDOCRINE RES DIV,RES TECHNOL & PROT,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46285, USA.
NR 29
TC 556
Z9 666
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 206
EP 209
DI 10.1038/387206a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500061
PM 9144295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suwa, G
   Asfaw, B
   Beyene, Y
   White, TD
   Katoh, S
   Nagaoka, S
   Nakaya, H
   Uzawa, K
   Renne, P
   WoldeGabriel, G
AF Suwa, G
   Asfaw, B
   Beyene, Y
   White, TD
   Katoh, S
   Nagaoka, S
   Nakaya, H
   Uzawa, K
   Renne, P
   WoldeGabriel, G
TI The first skull of Australopithecus boisei
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lake turkana; early hominid; kenya; homo; evolution; ethiopia; region; east; west
AB Australopithecus boisei was first described from a cranium recovered in 1959 from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania(1,2). This and subsequent finds, mostly from Kenya's Turkana basin(3-5), resulted in its characterization as a specialized Australopithecus species with a hyper-robust masticatory apparatus(2,4,6). A distinct A. boisei facial morphology has been emphasized to differentiate robust Australopithecus lineages from East and South Africa(6). A preference for closed and/or wet habitats has been hypothesizes. Here we report some new A. boisei specimens, including the taxon's first cranium and associated mandible, from Konso, Ethiopia These fossils extend the known geographical range of A. boisei. They provide clear evidence for the coexistence of A. boisei and Homo erectus within a predominantly dry grassland environment. The A. boisei specimens from Konso demonstrate considerable morphological variation within the species. The unexpected combination of cranial and facial features of this skull cautions against the excessive taxonomic splitting of early hominids based on morphological detail documented in small and/or geographically restricted samples.
C1 RIFT VALLEY RES SERV,ADDIS ABABA,ETHIOPIA.
   MINIST INFORMAT & CULTURE,DEPT ARCHAEOL & ANTHROPOL,CRCCH,ADDIS ABABA,ETHIOPIA.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,HUMAN EVOLUT STUDIES LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   HYOGO MUSEUM HIMAN & NAT ACTIV,DIV EARTH SCI,SANDA,HYOGO 66913,JAPAN.
   NAGASAKI UNIV,DEPT GEOG,NAGASAKI 852,JAPAN.
   KAGAWA UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,TAKAMATSU,KAGAWA 852,JAPAN.
   BERKELEY GEOCHRONOL CTR,BERKELEY,CA 94709.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,EES1 D462,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Nagasaki University; Kagawa University; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Suwa, G (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,DEPT SCI BIOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 30
TC 91
Z9 104
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 489
EP 492
DI 10.1038/39037
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900054
PM 9333236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holtz, JH
   Asher, SA
AF Holtz, JH
   Asher, SA
TI Polymerized colloidal crystal hydrogel films as intelligent chemical sensing materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-isopropylacrylamide; responsive polymers; phase-transitions; gels; poly(n-isopropylacrylamide); diffraction; kinetics; water; temperature; separation
AB Chemical sensors' respond to the presence of a specific analyte in a variety of ways, One of the most convenient is a change in optical properties, and in particular a visually perceptible colour change. Here we report the preparation of a material that changes colour in response to a chemical signal by means of a change in diffraction (rather than absorption) properties. Our material is a crystalline colloidal array(2-12) of polymer spheres (roughly 100 nm diameter) polymerized within a hydrogel(13,14) that swells and shrinks reversibly in the presence of certain analytes (here metal ions and glucose). The crystalline colloidal array diffracts light at (visible) wavelengths determined by the lattice spacing(2-12), which gives rise to an intense colour. The hydrogel contains either a molecular-recognition group that binds the analyte selectively (crown ethers for metal ions), or a molecular-recognition agent that reacts with the analyte selectively. These recognition events cause the gel to swell owing to an increased osmotic pressure, which increases the mean separation between the colloidal spheres and so shifts the Bragg peak of the diffracted light to longer wavelengths. We anticipate that this strategy can be used to prepare 'intelligent' materials responsive to a wide range of analytes, including viruses.
C1 UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT CHEM,PITTSBURGH,PA 15260.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
NR 50
TC 1842
Z9 2106
U1 16
U2 1552
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/39834
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800051
PM 9349814
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Panin, VM
   Papayannopoulos, V
   Wilson, R
   Irvine, KD
AF Panin, VM
   Papayannopoulos, V
   Wilson, R
   Irvine, KD
TI Fringe modulates notch ligand interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila; gene; expression; protein; delta; boundary; receptor; serrate; encodes; member
AB Notch family of transmembrane receptor proteins mediate developmental cell-fate decisions(1), and mutations in mammalian Notch genes have been implicated in leukaemia, breast cancer, stroke and dementia(2-4). During wing development in Drosophila, the Notch receptor is activated along the border between dorsal and ventral cells(5-7), leading to the specification of specialized cells that express Wingless (Wg) and organize wing growth and patterning(6,8,9). Three genes, fringe (fng), Serrate (Ser) and Delta (Dl), are involved in the cellular interactions leading to Notch activation(7,9-15). Ser and Dl encode transmembrane ligands for Notch(16,17), whereas fng encodes a pioneer protein(10). We have investigated the relationship between these genes by a combination of expression and coexpression studies in the Drosophila wing, We found that Ser and Dl maintain each other's expression by a positive feedback loop, fng is expressed specifically by dorsal cells and functions to position and restrict this feedback loop to the developing dorsal-ventral boundary, This is achieved by fng through a cell-autonomous mechanism that inhibits a cell's ability to respond to Serrate protein and potentiates its ability to respond to Delta protein.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,WAKSMAN INST,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855.
   RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT MOL BIOL & BIOCHEM,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
NR 31
TC 515
Z9 621
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 908
EP 912
DI 10.1038/43191
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600053
PM 9202123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mukherjee, R
   Davies, PJA
   Crombie, DL
   Bischoff, ED
   Cesario, RM
   Jow, L
   Hamann, LG
   Boehm, MF
   Mondon, CE
   Nadzan, AM
   Paterniti, JR
   Heyman, RA
AF Mukherjee, R
   Davies, PJA
   Crombie, DL
   Bischoff, ED
   Cesario, RM
   Jow, L
   Hamann, LG
   Boehm, MF
   Mondon, CE
   Nadzan, AM
   Paterniti, JR
   Heyman, RA
TI Sensitization of diabetic and obese mice to insulin by retinoid X receptor agonists
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone; nuclear receptor; response pathway; agent cs-045; acid; ligand; binding; cloning; analogs; gamma
AB Retinoic acid receptors (RAR), thyroid hormone receptors (TR), peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and the orphan receptor, LXR, bind preferentially to DNA as heterodimers with a common partner, retinoid X receptor (RXR), to regulate transcription(1-6). We investigated whether RXR-selective agonists replicate the activity of ligands for several of these receptors! We demonstrate here that RXR-selective ligands (referred to as rexinoids) function as RXR heterodimer-selective agonists, activating RXR: PPAR gamma and RXR:LXR dimers but not RXR:RAR or RXR:TR heterodimers. Because PPAR gamma is a target for antidiabetic agents, we investigated whether RXR ligands could alter insulin and glucose signalling. In mouse models of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and obesity, RXR agonists function as insulin sensitizers and can decrease hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, This antidiabetic activity can be further enhanced by combination treatment with PPAR gamma agonists, such as thiazolidinediones. These data suggest that the RXR:PPAR gamma heterodimer is a single-function complex serving as a molecular target for treatment of insulin resistance, Activation of the RXR:PPAR gamma dimer with rexinoids may provide a new and effective treatment for NIDDM.
C1 LIGAND PHARMACEUT,DEPT RETINOID RES,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
   LIGAND PHARMACEUT,DEPT CARDIOVASC RES,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
   LIGAND PHARMACEUT,DEPT RETINOID CHEM,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
   LIGAND PHARMACEUT,DEPT ENDOCRINE CHEM,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
   UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & MED,HOUSTON,TX 77225.
   METABOLEX INC,HAYWARD,CA 94545.
C3 Ligand Pharmaceuticals; Ligand Pharmaceuticals; Ligand Pharmaceuticals; Ligand Pharmaceuticals; University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston; Metabolex, Inc.
NR 29
TC 553
Z9 615
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/386407a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000067
PM 9121558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kearns, BG
   McGee, TP
   Mayinger, P
   Gedvilaite, A
   Phillips, SE
   Kagiwada, S
   Bankaitis, VA
AF Kearns, BG
   McGee, TP
   Mayinger, P
   Gedvilaite, A
   Phillips, SE
   Kagiwada, S
   Bankaitis, VA
TI Essential role for diacylglycerol in protein transport from the yeast Golgi complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipid transfer activity; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; phosphatidylinositol transfer; endoplasmic-reticulum; escherichia-coli; gene; biosynthesis; sphingolipids; sec14; translocation
AB Yeast phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (Sec14p) is required for the production of secretory vesicles from the Golgi. This requirement can be relieved by inactivation of the cytosine 5'-diphosphate (CDP)-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, indicating that Sec14p is an essential component of a regulatory pathway linking phospholipid metabolism with vesicle trafficking (the Sec14p pathway(1-6)). Sac1p (refs 7 and 8) is an integral membrane protein related to inositol-5-phosphatases such as synaptojanin(9), a protein found in rat brain, Here we show that defects in Sac1p also relieve the requirement for Sec14p by altering phospholipid metabolism so as to expand the pool of diacylglycerol (DAG) in the Golgi. Moreover, although short-chain DAG improves secretory function in strains with a temperature-sensitive Sec14p, expression of diacylglycerol kinase from Escherichia call further impairs it. The essential function of Sec14p may therefore be to maintain a sufficient pool of DAG in the Golgi to support the production of secretory vesicles.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT CELL BIOL,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   ZENTRUM MOL BIOL,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM044530] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 230
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 101
EP 105
DI 10.1038/387101a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800056
PM 9139830
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lehodey, P
   Bertignac, M
   Hampton, J
   Lewis, A
   Picaut, J
AF Lehodey, P
   Bertignac, M
   Hampton, J
   Lewis, A
   Picaut, J
TI El Nino Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific; katsuwonus-pelamis; cold-tongue; ocean; satellite; variability; abundance; skipjack; plankton; biomass
AB Nearly 70% of the world's annual tuna harvest, currently 3.2 million tonnes, comes from the Pacific Ocean. Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) dominate the catch. Although skipjack are distributed in the surface mixed layer throughout the equatorial and subtropical Pacific, catches are highest in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool, a region characterized by low primary productivity rates' that has the warmest surface waters of the world's oceans (Fig. 1). Assessments of tuna stocks indicate that recent western Pacific skipjack catches approaching one million tonnes annually are sustainable(2). The warm pool, which is fundamental to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Earth's climate in general(3-5), must therefore also provide a habitat capable of supporting this highly productive tuna population. Here we show that apparent spatial shifts in the skipjack population are linked to large zonal displacements of the warm pool that occur during ENSO events(5,6). This relationship can be used to predict (several months in advance) the region of highest skipjack abundance, within a fishing ground extending over 6,000 km along the Equator.
C1 ORSTOM,GRP SURTROPAC,NOUMEA 98848,NEW CALEDONIA.
C3 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Lehodey, P (corresponding author), S PACIFIC COMMISS,OCEAN FISHERIES PROGRAMME,BP D5,NOUMEA 98848,NEW CALEDONIA.
NR 30
TC 380
Z9 488
U1 2
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/39575
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lakshmi, BB
   Martin, CR
AF Lakshmi, BB
   Martin, CR
TI Enantioseparation using apoenzymes immobilized in a porous polymeric membrane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enzyme-facilitated transport; alpha-amino-acid; optical resolution; organic-acids; separation; surface
AB Chemical separations represent a large portion of the cost of bringing any new pharmaceutical product to the market. Membrane-based separation technologies(1,2), in which the target molecule is selectively extracted and transported across a membrane, are potentially more economical and easier to implement than competing separations methods; but membranes with higher transport selectivities are required, Here we describe an approach for preparing highly selective membranes which involves immobilizing apoenzymes within a microporous composite. The apoenzyme selectively recognizes its substrate molecule and transports it across the composite membrane, without effecting the unwanted chemical conversion of the substrate molecule to product, We demonstrate this approach using three different apoenzymes, Most importantly, it can be used to make enantioselective membranes for chiral separations, one of the most challenging and important problems in bioseparations technology, We are able to achieve a fivefold difference between the transport rates of D-and L-amino acids.
C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,FT COLLINS,CO 80523.
C3 Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
NR 31
TC 152
Z9 169
U1 2
U2 87
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 758
EP 760
DI 10.1038/41978
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700046
PM 9285586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schnitzer, MJ
   Block, SM
AF Schnitzer, MJ
   Block, SM
TI Kinesin hydrolyses one ATP per 8-nm step
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID head domains; microtubule; movement; molecules; motility; kinetics; protein; force; assay; size
AB Kinesin is a two-headed, ATP-dependent motor protein(1,2) that moves along microtubules in discrete steps(3) of 8 nm. In vitro, single molecules produce processive movement(4,5); motors typically take similar to 100 steps before releasing from a microtubule(5-7). A central question relates to mechanochemical coupling in this enzyme: how many molecules of ATP are consumed per step? For the actomyosin system, experimental approaches to this issue have generated considerable controversy(8,9). Here we take advantage of the processivity of kinesin to determine the coupling ratio without recourse to direct measurements of ATPase activity, which are subject to large experimental uncertainties(8,10-12). Beads carrying single molecules of kinesin moving on microtubules were tracked with high spatial and temporal resolution by interferometry(3,13). Statistical analysis of the intervals between steps at limiting ATP, and studies of fluctuations in motor speed as a function of ATP concentration(14,15), allow the coupling ratio to be determined. At near-zero load, kinesin molecules hydrolyse a single ATP molecule per 8-nm advance. This finding excludes various one-to-many and many-to-one coupling schemes, analogous to those advanced for myosin, and places severe constraints on models for movement.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT MOL BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON MAT INST,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Schnitzer, MJ (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 30
TC 638
Z9 788
U1 2
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 386
EP 390
DI 10.1038/41111
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800053
PM 9237757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Bioinformatics in a post-genomics age
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 12
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 417
EP 418
DI 10.1038/38796
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500065
PM 9324648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fass, D
   Blacklow, S
   Kim, PS
   Berger, JM
AF Fass, D
   Blacklow, S
   Kim, PS
   Berger, JM
TI Molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolaemia from structure of LDL receptor module
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density-lipoprotein receptor; cysteine-rich repeat; 3-dimensional structure; apolipoprotein-e; binding domain; protein; models; errors; maps
AB The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is responsible for the uptake of cholesterol-containing lipoprotein particles into cells(1,2). The amino-terminal region of LDLR, which consists of seven tandemly repeated, similar to 40-amino-acid, cysteine-rich modules (LDL-A modules), mediates binding to lipoproteins(3,4). LDL-A modules are biologically ubiquitous domains, found in over 100 proteins in the sequence database(5). The structure of ligand-binding repeat 5 (LR5) of the LDLR, determined to 1.7 Angstrom resolution by X-ray crystallography and presented here, contains a calcium ion coordinated by acidic residues that lie at the carboxy-terminal end of the domain and are conserved among LDL-A modules. Naturally occurring point mutations found in patients with the disease familial hypercholesterolaemia(6) alter residues that directly coordinate Ca2+ or that serve as scaffolding residues of LR5.
C1 MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
NR 27
TC 313
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 691
EP 693
DI 10.1038/41798
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300053
PM 9262405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lowe, CJ
   Wray, GA
AF Lowe, CJ
   Wray, GA
TI Radical alterations in the roles of homeobox genes during echinoderm evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphology; expression; phylogeny; molecules; homology
AB Echinoderms possess one of the most highly derived body architectures of all metazoan phyla, with radial symmetry, a calcitic endoskeleton, and a water vascular system(1,2). How these dramatic morphological changes evolved has been the subject of extensive speculation and debate(3-5), but remains unresolved. Because echinoderms are closely related to chordates and postdate the protostome/deuterostome divergence(2,3,6,7), they must have evolved from bilaterally symmetrical ancestors(1-6). Here we report the expression domains in echinoderms of three important developmental regulatory genes (distal-less, engrailed and orthodenticle), all of which encode transcription factors that contain a homeodomain(8). Our findings show that the reorganization of body architecture involved extensive changes in the deployment and roles of homeobox genes. These changes include modifications in the symmetry of expression domains and the evolution of several new developmental roles, as well as the loss of roles conserved between arthropods and chordates. Some of these modifications seem to have evolved very early in the history of echinoderms, whereas others probably evolved during the subsequent diversification of adult and larval morphology, These results demonstrate the evolutionary lability of regulatory genes that are widely viewed as conservative.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
NR 29
TC 230
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 718
EP 721
DI 10.1038/39580
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900052
PM 9338781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolfe, SA
   Zhou, P
   Dotsch, V
   Chen, L
   You, A
   Ho, SN
   Crabtree, GR
   Wagner, G
   Verdine, GL
AF Wolfe, SA
   Zhou, P
   Dotsch, V
   Chen, L
   You, A
   Ho, SN
   Crabtree, GR
   Wagner, G
   Verdine, GL
TI Unusual Rel-like architecture in the DNA-binding domain of the transcription factor NFATc
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; family; specificity; elements; homology; subunit; member
AB TRANSCRIPTION factors of the NFAT family regulate the production of effector proteins that coordinate the immune response(1). The immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and cyclosporin A (CsA) act by blocking a Ca2+-mediated signalling pathway leading to NFAT. Although FK506 and CsA have enabled human organs to Re transplanted routinely, the toxic side-effects of these drugs limit their usage. This toxicity might be absent in antagonists that target NFAT directly. As a first step in the structure-based search for NFAT antagonists, we now report the identification and solution structure of a 20K domain of NFATc (NFATc-DBD) that is both necessary and sufficient to bind DNA and activate transcription cooperatively. Although the overall fold of the NFATc DNA-hinding domain is related to that of NF-kappa B p50 (refs 2, 3), the two proteins use significantly different strategies for DNA recognition. On the basis of these results, we present a model for the cooperative complex formed between NFAT and the mitogenic transcription factor AP-1 on the interleukin-2 enhancer.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CHEM & CHEM BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOL PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   STANFORD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SCH MED,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 30
TC 91
Z9 104
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 172
EP 176
DI 10.1038/385172a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800058
PM 8990122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stager, CL
   Werker, JF
AF Stager, CL
   Werker, JF
TI Infants listen for more phonetic detail in speech perception than in word-learning tasks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Infants aged 4-6 months discriminate the fine phonetic differences that distinguish syllables in both their native and unfamiliar languages(1-3), but by 10-12 months their perceptual sensitivities are reorganized so that they discriminate only the phonetic variations that are used to distinguish meaning in their native language(12). It would seem, then, that infants apply their well honed phonetic sensitivities as they advance and begin to associate words with objects, but the question of how speech perception sensitivities are used in early word learning has not yet been answered. Here we use a recently developed technique to show that when they are required to pair words with objects, infants of 14 months fail to use the fine phonetic detail they detect in syllable discrimination tasks. In contrast, infants of 8 months-who are not yet readily learning words-successfully discriminate phonetic detail in the same task in which infants aged 14 months fail. Taken together, these results suggest a second reorganization in infants's use of phonetic detail as they move from listening to syllables to learning words.
RP Stager, CL (corresponding author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT PSYCHOL,2136 W MALL,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA.
NR 12
TC 523
Z9 593
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 381
EP 382
DI 10.1038/41102
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800051
PM 9237755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Costanza, R
   dArge, R
   deGroot, R
   Farber, S
   Grasso, M
   Hannon, B
   Limburg, K
   Naeem, S
   ONeill, RV
   Paruelo, J
   Raskin, RG
   Sutton, P
   vandenBelt, M
AF Costanza, R
   dArge, R
   deGroot, R
   Farber, S
   Grasso, M
   Hannon, B
   Limburg, K
   Naeem, S
   ONeill, RV
   Paruelo, J
   Raskin, RG
   Sutton, P
   vandenBelt, M
TI The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID environmental functions; valuation; management; economics; fishery
AB The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (10(12)) per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, this must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.
C1 UNIV MARYLAND,INST ECOL ECON,SOLOMONS,MD 20688.
   UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ECON,LARAMIE,WY 82070.
   AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,CTR ENVIRONM & CLIMATE STUDIES,NL-6700 HB WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV PITTSBURGH,GRAD SCH PUBL & INT AFFAIRS,PITTSBURGH,PA 15260.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT GEOG,URBANA,IL 61801.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,NCSA,URBANA,IL 61801.
   INST ECOSYST STUDIES,MILLBROOK,NY 12545.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV,ST PAUL,MN 55108.
   OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831.
   UNIV BUENOS AIRES,FAC AGRON,DEPT ECOL,RA-1417 BUENOS AIRES,DF,ARGENTINA.
   CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,NATL CTR GEOG INFORMAT & ANAL,DEPT GEOG,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   ECOL ECON RES & APPLICAT INC,SOLOMONS,MD 20688.
C3 University of Wyoming; Wageningen University & Research; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Buenos Aires; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Costanza, R (corresponding author), UNIV MARYLAND,CTR ENVIRONM & ESTUARINE STUDIES,DEPT ZOOL,BOX 38,SOLOMONS,MD 20688, USA.
NR 33
TC 14723
Z9 21369
U1 251
U2 9776
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 253
EP 260
DI 10.1038/387253a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novacek, MJ
   Rougier, GW
   Wible, JR
   McKenna, MC
   Dashzeveg, D
   Horovitz, I
AF Novacek, MJ
   Rougier, GW
   Wible, JR
   McKenna, MC
   Dashzeveg, D
   Horovitz, I
TI Epipubic bones in eutherian mammals from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flaming cliffs; dinosaur
AB An important transformation in the evolution of mammals was the loss of the epipubic bones. These are elements projecting anteriorly from the pelvic girdle into the abdominal region in a variety of Mesozoic mammals, related tritylodonts, marsupials and monotremes but not in living eutherian (placental) mammals(1-3). Here we describe a new eutherian from the Late Cretaceous period of Mongolia, and report the first record of epipubic bones in two distinct eutherian lineages. The presence of epipubic bones and other primitive features suggests that these groups occupy a basal position in the Eutheria. It has been argued that the epipubic bones support the pouch in living mammals(1,3,4), but epipubic bones have since been related to locomotion and suspension of the litter mass of several attached, lactating offspring(5). The loss of the epipubic bones in eutherians can be related to the evolution of prolonged gestation, which would not require prolonged external attachment of altricial young. Thus the occurrence of epipubic bones in two Cretaceous eutherians suggests that the dramatic modifications connected with typical placental reproduction(3,6,7) may have been later events in the evolution of the Eutheria.
C1 UNIV LOUISVILLE, SCH MED, DEPT ANAT SCI & NEUROBIOL, LOUISVILLE, KY 40292 USA.
   MONGOLIAN ACAD SCI, INST GEOL, ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA.
C3 University of Louisville; Mongolian Academy of Sciences
RP Novacek, MJ (corresponding author), AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST, DEPT VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA.
NR 29
TC 103
Z9 118
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 483
EP 486
DI 10.1038/39020
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900052
PM 9333234
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Terrones, M
   Grobert, N
   Olivares, J
   Zhang, JP
   Terrones, H
   Kordatos, K
   Hsu, WK
   Hare, JP
   Townsend, PD
   Prassides, K
   Cheetham, AK
   Kroto, HW
   Walton, DRM
AF Terrones, M
   Grobert, N
   Olivares, J
   Zhang, JP
   Terrones, H
   Kordatos, K
   Hsu, WK
   Hare, JP
   Townsend, PD
   Prassides, K
   Cheetham, AK
   Kroto, HW
   Walton, DRM
TI Controlled production of aligned-nanotube bundles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes
AB Carbon nanotubes(1,2) might be usefully employed in nanometre-scale engineering and electronics. Electrical conductivity measurements on the bulk material(3,4) on individual multi-walled(5,6) and single-walled(7) nanotubes and on bundles of single-walled nanotubes(8,9) have revealed that they may behave as metallic, insulating or semiconducting nanowires, depending on the method of production-which controls the degree of graphitization, the helicity and the diameter. Measurements of Young's modulus show(10) that single nanotubes are stiffer than commercial carbon fibres. Methods commonly used to generate nanotubes-carbon-arc discharge techniques(1,2,4), catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons(11,12) and condensed-phase electrolysis(13,14)-generally suffer from the drawbacks that polyhedral particles are also formed and that the dimensions of the nanotubes are highly variable. Here we describe a method for generating aligned carbon nanotubes by pyrolysis of 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine over thin films of a cobalt catalyst patterned on a silica substrate by laser etching. The use of a patterned catalyst apparently encourages the formation of aligned nanotubes. The method offers control over length (up to about 50 mu m) and fairly uniform diameters (30-50 nm), as well as producing nanotubes in high yield, uncontaminated by polyhedral particles.
C1 UNIV SUSSEX, SCH CHEM PHYS & ENVIRONM SCI, BRIGHTON BN1 9QJ, E SUSSEX, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, MAT RES LAB, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, INST FIS, MEXICO CITY, DF, MEXICO.
C3 University of Sussex; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
NR 21
TC 789
Z9 877
U1 3
U2 258
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/40369
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chang, HK
   Chou, DY
   LaBonte, B
   Sun, MT
   Mu, TM
   Chen, HR
   Loudagh, S
   Yeh, SJ
   Jimenez, A
   RabelloSoares, MC
   Ai, G
   Wang, GP
   Zirin, H
   Marquette, W
   Ehgamberdiev, S
   Khalikov, S
AF Chang, HK
   Chou, DY
   LaBonte, B
   Sun, MT
   Mu, TM
   Chen, HR
   Loudagh, S
   Yeh, SJ
   Jimenez, A
   RabelloSoares, MC
   Ai, G
   Wang, GP
   Zirin, H
   Marquette, W
   Ehgamberdiev, S
   Khalikov, S
TI Ambient acoustic imaging in helioseismology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time-distance helioseismology; sunspots
AB The increasing availability of high spatial resolution data of velocity and intensity variations on the Sun has stimulated the development of helioseismological techniques that probe the solar interior in localized regions. The techniques developed so far(1-4) have yielded information on physical quantities (such as the flow velocity and magnetic field) below the surface, but are still far from providing a detailed picture of local subsurface inhomogeneities. Here we report the development and application of a new method for constructing three-dimensional solar images, utilizing acoustic noise (or stochastic P-mode oscillations) in the Sun. We treat a region of the solar surface as a phased array of acoustic sensors, which acts as a computational 'lens'; acoustic waves 'scattered' by local inhomogeneities, such as sunspots, are collected and summed in phase, based on the knowledge of how (on average) they travel within the Sun. In this way, we are able to construct a three-dimensional image of a region of the solar interior.
C1 UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Chang, HK (corresponding author), TSING HUA UNIV,DEPT PHYS,HSINCHU 30043,TAIWAN.
NR 11
TC 69
Z9 72
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 825
EP 827
DI 10.1038/39822
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rameh, LE
   Tolias, KF
   Duckworth, BC
   Cantley, LC
AF Rameh, LE
   Tolias, KF
   Duckworth, BC
   Cantley, LC
TI A new pathway for synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase; polyphosphoinositides; 3,4-bisphosphate; phosphorylation; 3-monophosphate; purification; sequence; 4-kinase; kinases; cloning
AB Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P-2), a key molecule in the phosphoinositide signalling-pathway, was thought to be synthesized exclusively by phosphorylation of PtdIns-4-P at the D-5 position of the inositol ring. The enzymes that produce PtdIns-4,5-P-2 in vitro fall into two related subfamilies (type I and type II PtdInsP-5-OH kinases, or PIP(5)Ks) based on their enzymatic properties and sequence similarities(1). Here we have reinvestigated the substrate specificities of these enzymes. As expected, the type I enzyme phosphorylates PtdIns-4-P at the D- 5 position of the inositol ring. Surprisingly, the type II enzyme, which is abundant in some tissues, phosphorylates PtdIns-5-P at the D-4 position, and thus should be considered as a 4-OH kinase, or PIP(4)K. The earlier error in characterizing the activity of the type II enzyme is due to the presence of contaminating PtdIns-5-P in commercial preparations of PtdIns-4-P. Although PtdIns-5-P was previously thought not to exist in vivo, we find evidence for the presence of this lipid in mammalian fibroblasts, establishing a new pathway for PtdIns-4,5-P-2 synthesis.
C1 BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MED CTR, DIV SIGNAL TRANSDUCT, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
RP Rameh, LE (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
NR 18
TC 381
Z9 447
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 192
EP 196
DI 10.1038/36621
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400059
PM 9367159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frey, U
   Morris, RGM
AF Frey, U
   Morris, RGM
TI Synaptic tagging and long-term potentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-synthesis; dentate gyrus; hippocampal-neurons; ca1 region; late-phase; rat; tetanization; maintenance; anisomycin; induction
AB Repeated stimulation of hippocampal neurons can induce an immediate and prolonged increase in synaptic strength that is called long-term potentiation (LTP)-the primary cellular model of memory in the mammalian brain(1). An early phase of LTP (lasting less than three hours) can be dissociated from late-phase LTP by using inhibitors of transcription and translation(2-8) Because protein synthesis occurs mainly in the cell body(9-12), whereas LTP is input-specific, the question arises of how the synapse specificity of late LTP is achieved without elaborate intracellular protein trafficking. We propose that LTP initiates the creation of a short-lasting protein-synthesis-independent 'synaptic tag' at the potentiated synapse which sequesters the relevant protein(s) to establish late LTP. In support of this idea, we now show that weak tetanic stimulation, which ordinarily leads only to early LTP, or repeated tetanization in the presence of protein-synthesis inhibitors, each results in protein-synthesis-dependent late LTP, provided repeated tetanization has already been applied at another input to the same population of neurons. The synaptic tag decays in less than three hours. These findings indicate that the persistence of LTP depends not only on local events during its induction, but also on the prior activity of the neuron.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,CTR NEUROSCI,EDINBURGH EH8 9LE,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Frey, U (corresponding author), FED INST NEUROBIOL GENE REGULAT & PLAST,POB 1860,BRENNECKESTR 6,D-39008 MAGDEBURG,GERMANY.
NR 26
TC 1334
Z9 1566
U1 2
U2 97
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 533
EP 536
DI 10.1038/385533a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500047
PM 9020359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brambilla, R
   Gnesutta, N
   Minichiello, L
   White, G
   Roylance, AJ
   Herron, CE
   Ramsey, M
   Wolfer, DP
   Cestari, V
   RossiArnaud, C
   Grant, SGN
   Chapman, PF
   Lipp, HP
   Sturani, E
   Klein, R
AF Brambilla, R
   Gnesutta, N
   Minichiello, L
   White, G
   Roylance, AJ
   Herron, CE
   Ramsey, M
   Wolfer, DP
   Cestari, V
   RossiArnaud, C
   Grant, SGN
   Chapman, PF
   Lipp, HP
   Sturani, E
   Klein, R
TI A role for the Ras signalling pathway in synaptic transmission and long-term memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscarinic receptors; exchange factor; protein; potentiation; activation; amygdala; mice; identification; plasticity; induction
AB Members of the Ras subfamily of small guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins are essential for controlling normal and malignant cell proliferation as well as cell differentiation(1). The neuronal-specific guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor, Ras-GRF/CDC25Mm (refs 2-4), induces Ras signalling in response to Ca2+ influx(5) and activation of G-protein-coupled receptors in vitro(6), suggesting that it plays a role in neurotransmission and plasticity in vivo(7). Here we report that mice lacking Ras-GRF are impaired in the process of memory consolidation, as revealed by emotional conditioning tasks that require the function of the amygdala; learning and short-term memory are intact. Electrophysiological measurements in the basolateral amygdala reveal that long-term plasticity is abnormal in mutant mice. In contrast, Ras-GRF mutants do not reveal major deficits in spatial learning tasks such as the Morris water maze, a test that requires hippocampal function. Consistent with apparently normal hippocampal functions, Ras-GRF mutants show normal NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation in this structure. These results implicate Ras-GRF signalling via the Ras/MAP kinase pathway in synaptic events leading to formation of long-term memories.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV MILAN,DIPARTIMENTO FISIOL & BIOCHIM GEN,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY.
   UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,SCH MOL & MED BIOSCI,PHYSIOL UNIT,CARDIFF CF1 3US,S GLAM,WALES.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,CTR GENOME RES,EDINBURGH EH9 3JQ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,CTR NEUROSCI,EDINBURGH EH8 9LE,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,INST ANAT,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   CNR,IST PSICOBIOL & PSICOFARMACOL,I-00198 ROME,ITALY.
   UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO PSICOL,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Milan; Cardiff University; University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of Zurich; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Sapienza University Rome
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 400
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 281
EP 286
DI 10.1038/36849
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700062
PM 9384379
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reed, JC
AF Reed, JC
TI Double identity for proteins of the Bcl-2 family
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-death; endoplasmic-reticulum; apoptosis; oncoprotein
AB Bcl-2 is an oncogenic protein that acts by inhibiting programmed cell death. The mechanisms used by this and related anti-apoptotic proteins to protect cells from cytotoxic stimuli are now emerging, with the discovery that Bcl-2 can function both as an ion channel and as an adaptor or docking protein.
RP Reed, JC (corresponding author), BURNHAM INST,PROGRAM APOPTOSIS & CELL DEATH RES,10901 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 40
TC 1355
Z9 1483
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 773
EP 776
DI 10.1038/42867
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400040
PM 9194558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Risau, W
AF Risau, W
TI Mechanisms of angiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; receptor tyrosine kinase; tumor-growth; vasculogenesis; hypoxia; cells; hematopoiesis; expression; survival; disease
AB After the developing embryo has formed a primary vascular plexus by a process termed vasculogenesis, further blood vessels are generated by both sprouting and non-sprouting angiogenesis, which are progressively pruned and remodelled into a functional adult circulatory system. Recent results, particularly from the study of mice lacking some of the signalling systems involved, have greatly improved our understanding of the molecular basis underlying these events, and may suggest new approaches for treating conditions such as cancer that depend on angiogenesis.
RP Risau, W (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST PHYSIOL & CLIN RES, WG KERCKHOFF INST, PK STR 1, D-61231 BAD NAUHEIM, GERMANY.
NR 52
TC 4625
Z9 5522
U1 1
U2 606
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 671
EP 674
DI 10.1038/386671a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700044
PM 9109485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fenczik, CA
   Sethi, T
   Ramos, JW
   Hughes, PE
   Ginsberg, MH
AF Fenczik, CA
   Sethi, T
   Ramos, JW
   Hughes, PE
   Ginsberg, MH
TI Complementation of dominant suppression implicates CD98 in integrin activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID out signal-transduction; cytoplasmic domains; molecular-cloning; cell-adhesion; receptor; proteins; binding; expression; monocytes; surface
AB The integrin family of adhesion receptors are involved in cell growth, migration and tumour metastasis(1). Integrins are heterodimeric proteins composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, each with a large extracellular, a single transmembrane, and a short cytoplasmic domain. The dynamic regulation of integrin affinity for ligands in response to cellular signals is central to integrin function(2). This process is energy dependent and is mediated through integrin cytoplasmic domains(3). However, the cellular machinery regulating integrin affinity remains poorly understood. Here we describe a genetic strategy to disentangle integrin signalling pathways. Dominant suppression occurs when overexpression of isolated integrin beta(1) cytoplasmic domains blocks integrin activation. Proteins involved in integrin signalling were identified by their capacity to complement dominant suppression in an expression cloning scheme. CD98, an early T-cell activation antigen that associates with functional integrins(4), was found to regulate integrin activation. Furthermore, antibody-mediated crosslinking of CD98 stimulated beta(1) integrin-dependent cell adhesion. These data indicate that CD98 is involved in regulating integrin affinity, and validate an unbiased genetic approach to analysing integrin signalling pathways.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT VASC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV EDINBURGH, SCH MED, DEPT RESP MED, EDINBURGH EH8 9AG, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of Edinburgh
FU NCI NIH HHS [F32 CA074529] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 252
Z9 263
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 81
EP 85
DI 10.1038/36349
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700056
PM 9363894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, X
   Weisberg, E
   Fridmacher, V
   Watanabe, M
   Naco, G
   Whitman, M
AF Chen, X
   Weisberg, E
   Fridmacher, V
   Watanabe, M
   Naco, G
   Whitman, M
TI Smad4 and FAST-1 in the assembly of activin-responsive factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoderm induction; mad proteins; beta; receptors; family
AB Members of the TGF-beta superfamily of signalling molecules work by activating transmembrane receptors with phosphorylating activity (serine-threonine kinase receptors)(1); these in turn phosphorylate and activate(2) SMADs(3,4), a class of signal transducers. Activins are growth factors that act primarily through Smad2(5-7), possibly in partnership with Smad4, which forms heteromeric complexes with different ligand-specific SMADs after activation(8,9). In frog embryos, Smad2 participates in an activin-responsive factor (ARF), which then binds to a promoter element of the Mix.2 gene(10). The principal DNA-binding component of ARF is FAST-1 (ref. 11), a transcription factor with a novel winged-helix structure. We now report that Smad4 is present in ARF, and that FAST-1, Smad4 and Smad2 co-immunoprecipitate in a ligand-regulated fashion. We have mapped the site of interaction between FAST-1 and Smad2/Smad4 to a novel carboxyterminal domain of FAST-1, and find that overexpression of this domain specifically inhibits activin signalling. In a yeast two-hybrid assay,the FAST-1 carboxy terminus interacts with Smad2 but not Smad4. Deletion mutants of the FAST-1 carboxy terminus that still participate in ligand-regulated Smad2 binding no longer associated with Smad4 or ARF. These results indicate that Smad4 stabilizes a ligand-stimulated Smad2-FAST-1 complex as an active DNA-binding factor.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 17
TC 493
Z9 567
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 85
EP 89
DI 10.1038/38008
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600050
PM 9288972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chawengsaksophak, K
   James, R
   Hammond, VE
   Kontgen, F
   Beck, F
AF Chawengsaksophak, K
   James, R
   Hammond, VE
   Kontgen, F
   Beck, F
TI Homeosis and intestinal tumours in Cdx2 mutant mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; mouse; disruption; epithelium; neoplasia; pattern; min
AB In Drosophila, disturbing the expression of the homeobox gene caudal causes a severe disruption in body segmentation and global body patterning(1). There are three mouse homologues of Drosophila caudal: Cdx1 (ref. 2), Cdx2 (ref. 3) and Cdx4 (ref. 4). We have generated a null mutation of murine Cdx2 by homologous recombination. Cdx2 homozygote null mutants die between 3.5 and 5.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.). Cdx2 heterozygote mutants exhibit a variable phenotype, with many showing tail abnormalities or stunted growth. Skeletal analysis demonstrates a homeotic shift of vertebrae and compatible malformations of the ribs. Within the first three months of life, 90% of Cdx2 heterozygotes develop multiple intestinal adenomatous polyps, particularly in the proximal colon. These polyps occasionally contain areas of true metaplasia. In contrast to the surrounding intestinal epithelium, the neoplastic cells do not express Cdx2 from the remaining allele, These results suggest that Cdx2 mutation is the primary event in the genesis of some intestinal tumours.
C1 QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSP,DEPT MED,WOODVILLE,SA 5011,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV MELBOURNE,HOWARD FLOREY INST EXPT PHYSIOL & MED,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA.
   ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSP,WALTER & ELIZA HALL INST MED RES,MELBOURNE,VIC 3050,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute
NR 23
TC 546
Z9 618
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/386084a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600056
PM 9052785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forti, L
   Bossi, M
   Bergamaschi, A
   Villa, A
   Malgaroli, A
AF Forti, L
   Bossi, M
   Bergamaschi, A
   Villa, A
   Malgaroli, A
TI Loose-patch recordings of single quanta at individual hippocampal synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; synaptic currents; rat hippocampus; neurons; slices; variability; miniature; channels; clamp; ca3
AB Synapses in the central nervous system are typically studied by recording electrical responses from the cell body of the postsynaptic cell. Because neurons are normally connected by multiple synaptic contacts, these postsynaptic responses reflect the combined activity of many thousands synapses, and it remains unclear to what extent the properties of individual synapses can be deduced from the population response(1-5). We have therefore developed a method for recording the activity of individual hippocampal synapses. By capturing an isolated presynaptic bouton inside a loose-patch pipette and recording from the associated patch of postsynaptic membrane, we were able to detect miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents ('minis') arising from spontaneous vesicle exocytosis at a single synaptic site, and to compare these with minis recorded simultaneously from the cell body. The average peak conductance at a single synapse was about 900 pS, corresponding roughly to the opening of 90 AMPA-type glutamate-receptor channels, The variability in this conductance was about 30%, matching the value reported for the neuromuscular junction(6). Given that our synapses displayed single postsynaptic densities (PSDs), this variability is larger than would be predicted from the random opening of receptor channels, suggesting that they are not saturated by the content of a single vesicle. Therefore the response to a quantum of neurotransmitter at these synapses is not limited by the number of available postsynaptic receptors.
C1 SAN RAFFAELE SCI INST,DIBIT,DEPT BIOL & TECHNOL RES,I-20123 MILAN,ITALY.
   UNIV MILAN,CELLULAR & MOL PHARMACOL CTR,CNR,DEPT PHARMACOL,I-20123 MILAN,ITALY.
C3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; University of Milan; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
FU Telethon [D.044] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 151
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 874
EP 878
DI 10.1038/42251
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400049
PM 9278048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Makse, HA
   Havlin, S
   King, PR
   Stanley, HE
AF Makse, HA
   Havlin, S
   King, PR
   Stanley, HE
TI Spontaneous stratification in granular mixtures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID size segregation; media; model
AB Granular materials(1-5) segregate according to grain size when exposed to periodic perturbations such as vibrations(6-12). Moreover, mixtures of grains of different sizes can also spontaneously segregate in the absence of external perturbations: when such a mixture is simply poured onto a pile, the large grains are more likely to be found near the base, while the small grains are more likely to be near the top(13-20). Here we report another size-separation effect, which arises when we pour a granular mixture between two vertical plates: the mixture spontaneously stratifies into alternating layers of small and large grains whenever the large grains have larger angle of repose than the small grains. We find only spontaneous segregation, without stratification, when the large grains have smaller angle of repose than the small grains. The stratification is related to the occurrence of avalanches: during each avalanche, the grains separate into a pair of static layers, with the small grains forming a sublayer underneath the layer of large grains.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   BAR ILAN UNIV,MINERVA CTR,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
   BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
   BP EXPLORAT OPERATING CO LTD,SUNBURY TW16 7LN,MIDDX,ENGLAND.
C3 Boston University; Bar Ilan University; Bar Ilan University; BP
RP Makse, HA (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 29
TC 323
Z9 366
U1 1
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 379
EP 382
DI 10.1038/386379a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, JL
   Chen, YZ
   Farzan, M
   Choe, HY
   Ohagen, A
   Gartner, S
   Busciglio, J
   Yang, XY
   Hofmann, W
   Newman, W
   Mackay, CR
   Sodroski, J
   Gabuzda, D
AF He, JL
   Chen, YZ
   Farzan, M
   Choe, HY
   Ohagen, A
   Gartner, S
   Busciglio, J
   Yang, XY
   Hofmann, W
   Newman, W
   Mackay, CR
   Sodroski, J
   Gabuzda, D
TI CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; brain; cells; tropism; identification; sequences; aids
AB Several members of the chemokine receptor family are used together with CD4 for HIV-1 entry into target cells(1-6). T cell line-tropic (T-tropic) HIV-1 viruses use the chemokine receptor CXCR4 as a co-receptor(1), whereas macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) primary viruses use CCR5 (refs 2-6). Individuals with defective CCR5 alleles exhibit resistance to HIV-1 infection(7,8), suggesting that CCR5 has an important role in vivo in HIV-1 replication. A subset of primary viruses can use CCR3 as well as CCR5 as a co-receptor(5,6), but the in vivo contribution of CCR3 to HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis is unknown. HIV-1 infects the central nervous system (CNS) and causes the dementia associated with AIDS(9). Here we report that the major target cells for HIV-1 infection in the CNS, the microglia(9-11), express both CCR3 and CCR5. The CCR3 ligand, eotaxin, and an anti-CCR3 antibody inhibited HIV-1 infection of microglia, as did MIP-1 beta, which is a CCR5 ligand. Our results suggest that both CCR3 and CCR5 promote efficient infection of the CNS by HIV-1.
C1 LEUKOSITE INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV HUMAN RETROVIROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   CHILDRENS HOSP,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Johns Hopkins University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
NR 30
TC 796
Z9 917
U1 1
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 645
EP 649
DI 10.1038/385645a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400053
PM 9024664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tondravi, MM
   McKercher, SR
   Anderson, K
   Erdmann, JM
   Quiroz, M
   Maki, R
   Teitelbaum, SL
AF Tondravi, MM
   McKercher, SR
   Anderson, K
   Erdmann, JM
   Quiroz, M
   Maki, R
   Teitelbaum, SL
TI Osteopetrosis in mice lacking haematopoietic transcription factor PU.1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-stimulating factor; c-fos; macrophage; bone; promoter; cells; differentiation; osteoclasts; expression; deficiency
AB Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells and the principal resorptive cells of bone. Although osteoclasts are of myeloid origin(1), the role of haematopoietic transcription factors in osteoclastogenesis has not been explored. Here we show that messenger RNA for the myeloid- and B-cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 progressively increases as marrow macrophages assume the osteoclast phenotype in vitro. The association between PU.1 and osteoclast differentiation was confirmed by demonstrating that PU.1 expression increased with the induction of osteoclastogenesis by either 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 or dexamethasone. Consistent with the participation of PU.1 in osteoclastogenesis, we found that the development of both osteoclasts and macrophages is arrested in PU.1-deficient mice. Reflecting the absence of osteoclasts, PU.1(-/-) mice exhibit the classic hallmarks of osteopetrosis, a family of sclerotic bone diseases(2). These animals were rescued by marrow transplantation, with complete restoration of osteoclast and macrophage differentiation, verifying that the PU.1 lesion is intrinsic to haematopoietic cells. The absence of both osteoclasts and macrophages in PU.1-mutant animals suggests that the transcription factor regulates the initial stages of myeloid differentiation, and that its absence represents the earliest developmental osteopetrotic mutant yet described.
C1 BURNHAM INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
RP Tondravi, MM (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110, USA.
NR 22
TC 431
Z9 513
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/386081a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600055
PM 9052784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spanswick, D
   Smith, MA
   Groppi, VE
   Logan, SD
   Ashford, MLJ
AF Spanswick, D
   Smith, MA
   Groppi, VE
   Logan, SD
   Ashford, MLJ
TI Leptin inhibits hypothalamic neurons by activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channels; obese gene; rat fatty; ob-r; receptor; identification; expression; cloning; brain; mice
AB Leptin, the protein encoded by the obese (ob) gene, is secreted from adipose tissue and is thought to act in the central nervous system to regulate food intake and body weight(1,2). It has been proposed that leptin acts in the hypothalamus(3-5), the main control centre for satiety and energy expenditure(6). Mutations in leptin or the receptor isoform (Ob-R-L) present in hypothalamic neurons result in profound obesity and symptoms of non-insulin-dependent diabetes(7-10). Here we show that leptin hyperpolarizes glucose-receptive hypothalamic neurons of lean Sprague-Dawley and Zucker rats, but is ineffective on neurons of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. This hyperpolarization is due to the activation of a potassium current, and is not easily recovered on removal of leptin, but is reversed by applying the sulphonylurea, tolbutamide. Single-channel recordings demonstrate that leptin activates an ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channel. Our data indicate that the K-ATP channel may function as the molecular end-point of the pathway following leptin activation of the Ob-R-L receptor in hypothalamic neurons.
C1 UNIV ABERDEEN,INST MED SCI,DEPT BIOMED SCI,ABERDEEN AB25 2ZD,SCOTLAND.
   PHARMACIA & UPJOHN INC,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001.
C3 University of Aberdeen; Pfizer; Pfizer USA
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 544
Z9 631
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 521
EP 525
DI 10.1038/37379
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500055
PM 9394003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montoya, G
   Svensson, C
   Luirink, J
   Sinning, I
AF Montoya, G
   Svensson, C
   Luirink, J
   Sinning, I
TI Crystal structure of the NG domain from the signal-recognition particle receptor FtsY
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; gtp hydrolysis; molecular switch; protein models; ras protein; resolution; mechanism; subunit; program; srp
AB Newly synthesized proteins destined either for secretion or incorporation into membranes are targeted to the membrane translocation machinery by a ubiquitous system consisting of a signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor(1,2). Both the SRP receptor and the protein within the SRP that binds the signal sequence contain GTPases(3,4). These two proteins, together with the RNA component of the SRP, form a complex(5-7) and thereby regulate each other's GTPase activity(8). Here we report the structure of the GTPase-containing portion of FtsY, the functional homologue of the SRP receptor of Escherichia coli(9), at 2.2 Angstrom resolution without bound nucleotide. This so-called NG domain displays similarities to the Ras-related GTPases, as well as features unique to the SRP-type GTPases(10), such as a separate aminoterminal domain, an insertion within the p21(ras) (Ras) effector domain(11), and a wide-open GTP-binding region. The structure explains the low affinity of FtsY for GTP, and suggests rearrangements that may occur on nucleotide binding. It also identifies regions potentially involved in the transmission of signals between domains and in interactions with regulatory proteins.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB, STRUCT BIOL PROGRAMME, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   BIOCTR AMSTERDAM, INST MOL BIOL SCI, DEPT MICROBIOL, NL-1081 HV AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Amsterdam
NR 30
TC 185
Z9 204
U1 1
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 365
EP 368
DI 10.1038/385365a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400057
PM 9002525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brakeman, PR
   Lanahan, AA
   OBrien, R
   Roche, K
   Barnes, CA
   Huganir, RL
   Worley, PF
AF Brakeman, PR
   Lanahan, AA
   OBrien, R
   Roche, K
   Barnes, CA
   Huganir, RL
   Worley, PF
TI Homer: A protein that selectively binds metabotropic glutamate receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activity-regulated gene; synaptic activity; growth-factor; rat-brain; transcription; activation; long; localization; membrane; striatum
AB Spatial localization and clustering of membrane proteins is critical to neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies have identified a family of proteins, the PDZ proteins, that contain modular PDZ domains and interact with synaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors(1) and ion channels(2). PDZ proteins are thought to have a role in defining the cellular distribution of the proteins that interact with them, Here we report a novel dendritic protein, Homer, that contains a single, PDZ-like domain and binds specifically to the carboxy terminus of phosphoinositide-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors. Homer is highly divergent from known PDZ proteins and seems to represent a novel family. The Homer gene is also distinct from members of the PDZ family in that its expression is regulated as an immediate early gene and is dynamically responsive to physiological synaptic activity, particularly during cortical development. This dynamic transcriptional control suggests that Homer mediates a novel cellular mechanism that regulates metabotropic glutamate signalling.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PSYCHOL & NEUROL,TUCSON,AZ.
   UNIV ARIZONA,DIV NEURONAL SYST MEMORY & AGING,TUCSON,AZ.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; University of Arizona; University of Arizona
NR 28
TC 931
Z9 1079
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 284
EP 288
DI 10.1038/386284a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300052
PM 9069287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCracken, S
   Fong, N
   Yankulov, K
   Ballantyne, S
   Pan, GH
   Greenblatt, J
   Patterson, SD
   Wickens, M
   Bentley, DL
AF McCracken, S
   Fong, N
   Yankulov, K
   Ballantyne, S
   Pan, GH
   Greenblatt, J
   Patterson, SD
   Wickens, M
   Bentley, DL
TI The C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II couples mRNA processing to transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian nuclei; globin gene; polyadenylation; initiation; protein; site; subunit; invitro; intron; signal
AB Messenger RNA is produced by RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription, followed by processing of the primary transcript. Transcription, splicing, and cleavage-polyadenylation can occur independently in vitro, but we demonstrate here that these processes are intimately linked in vivo. We show that the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the pol II large subunit is required for efficient RNA processing. Splicing, processing of the 3' end and termination of transcription downstream of the poly(A) site, are all inhibited by truncation of the CTD. We found that the cleavage-polyadenylation factors CPSF and CstF specifically bound to CTD affinity columns and copurified with pol II in a high-molecular-mass complex. Our demonstration of an association between the CTD and 3'-processing factors, considered together with reports of a similar interaction with splicing factors(1,2), suggests that an mRNA 'factory' exists which carries out coupled transcription, splicing and cleavage-polyadenylation of mRNA precursors.
C1 AMGEN INST,TORONTO,ON M5G 2C1,CANADA.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BIOCHEM,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV TORONTO,BANTING & BEST DEPT MED RES,TORONTO,ON M5G 1L6,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOL & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5G 1L6,CANADA.
   AMGEN INC,DEPT PROT STRUCT,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91320.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Amgen
NR 30
TC 761
Z9 946
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 357
EP 361
DI 10.1038/385357a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400055
PM 9002523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Little, CTS
   Herrington, RJ
   Maslennikov, VV
   Morris, NJ
   Zaykov, VV
AF Little, CTS
   Herrington, RJ
   Maslennikov, VV
   Morris, NJ
   Zaykov, VV
TI Silurian hydrothermal-vent community from the southern Urals, Russia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deposits; pogonophora; paleoocean; worms
AB MODERN hydrothermal-vent communities are remarkable for being dependent on bacterial chemosynthetic primary production and for having a high percentage of endemic taxa (95% at the species level)(1-3). Based on phylogenetic analyses, it has been suggested that some of these taxa are Mesozoic or even Palaeozoic relicts, and that the vent environment has thus acted as a refuge against evolutionary pressures, such as rnas extinctions, that affect other ecosystems(1,2,4). However, little is known about ancient vent communities because fossils have been reported from very few(5-11) of a thousand or so documented vent deposits(12). Here we describe a macrofossil assemblage of monoplacophoran molluscs, inarticulate brachiopods, vestimentiferan tube-worms and other tubes, probably of polychaete origin, from the Silurian Yaman Kasy deposit(12). The assemblage represents the oldest, and most diverse, fossil hydrothermal-vent community known, and shares vestimentiferan and polychaete tube-worms with both modern vent communities(1,2) and other ancient vent assemblages(7-12), but is unique in baring brachiopods and monoplacophorans. Modern rant communities are not refuges for these Silurian shelly vent taxa, a finding that may have implications for the refuge hypothesis.
C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST MINERAL,URALS BRANCH,MIASS 456301,CHELYABINSK DIS,RUSSIA.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Little, CTS (corresponding author), MUSEUM NAT HIST,CROMWELL RD,LONDON SW7 2BD,ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 104
Z9 119
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 146
EP 148
DI 10.1038/385146a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uysal, KT
   Wiesbrock, SM
   Marino, MW
   Hotamisligil, GS
AF Uysal, KT
   Wiesbrock, SM
   Marino, MW
   Hotamisligil, GS
TI Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; tyrosine kinase-activity; adipose-tissue; expression; receptor; phosphorylation
AB Obesity is highly associated with insulin resistance and is the biggest risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(1-3). The molecular basis of this common syndrome, however, is poorly understood. It has been suggested that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a candidate mediator of insulin resistance in obesity as it is overexpressed in the adipose tissues of rodents and humans(4-10) and it blocks the action of insulin in cultured cells and whole animals(10-14). To investigate the role of TNF-alpha in obesity and insulin resistance, we have generated obese mice with a targeted null mutation in the gene encoding TNF-alpha and those encoding the two receptors for TNF-alpha. The absence of TNF-alpha resulted in significantly improved insulin sensitivity in both diet-induced obesity and that resulting for the ob/ob model of obesity. The TNF alpha-deficient obese mice had lower levels of circulating free fatty acids, and were protected from the obesity-related reduction in the insulin receptor signalling in muscle and fat tissues, These results indicate that TNF-alpha is an important mediator of insulin resistance in obesity through its effects on several important sites of insulin action.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV BIOL SCI,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,LUDWIG INST CANC RES,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
NR 26
TC 1865
Z9 2202
U1 1
U2 114
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 610
EP 614
DI 10.1038/39335
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800062
PM 9335502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cai, RH
   Pouget, A
   SchlagRey, M
   Schlag, J
AF Cai, RH
   Pouget, A
   SchlagRey, M
   Schlag, J
TI Perceived geometrical relationships affected by eye-movement signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vernier acuity; visual hyperacuity; neurons; cortex; tasks; representation; position; saccades; vision; cells
AB To determine the location of visual objects relative to the observer, the visual system must take account not only of the location of the stimulus on the retina, but also of the direction of gaze(1). In contrast, the perceived spatial relationship between visual stimuli is normally assumed to depend on retinal information alone, and not to require information about eye position. We now show, however, that the perceived alignment of three dots-tested by a veinier alignment task(2,3)-is systematically altered in the period immediately preceding a saccade. Thus, information about eye position can modify not only the perceived relationship of the entire retinal image to the observer, but also the relations between elements within the image. The processing of relative position and of egocentric (observer-centred) position may therefore be less distinct than previously believed(4-6).
C1 GEORGETOWN UNIV,INST COGNIT & COMPUTAT SCI,WASHINGTON,DC 20007.
C3 Georgetown University
RP Cai, RH (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,BRAIN RES INST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095, USA.
NR 29
TC 100
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 601
EP 604
DI 10.1038/386601a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300057
PM 9121582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naren, AP
   Nelson, DJ
   Xie, WW
   Jovov, B
   Pevsner, J
   Bennett, MK
   Benos, DJ
   Quick, MW
   Kirk, KL
AF Naren, AP
   Nelson, DJ
   Xie, WW
   Jovov, B
   Pevsner, J
   Bennett, MK
   Benos, DJ
   Quick, MW
   Kirk, KL
TI Regulation of CFTR chloride channels by syntaxin and Munc18 isoforms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane conductance regulator; cystic-fibrosis gene; n-type; calcium channels; epithelial-cells; protein-kinase; cl channel; complex; phosphorylation; transport
AB The cystic fibrosis gene encodes a cyclic AMP-gated chloride channel (CFTR) that mediates electrolyte transport across the luminal surfaces of a variety of epithelial cells(1-4). The molecular mechanisms that modulate CFTR activity in epithelial tissues are poorly understood, Here we show that CFTR is regulated by an epithelially expressed syntaxin (syntaxin 1A), a membrane protein that also modulates neurosecretion(5-7) and calcium-channel gatings(8-11) in brain, Syntaxin 1A physically interacts with CFTR chloride channels and regulates CFTR-mediated currents both in Xenopus oocytes and in epithelial cells that normally express these proteins. The physical and functional interactions between syntaxin 1A and CFTR are blocked by a syntaxin-binding protein of the Munc18 protein family (also called n-Sec1; refs 12-14). Our results indicate that CFTR function in epithelial cells is regulated by an interplay between syntaxin and Munc18 isoforms.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,GREGORY FLEMING JAMES CYST FIBROSIS RES CTR,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MED,CHICAGO,IL 60037.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT NEUROL,CHICAGO,IL 60037.
   KENNEDY KRIEGER INST,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21250.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21250.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOL & CELL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Kennedy Krieger Institute; Johns Hopkins University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 26
TC 185
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 302
EP 305
DI 10.1038/36882
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700067
PM 9384384
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramirez, AP
   Cava, RJ
   Krajewski, J
AF Ramirez, AP
   Cava, RJ
   Krajewski, J
TI Colossal magnetoresistance in Cr-based chalcogenide spinels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant magnetoresistance; films
AB Manganese oxides with a perovskite structure' exhibit a transition between a paramagnetic insulating phase and a ferromagnetic metal phase. Associated with this transition is an effect known as colossal magnetoresistance(2-5) (CMR)-in the vicinity of the transition temperature, the materials exhibit a large change in resistance in response to an applied magnetic field. Such an effect, if optimized, might find potential application in magnetic devices. But the criteria for achieving (and hence optimizing) CMR are not clear, presenting a challenge for materials scientists, The accepted description of CMR in the manganite perovskites invokes the 'double-exchange' mechanism, whereby charge transport is enhanced by the magnetic alignment of neighbouring Mn ions of different valence configuration (Mn3+ and Mn4+), and inhibited by the formation of charge-induced localized lattice distortions(6,7) Here we report the existence of a large magnetoresistive effect in a class of materials-Cr-based chalcogenide spinels-that do not possess heterovalency, distortion-inducing ions, manganese, oxygen or a perovskite structure. The realization of CMR in compounds having a spinel structure should open up a vast range of materials for the further exploration and exploitation of this effect.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PRINCETON,NJ 08540.
   PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON MAT INST,PRINCETON,NJ 08540.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Ramirez, AP (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,600 MT AVE,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 27
TC 421
Z9 449
U1 2
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/386156a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, YF
   Ganguli, R
   Drewien, CA
   Anderson, MT
   Brinker, CJ
   Gong, WL
   Guo, YX
   Soyez, H
   Dunn, B
   Huang, MH
   Zink, JI
AF Lu, YF
   Ganguli, R
   Drewien, CA
   Anderson, MT
   Brinker, CJ
   Gong, WL
   Guo, YX
   Soyez, H
   Dunn, B
   Huang, MH
   Zink, JI
TI Continuous formation of supported cubic and hexagonal mesoporous films by sol gel dip-coating
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silica; interfaces; water; mica
AB Thin films of surfactant-templated mesoporous materials(1,2) could find applications in membrane-based separations, selective catalysis and sensors. Above the critical micelle concentration of a bulk silica-surfactant solution, films of mesophases with hexagonally packed one-dimensional channels can be formed at solid-liquid and liquid-vapour interfaces(3-5). But this process is slow and the supported films(3,5) are granular and with the pore channels oriented parallel to the substrate surface, so that transport across the films is not facilitated by the pores. Ogawa(6,7) has reported a rapid spin-coating procedure for making transparent mesoporous films, but their formation mechanism, microstructure and pore accessibility have not been elucidated. Here we report a sol-gel-based dip-coating method for the rapid synthesis of continuous mesoporous thin films on a solid substrate. The influence of the substrate generates film mesostructures that have no bulk counterparts, such as composites with incipient liquid-crystalline order of the surfactant-silica phase. We are also able to form mesoporous films of the cubic phase, in which the pores are connected in a three-dimensional network that guarantees their accessibility from the film surface. We demonstrate and quantify this accessibility using a surface-acoustic-wave nitrogen-adsorption technique. We use fluorescence depolarization to monitor the evolution of the mesophase in situ, and see a progression through a sequence of lamellar to cubic to hexagonal structures that has not previously been reported.
C1 SANDIA NATL LABS, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87106 USA.
   UNIV NEW MEXICO, NSF, CTR MICROENGINEERED MAT, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87106 USA.
   UNIV NEW MEXICO, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87106 USA.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT MAT SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT CHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; National Science Foundation (NSF); University of New Mexico; University of New Mexico; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
NR 24
TC 1428
Z9 1637
U1 11
U2 874
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 364
EP 368
DI 10.1038/38699
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Betts, RA
   Cox, PM
   Lee, SE
   Woodward, FI
AF Betts, RA
   Cox, PM
   Lee, SE
   Woodward, FI
TI Contrasting physiological and structural vegetation feedbacks in climate change simulations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model; land; sensitivity; impact; canopy; forest; europe
AB Anthropogenic increases in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are predicted to cause a warming of the global climate by modifying radiative forcing(1). Carbon dioxide concentration increases may make a further contribution to warming by inducing a physiological response of the global vegetation-a reduced stomatal conductance, which suppresses transpiration(2). Moreover, a CO2-enriched atmosphere and the corresponding change in climate may also alter the density of vegetation cover, thus modifying the physical characteristics of the land surface to provide yet another climate feedback(3-6). But such feedbacks from changes in vegetation structure have not yet been incorporated into general circulation model predictions of future climate change. Here we use a general circulation model iteratively coupled to an equilibrium vegetation model to quantify the effects of both physiological and structural vegetation feedbacks on a doubled-CO2 climate. On a global scale, changes in vegetation structure are found to partially offset physiological vegetation-climate feedbacks in the long term, but overall vegetation feedbacks provide significant regional-scale effects.
C1 UNIV SHEFFIELD,DEPT ANIM & PLANT SCI,SHEFFIELD S10 2TN,S YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Betts, RA (corresponding author), HADLEY CTR,METEOROL OFF,BRACKNELL RG12 2SY,BERKS,ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 313
Z9 358
U1 2
U2 136
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 796
EP 799
DI 10.1038/42924
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, JKW
   Williams, IS
   Ellis, DJ
AF Lee, JKW
   Williams, IS
   Ellis, DJ
TI Pb, U and Th diffusion in natural zircon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; minerals
AB Zircon (ZrSiO4) is one of the most widely used minerals for determining the age, origin and thermal history of rocks by U-Th-Pb geochronology. But the parameters describing the solid-state (volume) diffusion rates of these elements in natural zircon, which are themselves important for establishing the limits on the applicability of zircon for geochronological studies, have remained poorly quantified(1). This is because of the measurement difficulties associated with the low (p.p.m.) concentrations and low diffusion rates of these elements in natural zircon, and the chemical and physical heterogeneity present in most crystals. Here we present direct measurements of the uranium, thorium and lead loss from a thermally treated gem-quality natural zircon and show that lead diffuses much faster than uranium or thorium. We find that the U-Th-Pb isotopic system in natural zircon will typically have a closure temperature greater than 900 degrees C, which explains why zircon is apparently such a robust geochrometer and is capable of remaining isotopically closed through extended periods of high-grade metamorphism and partial melting of the host rock.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
   AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,DEPT GEOL,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University; Australian National University
NR 22
TC 707
Z9 893
U1 0
U2 133
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/36554
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keller, L
   Genoud, M
AF Keller, L
   Genoud, M
TI Extraordinary lifespans in ants: a test of evolutionary theories of ageing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID independent contrasts; mating frequency; senescence; insects; hymenoptera; colony
AB Senescence presents not only a medical problem, but also an evolutionary paradox because it should be opposed by natural selection. Evolutionary hypotheses propose that ageing evolves as the necessary cost of processes increasing early reproductive success(1,2), or because of weaker selection against late-acting mutations(3). A prediction of these hypotheses is that the rate of ageing should increase and the average lifespan decrease as the rate of extrinsic mortality increases(1-7). Alternatively, non-adaptive, purely mechanistic hypotheses invoke damage to DNA, cells, tissues and organs as being the unique cause of senescence and ineluctable death of organisms(8). Here we show that the evolution of eusociality is associated with a 100-fold increase in insect lifespan. Such an increase is predicted by evolutionary theories because termite, bee and ant queens live in colonies that are sheltered and heavily defended against predators. Moreover, a comparison of ants with contrasting life histories also reveals an association between lifespan and extrinsic rate of mortality. These results provide strong support for evolutionary theories of ageing, as purely mechanistic hypotheses of senescence do not propose any association between the rate of extrinsic mortality and lifespans.
C1 UNIV BERN, INST ZOOL, ETHOL STN HASLI, CH-3032 HINTERKAPPELEN, SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Bern
RP Keller, L (corresponding author), UNIV LAUSANNE, INST ZOOL & ANIM ECOL, BATIMENT BIOL, CH-1015 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND.
NR 29
TC 470
Z9 499
U1 0
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 958
EP 960
DI 10.1038/40130
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zatman, S
   Bloxham, J
AF Zatman, S
   Bloxham, J
TI Torsional oscillations and the magnetic field within the Earth's core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geomagnetic-field; secular variation; outer-core; model-z; mantle; motions; flow
AB An estimate of the magnitude and geometry of the magnetic field within the Earth's core would be valuable for understanding the dynamics of the liquid outer core and for constraining numerical models of the geodynamo. The magnetic field down to the core-mantle boundary can be estimated from surface observations by assuming that the mantle is an insulator(1), but such estimates cannot be further extrapolated into the conducting core itself The magnetic field within the core has therefore remained largely unconstrained. Here we construct a simple picture of part of the magnetic field within the core by first showing that the fluid now at the surface of the core is consistent with the presence of two large waves-'torsional oscillations' of the type that have been proposed to explain the temporal variation of the magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary. We then use the structure of these waves to calculate a one-dimensional map of the part of the magnetic field that points away from the rotation axis. These results may help distinguish between the different dynamic states proposed for outer-core flow(2-5) and provide a test for recent numerical models of the geodynamo(6-9).
RP Zatman, S (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, 20 OXFORD ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 115
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 760
EP 763
DI 10.1038/41987
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Munoz, V
   Thompson, PA
   Hofrichter, J
   Eaton, WA
AF Munoz, V
   Thompson, PA
   Hofrichter, J
   Eaton, WA
TI Folding dynamics and mechanism of beta-hairpin formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short linear peptide; aqueous-solution; protein; stability; design
AB Protein chains coil into alpha-helices and beta-sheet structures. Knowing the timescales and mechanism of formation of these basic structural elements is essential for understanding how proteins fold(1). For the past 40 years, alpha-helix formation has been extensively investigated in synthetic and natural peptides(2-5), including by nanosecond kinetic studies(6,7). In contrast, the mechanism of formation of beta structures has not been studied experimentally. The minimal beta-structure element is the beta-hairpin, which is also the basic component of antiparallel beta-sheets. Here we use a nanosecond laser temperature-jump apparatus to study the kinetics of folding a beta-hairpin consisting of 16 amino-acid residues. Folding of the hairpin occurs in 6 mu s at room temperature, which is about 30 times slower than the rate of alpha-helix formation(6,7). We have developed a simple statistical mechanical model that provides a structural explanation for this result, Our analysis also shows that folding of a beta-hairpin captures much of the basic physics of protein folding; including stabilization by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, two-state behaviour, and a funnel-like, partially rugged energy landscape.
RP Munoz, V (corresponding author), NIDDK,PHYS CHEM LAB,NIH,BLDG 5,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 24
TC 884
Z9 982
U1 1
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 196
EP 199
DI 10.1038/36626
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400060
PM 9367160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reich, Z
   Boniface, JJ
   Lyons, DS
   Borochov, N
   Wachtel, EJ
   Davis, MM
AF Reich, Z
   Boniface, JJ
   Lyons, DS
   Borochov, N
   Wachtel, EJ
   Davis, MM
TI Ligand-specific oligomerization of T-cell receptor molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipid-linked form; antigen receptor; mhc; expression; complexes
AB T cells initiate many immune responses through the interaction of their T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) with antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, This interaction sends a biochemical signal into the T cell by a mechanism that is not clearly understood. We have used quasielastic light scattering (QELS) to show that, in the presence of MHC molecules bound to a full agonist peptide, TCR/peptide-MHC complexes oligomerize in solution to form supramolecular structures at concentrations near the dissociation constant of the binding reaction. The size of the oligomers is concentration dependent and is calculated to contain two to six ternary complexes for the concentrations tested here. This effect is specific as neither molecule forms oligomers by itself, nor were oligomers observed unless the correct peptide was bound to the MHC. These results provide direct evidence for models of T-cell signalling based on the specific assembly of multiple TCR/peptide-MHC complexes(1-4) in which the degree of assembly determines the extent and qualitative nature of the transduced signal(5). They may also explain how T cells maintain sensitivity to antigens present in only low abundance on the antigen-presenting cell.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   CTR TECHNOL EDUC HOLON,HOLON,ISRAEL.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI,CHEM SERV UNIT,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 Stanford University; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Reich, Z (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 24
TC 207
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/42500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200059
PM 9177351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michelotti, EF
   Sanford, S
   Levens, D
AF Michelotti, EF
   Sanford, S
   Levens, D
TI Marking of active genes on mitotic chromosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID promoter; displacement; propagation; replication; chromatin; invivo
AB During development and differentiation, cellular phenotypes are stably propagated through numerous cell divisions(1). This epigenetic 'cell memory' helps to maintain stable patterns of gene expression(2). DNA methylation(3) and the propagation of specific chromatin structures may both contribute to cell memory(4). There are two impediments during the cell cycle that can hinder the inheritance of specific chromatin configurations: first, the pertinent structures must endure the passage of DNA-replication forks in S phase(5); second, the chromatin state must survive mitosis, when chromatin condenses, transcription is turned off, and almost all double-stranded DNA-binding proteins are displaced(6,7). After mitosis, the previous pattern of expressed and silent genes must be restored. This restoration might be governed by mass action, determined by the binding affinities and concentrations of individual components, Alternatively, a subset of factors might remain bound to mitotic chromosomes, providing a molecular bookmark to direct proper chromatin reassembly, Here we analyse DNA at transcription start sites during mitosis in vivo and find that it is conformationally distorted in genes scheduled for reactivation but is undistorted in repressed genes. These protein-dependent conformational perturbations could help to re-establish transcription after mitosis by 'marking' genes for re-expression.
C1 NCI,PATHOL LAB,GENE REGULAT SECT,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NR 21
TC 147
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 895
EP 899
DI 10.1038/42282
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400054
PM 9278053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU deVries, BV
   Francis, PW
AF deVries, BV
   Francis, PW
TI Catastrophic collapse at stratovolcanoes induced by gradual volcano spreading
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID debris avalanches
AB Unlike ordinary mountains, which are formed by slow uplift and erosion, volcanoes are constructed rapidly. As a consequence, many are liable to massive flank failures, leading to debris avalanches (for example, at Mount St Helens in 1980). Such failures occur worldwide about once every 25 years (ref. 1) and even small ones can present a major hazard-in particular if far-reaching tsunamis are generated, as at Mayu-yama in 1792 (ref. 2). Previous work has tended to emphasize differences in eruption style associated with flank failure(2), but here we focus on the fundamental structural causes of failure. Most volcanic failures are generated by magmatic intrusion and flank spreading(3). We present evidence, however, that Mombacho volcano in Nicaragua experienced a previously unrecognized type of failure, triggered by sub-volcanic basement spreading. Notably, collapses related to basement spreading do not require that the volcano be magmatically active, and thus flank failure may pose a significant risk even at inactive volcanoes, which are rarely monitored.
RP deVries, BV (corresponding author), OPEN UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,WALTON HALL,MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA,BUCKS,ENGLAND.
NR 26
TC 175
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 387
EP 390
DI 10.1038/387387a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malinin, NL
   Boldin, MP
   Kovalenko, AV
   Wallach, D
AF Malinin, NL
   Boldin, MP
   Kovalenko, AV
   Wallach, D
TI MAP3K-related kinase involved in NF-kappa B induction by TNF, CD95 and IL-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID putative protein-kinase; tumor-necrosis-factor; signal transduction; domain; yeast; ste11; gene; activation; encodes; family
AB Several members of the tumour-necrosis/nerve-growth factor (TNF/NGF) receptor family activate the transcription factor NF-kappa B through a common adaptor protein, Traf2 (refs 1-5), whereas the interleukin 1 type-I receptor activates NF-kappa B independently of Traf2 (ref. 4). We have now cloned a new protein kinase, NIK, which binds to Traf2 and stimulates NF-kappa B activity. This kinase shares sequence similarity with several MAPKK kinases. Expression in cells of kinase-deficient NIK mutants fails to stimulate NF-kappa B and blocks its induction by TNF, by either of the two TNF receptors or by the receptor CD95 (Fas/Apo-1), and by TRADD, RIP and MORT1/FADD, which are adaptor proteins that bind to these receptors. It also blocked NF-kappa B induction by interleukin-l. Our findings indicate that NIK participates in an NF-kappa B-inducing signalling cascade common to receptors of the TNF/NGF family and to the interleukin-1 type-I receptor.
C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT MEMBRANE RES & BIOPHYS,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
NR 31
TC 1181
Z9 1308
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 540
EP 544
DI 10.1038/385540a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500049
PM 9020361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, DM
   Maraskovsky, E
   Billingsley, WL
   Dougall, WC
   Tometsko, ME
   Roux, ER
   Teepe, MC
   DuBose, RF
   Cosman, D
   Galibert, L
AF Anderson, DM
   Maraskovsky, E
   Billingsley, WL
   Dougall, WC
   Tometsko, ME
   Roux, ER
   Teepe, MC
   DuBose, RF
   Cosman, D
   Galibert, L
TI A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; biological characterization; interleukin-4 receptor; superfamily; activation; murine; proteins; cloning; cd40; lymphocytes
AB Dendritic cells are rare haematopoietic cells that reside in a number of organs and tissues. By capturing, processing and presenting antigens to T cells, dendritic cells are essential for immune surveillance and the regulation of specific immunity(1-4) Several members of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are integral to the regulation of the immune response. These structurally related proteins modulate cellular functions ranging from proliferation and differentiation to inflammation and cell survival or death(5,6). The functional activity of dendritic cells is greatly increased by signalling through the TNFR family member CD40 (refs 7, 8). Here we report the characterization of RANK (for receptor activator of NF-kappa B), a new member of the TNFR family derived from dendritic cells, and the isolation of a RANK ligand (RANKL) by direct expression screening. RANKL augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naive T-cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, and increases the survival of RANK(+) T cells generated with interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Thus RANK and RANKL seem to be important regulators of interactions between T cells and dendritic cells.
C1 IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP, DEPT IMMUNOBIOL, SEATTLE, WA 98101 USA.
   IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP, DEPT BIOINFORMAT, SEATTLE, WA 98101 USA.
RP Anderson, DM (corresponding author), IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP, DEPT MOL BIOL, 51 UNIV ST, SEATTLE, WA 98101 USA.
NR 30
TC 1894
Z9 2189
U1 2
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 175
EP 179
DI 10.1038/36593
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400055
PM 9367155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schuster, R
   Buks, E
   Heiblum, M
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
   Shtrikman, H
AF Schuster, R
   Buks, E
   Heiblum, M
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
   Shtrikman, H
TI Phase measurement in a quantum dot via a double-slit interference experiment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oscillations
AB The transport properties of electronic devices are usually characterized on the basis of conductance measurements. Such measurements are adequate for devices in which transport occurs incoherently, but for very small devices-such as quantum dots(1,2)-the wave nature of the electrons plays an important role(3), Because the phase of an electron's wavefunction changes as it passes through such a device, phase measurements are required to characterize the transport properties fully, Here we report the results of a double-slit interference experiment which permits the measurement of the phase-shift of an electron traversing a quantum dot, This is accomplished by inserting the quantum dot into one arm of an interferometer, thereby introducing a measurable phase shift between the arms, We find that the phase evolution within a resonance of the quantum dot can be accounted for qualitatively by a model that ignores the interactions between the electrons within the dot. Although these electrons must interact strongly, such interactions apparently have no observable effect on the phase. On the other hand, we also find that the phase behaviour is identical for all resonances, and that there is a sharp jump of the phase between successive resonance peaks. Adequate explanation of these features may require a model that includes interactions between electrons.
RP Schuster, R (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT CONDENSED MATTER PHYS,BRAUN CTR SUBMICRON RES,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
NR 13
TC 545
Z9 567
U1 3
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 417
EP 420
DI 10.1038/385417a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luger, K
   Mader, AW
   Richmond, RK
   Sargent, DF
   Richmond, TJ
AF Luger, K
   Mader, AW
   Richmond, RK
   Sargent, DF
   Richmond, TJ
TI Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 angstrom resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; chromatin; dna; transcription; histone; protein; model; binding; yeast; integration
AB The X-ray crystal structure of the nucleosome cave particle of chromatin shows in atomic detail how the histone protein octamer is assembled and how 146 base pairs of DNA are organized into a superhelix around it. Both histone/histone and histone/DNA interactions depend on the histone fold domains and additional, well ordered structure elements extending from this motif. Histone amino-terminal tails pass over and between the gyres of the DNA superhelix to contact neighbouring particles. The lack of uniformity between multiple histone/DNA-binding sites causes the DNA to deviate from ideal superhelix geometry.
C1 ETH HONGGERBERG, ETHZ, INST MOL BIOL & BIOPHYS, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
NR 51
TC 7426
Z9 9687
U1 12
U2 765
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 251
EP 260
DI 10.1038/38444
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200038
PM 9305837
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitrovica, JX
AF Mitrovica, JX
TI Geophysics - Going halves over Hudson Bay
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic tomography; field
RP Mitrovica, JX (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO, DEPT PHYS, 60 ST GEORGE ST, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A7, CANADA.
NR 10
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 444
EP +
DI 10.1038/37231
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, SG
   Masland, RH
AF He, SG
   Masland, RH
TI Retinal direction selectivity after targeted laser ablation of starburst amacrine cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ganglion-cells; rabbit retina; caenorhabditis-elegans; mammalian retina; receptive-fields; cat retina; acetylcholine; identification; responses; mechanism
AB Directionally selective retinal ganglion cells respond strongly when a stimulus moves in their preferred direction, but respond little or not at all when it moves in the opposite direction(1,2). This selectivity represents a classic paradigm of computation by neural microcircuits, but its cellular mechanism remains obscure. The directionally selective ganglion cells receive many synapses from a type of amacrine cell termed 'starburst' because of its regularly spaced, evenly radiating dendrites(3,4). Starburst amacrine cells have a synaptic asymmetry that has been proposed as the source of the directional response in the ganglion cells(5,6). Here we report experiments that make this unlikely, and offer an alternative concept of the function of starburst cells. We labelled starburst cells in living retinas, then killed them by targeted laser ablation while recording from individual directionally selective ganglion cells. Ablating starburst cells revealed no asymmetric contribution to the ganglion cell response. Instead of being direction discriminators, the starburst cells appear to potentiate generically the responses of ganglion cells to moving stimuli. The origin of direction selectivity probably lies with another type of amacrine cell.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02114.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 29
TC 122
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 378
EP 382
DI 10.1038/38723
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500051
PM 9311778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Unger, VM
   Hargrave, PA
   Baldwin, JM
   Schertler, GFX
AF Unger, VM
   Hargrave, PA
   Baldwin, JM
   Schertler, GFX
TI Arrangement of rhodopsin transmembrane alpha-helices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID projection structure; bovine rhodopsin; activation; resolution; receptors; protein; transducin; domain
AB Rhodopsins(1), the photoreceptors in rod cells, are G-protein-coupled receptors with seven hydrophobic segments containing characteristic conserved sequence patterns that define a large family(2,3). Members of the family are expected to share a conserved transmembrane structure. Direct evidence for the arrangement of seven alpha-helices was obtained from a 9 Angstrom projection map of bovine rhodopsin(4). Structural constraints inferred from a comparison of G-protein-coupled receptor sequences were used to assign the seven hydrophobic stretches in the sequence to features in the projection map(5), A low-resolution three-dimensional structure of bovine rhodopsin(6) and two projection structures of frog rhodopsin(7) confirmed the position of the three least tilted helices, 4, 6 and 7, A more elongated peak of density for helix 5 indicated that it is tilted or bent(6,7), but helices 1, 2 and 3 were not resolved, Here we have used electron micrographs of frozen-hydrated two-dimensional frog rhodopsin crystals to determine the structure of frog rhodopsin, Seven rods of density in the map are used to estimate tilt angles for the seven helices. Density visible on the extracellular side of the membrane suggests a folded domain, Density extends from helix 6 on the intracellular side, and a short connection between helices 1 and 2, and possibly a part of the carboxy terminus, are visible.
C1 MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610.
   UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
NR 26
TC 450
Z9 491
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 203
EP 206
DI 10.1038/38316
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700054
PM 9296501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Medzhitov, R
   PrestonHurlburt, P
   Janeway, CA
AF Medzhitov, R
   PrestonHurlburt, P
   Janeway, CA
TI A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID il-1 receptor; leucine; dorsal; embryo; immunology
AB Induction of the adaptive immune response depends on the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines by antigen-presenting cells. The mechanisms that control the initial induction of these signals upon infection are poorly understood. It has been proposed that their expression is controlled by the non-clonal, or innate, component of immunity that preceded in evolution the development of an adaptive immune system in vertebrates(1). We report here the cloning and characterization of a human homologue of the Drosophila toll protein (Toll) which has been shown to induce the innate immune response in adult Drosophila(2-4). Like Drosophila Toll, human Toll is a type I transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain consisting of a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, and a cytoplasmic domain homologous to the cytoplasmic domain of the human interleukin (IL)-1 receptor. Both Drosophila Toll and the IL-1 receptor are known to signal through the NF-kappa B pathway(5-7). We show that a constitutively active mutant of human Toll transfected into human cell lines can induce the activation of NF-kappa B and the expression of NF-kappa B-controlled genes for the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the expression of the co-stimulatory molecule B7.1, which is required for the activation of naive T cells.
C1 HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
NR 21
TC 4161
Z9 5412
U1 2
U2 404
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 394
EP 397
DI 10.1038/41131
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800055
PM 9237759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hofmann, C
   Courtillot, V
   Feraud, G
   Rochette, P
   Yirgu, G
   Ketefo, E
   Pik, R
AF Hofmann, C
   Courtillot, V
   Feraud, G
   Rochette, P
   Yirgu, G
   Ketefo, E
   Pik, R
TI Timing of the Ethiopian flood basalt event and implications for plume birth and global change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cretaceous tertiary boundary; late eocene; volcanism; geochronology; chronology; delta-o-18; magmatism; duration; alkaline; yemen
AB Continental flood basalts are often considered as fossil evidence of mantle plume heads impinging on the lithosphere(1,2) and have been related to continental breakup(3-5). Many of these flood basalts erupted within a short time span-of the order of 1 Myr- and were apparently synchronous with crises in global climate and with mass extinctions(6). Here we present geochronological (40Ar/39Ar) and magnetostratigraphic results for the Ethiopian traps, one of the last remaining flood basalts for which few such data were available. The bulk of the traps, which have been inferred to mark the appearance of the Ethiopian-Afar plume head at the Earth's surface, erupted approximately 30 Myr ago, over a period df 1 Myr or less. This was about the time of a change to a colder and drier global climate, a major continental ice-sheet advance in Antarctica, the largest Tertiary sea-level drop and significant extinctions.
C1 INST PHYS GLOBE, F-75252 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
   UNIV NICE, CNRS, UMR GEOSCI AZUR, F-06108 NICE 2, FRANCE.
   UNIV AIX MARSEILLE 3, CEREGE, F-13545 AIX EN PROVENCE 4, FRANCE.
   UNIV ADDIS ABABA, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur; Aix-Marseille Universite; Addis Ababa University
NR 37
TC 576
Z9 634
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 838
EP 841
DI 10.1038/39853
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mewes, HW
   Albermann, K
   Bahr, M
   Frishman, D
   Gleissner, A
   Hani, J
   Heumann, K
   Kleine, K
   Maierl, A
   Oliver, SG
   Pfeiffer, F
   Zollner, A
AF Mewes, HW
   Albermann, K
   Bahr, M
   Frishman, D
   Gleissner, A
   Hani, J
   Heumann, K
   Kleine, K
   Maierl, A
   Oliver, SG
   Pfeiffer, F
   Zollner, A
TI Chromosome maps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV MANCHESTER,INST SCI & TECHNOL,MANCHESTER M60 1QD,LANCS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Mewes, HW (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,KLOPFERSPITZ 18A,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 9
EP 32
DI 
PG 24
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nguyen, MT
   Camenisch, T
   Snouwaert, JN
   Hicks, E
   Coffman, TM
   Anderson, PAW
   Malouf, MN
   Koller, BH
AF Nguyen, MT
   Camenisch, T
   Snouwaert, JN
   Hicks, E
   Coffman, TM
   Anderson, PAW
   Malouf, MN
   Koller, BH
TI The prostaglandin receptor EP4 triggers remodelling of the cardiovascular system at birth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID patent ductus-arteriosus; prostanoid receptors; closure; indomethacin; cloning; subtype; rats
AB Survival of newborn placental mammals depends on closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA), an arterial connection in the fetus which directs blood away from the pulmonary circulation and towards the placenta where oxygenation occurs(1). Here we show that morphological changes resulting in closure of the DA in mice are virtually identical to those observed in larger mammals, including humans(2), and that maintenance of the DA in the open, or patent, stare in fetal mice is dependent on prostaglandin synthesis, This requirement is absent in mice lacking the prostaglandin E-2 EP4 receptor (EP4(-/-) mice). In EP4(-/-) mice of the 129 strain, remodelling of the DA fails to occur after birth, resulting in a left-to-right shunt of blood and subseqently in death. This suggests that the neonatal drop in prostaglandin E-2 (refs 3-7) that triggers ductal closure is sensed through the EP4 receptor, In contrast, 5% of EP4(-/-) mice of mixed genetic background survive, and selective breeding of these mice leads to a 21% survival rate, suggesting that alleles at other loci can provide an alternative mechanism for ductal closure.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MED,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   DUKE UNIV,DEPT MED,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DURHAM VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DIV PEDIAT CARDIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PATHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Duke University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Durham VA Medical Center; Duke University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
NR 30
TC 285
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/36342
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700055
PM 9363893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joerges, J
   Kuttner, A
   Galizia, CG
   Menzel, R
AF Joerges, J
   Kuttner, A
   Galizia, CG
   Menzel, R
TI Representations of odours and odour mixtures visualized in the honeybee brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salamander olfactory-bulb; antennal lobes; local interneurons; neuronal-activity; manduca-sexta; system; information; moth; organization; stimulation
AB Most animals depend on the identification of odours to locate food or to find mating partners. To accomplish this, the olfactory system must recognize relative concentrations of a large number of substances by analysing complex patterns of chemoreceptor activations(1,2), but how these patterns are represented in the brain is not well understood. Previous studies indicated that odours evoke specific patterns of activity in olfactory sensory centres(3-7) and led to the hypothesis that single glomeruli in the olfactory bulb of mammals respond to particular receptor types(8-10). We made optical recordings in vivo in the honeybee brain to investigate neuronal population responses to odorants delivered naturally to the animal. We report here that odours evoked specific spatio-temporal excitation patterns in the antennal lobe, the structural and functional analogue of the olfactory bulb(11). Specific ensembles of active glomeruli represent odours in a combinatorial manner. A comparison between different individuals shows remarkable similarities for a pheromone component, but not for general flower odours. Mixtures evoked patterns that were combinations of the single odorant responses. These combinations were not fully additive, however, indicating inhibitory effects on single glomeruli. Such interactions could be crucial for the formation of singular codes for complex odour blends.
RP Joerges, J (corresponding author), FREE UNIV BERLIN,INST NEUROBIOL,KONIGIN LUISE STR 28-30,D-14195 BERLIN,GERMANY.
NR 31
TC 365
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 285
EP 288
DI 10.1038/387285a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turner, S
   Hawkesworth, C
AF Turner, S
   Hawkesworth, C
TI Constraints on flux rates and mantle dynamics beneath island arcs from Tonga-Kermadec lava geochemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subducting oceanic-crust; volcanic-rocks; trace-elements; u-series; magmas; isotope; zones; disequilibria; enrichment; transition
AB Subduction processes are central to plate tectonics and to crust-mantle recycling and differentiation, Here we present a study of lavas from the Tonga-Kermadec island are which places important constraints on the processes and rates involved. The mantle wedge overlying the subducting oceanic plate is dynamically coupled to the descending plate, but may convect more slowly than expected. Fluid and sediment fluxes from the ocean plate enrich the wedge but differ in their location, mechanisms and rates, After partial melting, magma extraction occurs rapidly via channelled now through the wedge.
RP Turner, S (corresponding author), OPEN UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, WALTON HALL, MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA, BUCKS, ENGLAND.
NR 52
TC 169
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 568
EP 573
DI 10.1038/39257
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Atkinson, DH
   Ingersoll, AP
   Seiff, A
AF Atkinson, DH
   Ingersoll, AP
   Seiff, A
TI Deep winds on Jupiter as measured by the Galileo probe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stability-criterion; zonal flow; profile
AB The Doppler Wind Experiment on the Galileo probe provided the first in situ data on wind speeds in Jupiter's atmosphere. Initial analysis(1) of the results indicated that wind speeds increase with depth, rather than decaying to zero below the cloud tops or remaining relatively constant as had previously been assumed(2). But this earlier analysis was subject to several potential sources of error, as highlighted by the fact that wind speeds measured at the cloud tops did not seem to match those inferred from tracking clouds(3) in images obtained by the Voyager spacecraft, Here we report new analyses of the probe data that use a corrected treatment of the timing errors, adopt the measured(4) (rather than predicted) descent trajectory, and incorporate a new calibration of the instrumentation that takes into account the unexpectedly high temperatures encountered by the probe. We determine wind speeds at the cloud tops (700-mbar level) in the range 80-100 m s(-1), in agreement with the results of cloud tracking; the speed increases dramatically between 1 and 4 bar, and then remains nearly constant at similar to 170 m s(-1) down to the 21-bar level. The increase in wind speed implies a latitudinal density gradient of 0.5% per degree in the 1-2 bar altitude range, but whether these winds are driven by internal heat or absorbed sunlight remains uncertain.
C1 CALTECH,DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI,PASADENA,CA 91125.
   NASA,AMES RES CTR,SAN JOSE STATE UNIV FDN,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; California State University System; San Jose State University
RP Atkinson, DH (corresponding author), UNIV IDAHO,DEPT ELECT ENGN,MOSCOW,ID 83844, USA.
NR 22
TC 56
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 649
EP 650
DI 10.1038/41718
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montgomery, JC
   Baker, CF
   Carton, AG
AF Montgomery, JC
   Baker, CF
   Carton, AG
TI The lateral line can mediate rheotaxis in fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superficial neuromasts
AB Rheotaxis is a behavioural orientation to water currents(1). It has been demonstrated physiologically that some lateral-line receptors are particularly well suited to provide information on water currents(2), but their contribution to rheotaxis has been largely overlooked. The accepted view is that rheotaxis is mediated by visual and tactile cues', and that in rheotactic orientation ''the lateral lines play only a minor role''(3). Here we provide a direct demonstration that rheotaxis can be mediated by the lateral line, and indeed by one specific receptor class of this system. In three diverse fish species, pharmacological block of the entire lateral-line system substantially increases the velocity threshold for rheotactic behaviour. The same effect is observed when only superficial neuromasts are ablated, whereas blockade of the other receptor class, canal neuromasts, has no such effect. Our results therefore demonstrate that superficial neuromasts make an important contribution to rheotactic behaviour in fish.
RP Montgomery, JC (corresponding author), UNIV AUCKLAND,SCH BIOL SCI,EXPT BIOL RES GRP,PRIVATE BAG 92019,AUCKLAND 1,NEW ZEALAND.
NR 16
TC 459
Z9 534
U1 2
U2 138
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 960
EP 963
DI 10.1038/40135
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kang, JM
   Rebek, J
AF Kang, JM
   Rebek, J
TI Acceleration of a Diels-Alder reaction by a self-assembled molecular capsule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID micellar catalysis
AB THE interior of cage-like molecules can be considered to provide a new phase of matter(1,2), in which it becomes possible to stabilize reactive intermediates(3) and to observe new forms of stereoisomerism(4). Cage-like molecular complexes that self-assemble through weak intermolecular forces are dynamic species(5,6), encapsulating guest molecules reversibly. They can persist over timescales ranging from microseconds to hours, long enough for chemical processes to take place within them. Here we report the acceleration of a Diels-Alder reaction bg encapsulation of the reactants in a self-assembling molecular capsule(7,8). Although product inhibition (lack of dissociation) prevents the system from showing true catalytic behaviour, there is clear evidence for a rate increase of over two orders of magnitude owing to the effective enhancement of concentration inside the capsule.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, SKAGGS INST CHEM BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   MIT, DEPT CHEM, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 22
TC 527
Z9 575
U1 2
U2 133
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/385050a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100044
PM 8985245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kronzucker, HJ
   Siddiqi, MY
   Glass, ADM
AF Kronzucker, HJ
   Siddiqi, MY
   Glass, ADM
TI Conifer root discrimination against soil nitrate and the ecology of forest succession
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pine pinus-pinaster; compartmental analysis; ammonium; nitrogen; spruce; assimilation; absorption; nitrification; seedlings; growth
AB THE high incidence of failure when late-successional conifer species are replanted on disturbed forest sites is a considerable problem(1-3). Here we advance a hypothesis that might explain many of these reforestation problems on a physiological basis, within the framework of forest succession. It is known that the chemical speciation of inorganic nitrogen in forest soils changes from predominantly ammonium (NH4+) in late-successional (mature forest) soils to mostly nitrate (NO3-) after disturbances such as clearcut harvesting(2-6). The capacity of plant roots to take up and use these two sources of nitrogen is therefore very important for species establishment on successionally different sites. We have used kinetic and compartmental-analysis techniques with the radiotracer N-13 to compare the efficiency of nitrogen acquisition from NH4+ and NO3- sources in seedlings of white spruce, an important late-successional conifer. We found that uptake of NH4+ was up to 20 times greater than that of NO3- from equimolar solution, cytoplasmic concentration of NH4+ was up to 10 times greater than that of NO3-, and physiological processing of NO3- was much less than that of NH4+. This reduced capacity to use NO3- is thought to present a critical impediment to seedling establishment on disturbed sites, where species better adapted to NO3- would have a significant competitive advantage.
RP Kronzucker, HJ (corresponding author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, DEPT BOT, VANCOUVER, BC V6T 1Z4, CANADA.
NR 31
TC 414
Z9 487
U1 2
U2 131
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 59
EP 61
DI 10.1038/385059a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gurnett, DA
   Kurth, WS
   Roux, A
   Bolton, SJ
AF Gurnett, DA
   Kurth, WS
   Roux, A
   Bolton, SJ
TI Absence of a magnetic-field signature in plasma-wave observations at Callisto
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetosphere; jupiter
AB The galilean moons of Jupiter are substantial bodies-three of them are larger than the Earth's Moon, and one is larger than Mercury-yet little has been known about them until very recently. The discovery of a magnetosphere(1) and magnetic field(2) associated with Ganymede was surprising, and raised the possibility that other galilean satellites,. particularly Callisto (which is the second largest after Ganymede), also might have an internally generated magnetic field. Here we report observations of plasma waves around Callisto, detected during the recent fly-by of the Galileo spacecraft. The nature of the plasma waves indicates that Callisto, unlike Ganymede, does not have a magnetosphere or an internal magnetic field The electron density near Callisto, however, is substantially higher than that in Jupiter's magnetosphere at this orbital radius, indicating that Callisto is a significant source of locally generated plasma, This plasma most probably comes from a tenuous atmosphere around Callisto, which may be similar to the hydrogen cloud around Ganymede, as the electron densities are somewhat comparable.
C1 UNIV VERSAILLES, CTR ETUD ENVIRONM TERR & PLANETAIRES, F-78140 VELIZY VILLACOUBLAY, FRANCE.
   CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Gurnett, DA (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA.
NR 16
TC 26
Z9 28
U1 2
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 261
EP 262
DI 10.1038/387261a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eghbali, M
   Curmi, JP
   Birnir, B
   Gage, PW
AF Eghbali, M
   Curmi, JP
   Birnir, B
   Gage, PW
TI Hippocampal GABA(A) channel conductance increased ky diazepam
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID open-state substructure; pig heart-cells; chloride channels; potassium channels; receptor channels; amino-acids; neurons; culture; benzodiazepine; clamp
AB Benzodiazepines, which are widely used clinically for relief of anxiety and for sedation(1), are thought to enhance synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system by increasing the open probability of chloride channels activated by the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(2,3). Here we show that the benzodiazepine diazepam tan also increase the conductance of GABA(A) channels activated by low concentrations of GABA (0.5 or 5 mu M) in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. Before exposure to diazepam, chloride channels activated by GABA had conductances of 8 to 53 pS. Diazepam caused a concentration-dependent and reversible increase in the conductance of these channels towards a maximum conductance of 70-80 pS and the effect was as great as 7-fold in channels of lowest initial conductance. Increasing the conductance of GABA(A) channels tonically activated by low ambient concentrations of GABA in the extracellular environment(4) maybe an important way in which these drugs depress excitation in the central nervous system. That any drug has such a large effect on single channel conductance has not been reported previously and has implications for models of channel structure and conductance.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,JOHN CURTIN SCH MED RES,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research
NR 23
TC 141
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/40404
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300052
PM 9214504
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Markson, L
   Bloom, P
AF Markson, L
   Bloom, P
TI Evidence against a dedicated system for word learning in children
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Children can learn aspects of the meaning of a new word on the basis of only a few incidental exposures and can retain this knowledge for a long period-a process dubbed 'fast mapping'(1-8) It is often maintained that fast mapping is the result of a dedicated language mechanism, but it is possible that this same capacity might apply in domains other than language learning, Here we present two experiments in which three- and four-year-old children and adults were taught a novel name and a novel fact about an object, and were tested on their retention immediately, after a 1-week delay or after a 1-month delay. Our findings show that fast mapping is not limited to word learning, suggesting that the capacity to learn and retain new words is the result of learning and memory abilities that are not specific to language.
RP Markson, L (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PSYCHOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA.
NR 15
TC 240
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 813
EP 815
DI 10.1038/385813a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000052
PM 9039912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheldon, M
   Rice, DS
   DArcangelo, G
   Yoneshima, H
   Nakajima, K
   Mikoshiba, K
   Howell, BW
   Cooper, JA
   Goldowitz, D
   Curran, T
AF Sheldon, M
   Rice, DS
   DArcangelo, G
   Yoneshima, H
   Nakajima, K
   Mikoshiba, K
   Howell, BW
   Cooper, JA
   Goldowitz, D
   Curran, T
TI Scrambler and yotari disrupt the disabled gene and produce a reeler-like phenotype in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abl tyrosine kinase; leptin receptor; drosophila; mouse; protein; encodes; neurons; domain; organization; expression
AB Formation of the mammalian brain requires choreographed migration of neurons to generate highly ordered laminar structures such as those in the cortices of the forebrain and the cerebellum, These processes are severely disrupted by mutations in reelin(1) which cause widespread misplacement of neurons and associated ataxia in reeler mice(2,3). Reelin is a large extracellular protein secreted by pioneer neurons that coordinates cell positioning during neurodevelopment(1,4-8). Two new autosomal recessive mouse mutations, scrambler(9) and yotari(10) have been described that exhibit a phenotype identical to reeler(9-11). Here we report that scrambler and yotari arise from mutations in mdab1 (ref, 12), a mouse gene related to the Drosophila gene disabled (dab)(13). Both scrambler and yotari mice express mutated forms of mdab1 messenger RNA and little or no mDab1 protein. mDab1 is a phosphoprotein that appears to function as an intracellular adaptor in protein kinase pathways, Expression analysis indicates that mdab1 is expressed in neuronal populations exposed to Reelin. The similar phenotypes of reeler, scrambler, yotari and mdab1 null mice(14) indicate that Reelin and mDab1 function as signalling molecules that regulate cell positioning in the developing brain.
C1 ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT DEV NEUROBIOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
   UNIV TOKYO, INST MED SCI, DEPT MOL NEUROBIOL, MINATO KU, TOKYO 108, JAPAN.
   INST PHYS & CHEM RES, TSUKUBA LIFE SCI CTR, MOL NEUROBIOL LAB, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
   FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR, SEATTLE, WA 98104 USA.
   UNIV TENNESSEE, COLL MED, DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38163 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Tokyo; RIKEN; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
NR 31
TC 541
Z9 605
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 730
EP 733
DI 10.1038/39601
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900055
PM 9338784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Crossover in interest and skill
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 1
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 418
EP 420
DI 10.1038/38802
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Torchia, J
   Rose, DW
   Inostroza, J
   Kamei, Y
   Westin, S
   Glass, CK
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Torchia, J
   Rose, DW
   Inostroza, J
   Kamei, Y
   Westin, S
   Glass, CK
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI The transcriptional co-activator p/CIP binds CBP and mediates nuclear-receptor function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; retinoic acid; estrogen-receptor; crystal-structure; domain; coactivator; proteins; af-2
AB The functionally conserved proteins CBP and p300 act in conjunction with other factors to activate transcription of DNA. A new factor, p/CIP, has been discovered that is present in the cell as a complex with CEP and is required for transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors and other CBP/p300-dependent transcription factors. The highly related nuclear-receptor co-activator protein NCoA-1 is also specifically required for ligand-dependent activation of genes by nuclear receptors, p/CIP, NCoA-1 and CBP all contain related leucine-rich charged helical interaction motifs that ape required for receptor-specific mechanisms of gene activation, and allow the selective inhibition of distinct signal-transduction pathways.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, WHITTIER DIABET PROGRAM, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, CELLULAR & MOL MED SCH, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 46
TC 1114
Z9 1254
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 677
EP 684
DI 10.1038/42652
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900045
PM 9192892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jacq, C
   AltMorbe, J
   Andre, B
   Arnold, W
   Bahr, A
   Ballesta, JPG
   Bargues, M
   Baron, L
   Becker, A
   Biteau, N
   Blocker, H
   Blugeon, C
   Boskovic, J
   Brandt, P
   Bruckner, M
   Buitrago, MJ
   Coster, F
   Delaveau, T
   delRey, F
   Dujon, B
   Eide, LG
   GarciaCantalejo, JM
   Goffeau, A
   GomezPeris, A
   Granotier, C
   Hanemann, V
   Hankeln, T
   Hoheisel, JD
   Jager, W
   Jimenez, A
   Jonniaux, JL
   Kramer, C
   Kuster, H
   Laamanen, P
   Legros, Y
   Louis, E
   MollerRieker, S
   Monnet, A
   Moro, M
   MullerAuer, S
   Nussbaumer, B
   Paricio, N
   Paulin, L
   Perea, J
   PerezAlonso, M
   PerezOrtin, JE
   Pohl, TM
   Prydz, H
   Purnelle, B
   Rasmussen, SW
   Remacha, M
   Revuelta, JL
   Rieger, M
   Salom, D
   Saluz, HP
   Saiz, JE
   Saren, AM
   Schafer, M
   Scharfe, M
   Schmidt, ER
   Schneider, C
   Scholler, P
   Schwarz, S
   SolerMira, A
   Urrestarazu, LA
   Verhasselt, P
   Vissers, S
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Wagner, G
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, E
   Wedler, H
   Wolfl, S
   Harris, DE
   Bowman, S
   Brown, D
   Churcher, CM
   Connor, R
   Dedman, K
   Gentles, S
   Hamlin, N
   Hunt, S
   Jones, L
   McDonald, S
   Murphy, L
   Niblett, D
   Odell, C
   Oliver, K
   Rajandream, MA
   Richards, C
   Shore, L
   Walsh, SV
   Barrell, BG
   Dietrich, FS
   Mulligan, J
   Allen, E
   Araujo, R
   Aviles, E
   Berno, O
   Carpenter, J
   Chen, E
   Cherry, JM
   Chung, E
   Duncan, M
   HunickeSmith, S
   Hyman, R
   Komp, C
   Lashkari, D
   Lew, H
   Lin, D
   Mosedale, D
   Nakahara, K
   Namath, A
   Oefner, P
   Oh, C
   Petel, FX
   Roberts, D
   Schramm, S
   Schroeder, M
   Shogren, T
   Shroff, N
   Winant, A
   Yelton, M
   Botstein, D
   Davis, RW
   Johnston, M
   Hillier, L
   Riles, L
   Albermann, K
   Hani, J
   Heumann, K
   Kleine, K
   Mewes, HW
   Zollner, A
   Zaccaria, P
AF Jacq, C
   AltMorbe, J
   Andre, B
   Arnold, W
   Bahr, A
   Ballesta, JPG
   Bargues, M
   Baron, L
   Becker, A
   Biteau, N
   Blocker, H
   Blugeon, C
   Boskovic, J
   Brandt, P
   Bruckner, M
   Buitrago, MJ
   Coster, F
   Delaveau, T
   delRey, F
   Dujon, B
   Eide, LG
   GarciaCantalejo, JM
   Goffeau, A
   GomezPeris, A
   Granotier, C
   Hanemann, V
   Hankeln, T
   Hoheisel, JD
   Jager, W
   Jimenez, A
   Jonniaux, JL
   Kramer, C
   Kuster, H
   Laamanen, P
   Legros, Y
   Louis, E
   MollerRieker, S
   Monnet, A
   Moro, M
   MullerAuer, S
   Nussbaumer, B
   Paricio, N
   Paulin, L
   Perea, J
   PerezAlonso, M
   PerezOrtin, JE
   Pohl, TM
   Prydz, H
   Purnelle, B
   Rasmussen, SW
   Remacha, M
   Revuelta, JL
   Rieger, M
   Salom, D
   Saluz, HP
   Saiz, JE
   Saren, AM
   Schafer, M
   Scharfe, M
   Schmidt, ER
   Schneider, C
   Scholler, P
   Schwarz, S
   SolerMira, A
   Urrestarazu, LA
   Verhasselt, P
   Vissers, S
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Wagner, G
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, E
   Wedler, H
   Wolfl, S
   Harris, DE
   Bowman, S
   Brown, D
   Churcher, CM
   Connor, R
   Dedman, K
   Gentles, S
   Hamlin, N
   Hunt, S
   Jones, L
   McDonald, S
   Murphy, L
   Niblett, D
   Odell, C
   Oliver, K
   Rajandream, MA
   Richards, C
   Shore, L
   Walsh, SV
   Barrell, BG
   Dietrich, FS
   Mulligan, J
   Allen, E
   Araujo, R
   Aviles, E
   Berno, O
   Carpenter, J
   Chen, E
   Cherry, JM
   Chung, E
   Duncan, M
   HunickeSmith, S
   Hyman, R
   Komp, C
   Lashkari, D
   Lew, H
   Lin, D
   Mosedale, D
   Nakahara, K
   Namath, A
   Oefner, P
   Oh, C
   Petel, FX
   Roberts, D
   Schramm, S
   Schroeder, M
   Shogren, T
   Shroff, N
   Winant, A
   Yelton, M
   Botstein, D
   Davis, RW
   Johnston, M
   Hillier, L
   Riles, L
   Albermann, K
   Hani, J
   Heumann, K
   Kleine, K
   Mewes, HW
   Zollner, A
   Zaccaria, P
TI The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complete dna-sequence; yeast; resolution; elements; xi
AB The complete DNA sequence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IV has been determined. Apart from chromosome XII, which contains the 1-2 Mb rDNA cluster, chromosome IV is the longest S. cerevisiae chromosome. It was split into three parts, which were sequenced by a consortium from the European Community, the Sanger Centre, and groups from St Louis and Stanford in the United States. The sequence of 1,531,974 base pairs contains 796 predicted or known genes, 318 (39.9%) of which have been previously identified. Of the 478 new genes, 225 (28.3%) are homologous to previously identified genes and 253 (32%) have unknown functions or correspond to spurious open reading frames (ORFs). On average there is one gene approximately every two kilobases. Superimposed on alternating regional variations in G+C composition, there is a large central domain with a lower G+C content that contains all the yeast transposon (Ty) elements and most of the tRNA genes. Chromosome IV shares with chromosomes II, V, XII, XIII and XV some long clustered duplications which partly explain its origin.
C1 LAB DNA ANALYT, D-79100 FREIBURG, GERMANY.
   LAB PHYSIOL CELLULAIRE & GENET LEVURES, B-1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   UNIV BIELEFELD, FAK BIOL, LEHRSTUHL GENET, D-33501 BIELEFELD, GERMANY.
   UNIV MAINZ, INST GENET MOL, D-55099 MAINZ, GERMANY.
   CSIC, CTR BIOL MOL, E-28049 MADRID, SPAIN.
   UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, E-28049 MADRID 28049, SPAIN.
   UNIV VALENCIA, DEPT GENET, E-46100 BURJASSOT, SPAIN.
   PHARM BIOTECH, F-91898 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   GB GENOME ANAL, D-38124 BRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANY.
   GENOTYPE GMBH, D-69259 WILHELMSFELD, GERMANY.
   UNIV SALAMANCA, DEPT MICROBIOL & GENET, E-37007 SALAMANCA, SPAIN.
   UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN, UNITE BIOCHIM PHYSIOL, B-1348 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   INST PASTEUR, DEPT BIOTECHNOL, UNITE GENET MOL LEVURES, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   CTR BIOTECHNOL, N-0371 OSLO, NORWAY.
   UNIV VALENCIA, FAC BIOL, DEPT BIOQUIM & BIOL MOL, E-46100 BURJASSOT, SPAIN.
   HANS KNOLL INST, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY.
   DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, D-69210 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   UNIV HELSINKI, INST BIOTECHNOL, DNA SYNTH & SEQUENCING LAB, FIN-00014 HELSINKI, FINLAND.
   JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP, INST MOL MED, DEPT YEAST GENET, OXFORD OX3 9DU, ENGLAND.
   LNCIB, AREA SCI PK, I-34012 TRIESTE, ITALY.
   GATC GMBH, D-78467 CONSTANCE, GERMANY.
   CARLSBERG LAB, DK-2500 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
   AGON GMBH, D-12489 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, LAB GENE TECHNOL, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   SANGER CTR, CAMBRIDGE CB10 1SA, ENGLAND.
   STANFORD UNIV, BECKMAN CTR, DEPT BIOCHEM, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, GENOME SEQUENCING CTR, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM, MARTINSRIEDER INST PROT SEQUENZEN, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
C3 University of Bielefeld; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM); Autonomous University of Madrid; University of Valencia; University of Salamanca; Universite Catholique Louvain; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of Valencia; Leibniz Association; Hans Knoll Institute (HKI); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Helsinki; University of Oxford; KU Leuven; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Stanford University; Washington University (WUSTL); Max Planck Society
RP Jacq, C (corresponding author), ECOLE NORMALE SUPER, CNRS, URA 1302, GENET MOL LAB, 46 RUE ULM, F-75230 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
NR 29
TC 81
Z9 949
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/387s075
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600007
PM 9169867
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicoll, M
   Akerib, CC
   Meyer, BJ
AF Nicoll, M
   Akerib, CC
   Meyer, BJ
TI X-chromosome-counting mechanisms that determine nematode sex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; dosage compensation; c-elegans; gene; identification; xol-1
AB Sex is determined in Caenorhabditis elegans by an X-chromosome-counting mechanism that reliably distinguishes the twofold difference in X-chromosome dose between males (1X) and hermaphrodites (2X)(1,2). This small quantitative difference is translated into the 'on/off' response of the target gene, xol-1, a switch that specifies the male fate when active and the hermaphrodite fate when inactive(3), Specific regions of X contain counted signal elements whose combined dose sets the activity of xol-1 (ref. 4). Here we ascribe the dose effects of one region to a discrete, protein-encoding gene, fox-1. We demonstrate that the dose-sensitive signal elements on chromosome X control xol-1 through two different molecular mechanisms. One involves the transcriptional repression of xol-1 in XX animals. The other uses the putative RNA-binding protein encoded by fox-1 to reduce the level of xol-1 protein, These two mechanisms of repression act together to ensure the fidelity of the X-chromosome counting process.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOL & CELL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM030702] Funding Source: Medline
NR 15
TC 72
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 200
EP 204
DI 10.1038/40669
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900056
PM 9217163
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiener, M
   Freymann, D
   Ghosh, P
   Stroud, RM
AF Wiener, M
   Freymann, D
   Ghosh, P
   Stroud, RM
TI Crystal structure of colicin Ia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pore-forming domain; escherichia-coli; outer-membrane; helical hairpin; channel; receptor; protein; transport; gene; purification
AB The ion-channel forming colicins A, B, E1, Ia, Ib and N all kill bacterial cells selectively by co-opting bacterial active-transport pathways and forming voltage-gated ion conducting channels across the plasma membrane of the target bacterium(1,2). The crystal structure of colicin Ia reveals a molecule 210 Angstrom long with three distinct functional domains arranged along a backbone of two extraordinarily long alpha-helices. A central domain at the bend of the hairpin-like structure mediates specific recognition and binding to an outer-membrane receptor(3). A second domain mediates translocation across the outer membrane via the TonB transport pathway(4); the TonB-box(5) recognition element of colicin Ia is on one side of three 80 Angstrom-long helices arranged as a helical sheet. A third domain is made up of 10 alpha-helices which form a voltage-activated and voltage-gated ion conducting channel across the plasma membrane of the target cell. The two 160 Angstrom-long alpha-helices that link the receptor-binding domain to the other domains enable the colicin Ia molecule to span the periplasmic space and contact both the outer and plasma membranes simultaneously during function(6,7).
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS S964,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 30
TC 232
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 461
EP 464
DI 10.1038/385461a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700059
PM 9009197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roberts, R
   Walsh, G
   Murray, A
   Olley, J
   Jones, R
   Morwood, M
   Tuniz, C
   Lawson, E
   Macphall, M
   Bowdery, D
   Naumann, I
AF Roberts, R
   Walsh, G
   Murray, A
   Olley, J
   Jones, R
   Morwood, M
   Tuniz, C
   Lawson, E
   Macphall, M
   Bowdery, D
   Naumann, I
TI Luminescence dating of rock art and past environments using mud-wasp nests in northern Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sediments; pollen; grains
AB Mud-nesting wasps are found in all of the main biogeographical regions of the world(1-3), and construct nests that become petrified after abandonment, Nests built by mud-dauber and potter wasps in rock shelters in northern Australia(1,4) often overlie, and occasionally underlie, prehistoric rock paintings. Mud nests contain pollen, spores and phytoliths from which information about local palaeovegetation can be gleaned, Here we report a new application of optical dating(5-7), using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) C-14 dating of pollen(8) to determine the ages of mud-wasp nests associated with rack paintings in the Kimberley region of Western Australia(9,10). Optical dating of quartz sand (including the analysis of individual grains) embedded in the mud of fossilized nests shows that some anthropomorphic paintings are more than 17,000 years old. Reconstructions of past local environments are also possible from the range of pollen and phytolith types identified. This approach should have widespread application to studies of rock-art dating and late Quaternary environmental change on continents where mud-wasps once Lived and other sources of palaeoecological information are absent.
C1 TAKARAKKA ROCK ART RES CTR,CARNARVON,QLD 4702,AUSTRALIA.
   RISO NATL LAB,NORD LAB LUMINESCENCE DATING,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK.
   AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RSPAS,DIV ARCHAEOL & NAT HIST,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV NEW ENGLAND,DEPT ARCHAEOL & PALAEOANTHROPOL,ARMIDALE,NSW 2351,AUSTRALIA.
   AUSTRALIAN NUCL SCI & TECHNOL ORG,DIV PHYS,MENAI,NSW 2234,AUSTRALIA.
   CSIRO,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Technical University of Denmark; Australian National University; University of New England; Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Roberts, R (corresponding author), LA TROBE UNIV,SCH EARTH SCI,MELBOURNE,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA.
NR 30
TC 109
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 696
EP 699
DI 10.1038/42690
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Offermanns, S
   Toombs, CF
   Hu, YH
   Simon, MI
AF Offermanns, S
   Toombs, CF
   Hu, YH
   Simon, MI
TI Defective platelet activation in G alpha(q)-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-gamma-subunits; phospholipase-c isozymes; g-proteins; thromboxane a(2); blood-platelets; receptors; expression; c-beta-2; family
AB Platelets are small disc-shaped cell fragments which undergo a rapid transformation when they encounter vascular damage. They become more spherical and extrude pseudopodia, their fibrinogen receptors are activated, causing them to aggregate, they release their granule contents, and eventually form a plug which is responsible for primary haemostasis(1). Activation of platelets is also implicated in the pathogenesis of unstable angina, myocardial infarction and stroke(2,3). Here we show that platelets from mice deficient in the alpha-subunit of the heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding protein G(q) are unresponsive to a variety of physiological platelet activators. As a result, G alpha(q)-deficient mice have increased bleeding times and are protected from collagen and adrenaline-induced thromboembolism. We conclude that G alpha(q), is essential for the signalling processes used by different platelet activators and that it cannot be replaced by G alpha(i) or the beta gamma subunits of the heterotrimeric G proteins. G alpha(q) may thus be a new target for drugs designed to block the activation of platelets.
C1 CALTECH,DIV BIOL 147 75,PASADENA,CA 91125.
   AMGEN INC,DEPT PHARMACOL,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91320.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Amgen
NR 30
TC 464
Z9 533
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/38284
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700049
PM 9296496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palsboll, PJ
   Allen, J
   Berube, M
   Clapham, PJ
   Feddersen, TP
   Hammond, PS
   Hudson, RR
   Jorgensen, H
   Katona, S
   Larsen, AH
   Larsen, F
   Lien, J
   Mattila, DK
   Sigurjonsson, J
   Sears, R
   Smith, T
   Sponer, R
   Stevick, P
   Oien, N
AF Palsboll, PJ
   Allen, J
   Berube, M
   Clapham, PJ
   Feddersen, TP
   Hammond, PS
   Hudson, RR
   Jorgensen, H
   Katona, S
   Larsen, AH
   Larsen, F
   Lien, J
   Mattila, DK
   Sigurjonsson, J
   Sears, R
   Smith, T
   Sponer, R
   Stevick, P
   Oien, N
TI Genetic tagging of humpback whales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID megaptera-novaeangliae; simple sequences; dna; population; maine; gulf
AB The ability to recognize individual animals has substantially increased our knowledge of the biology and behaviour of many taxa(1). However, not all species lend themselves to this approach, either because of insufficient phenotypic variation or because tag attachment is not feasible. The use of genetic markers ('tags') represents a viable alternative to traditional methods of individual recognition, as they are permanent and exist in all individuals. We tested the use of genetic markers as the primary means of identifying individuals in a study of humpback whales in the North Atlantic Ocean. Analysis of six microsatellite loci(2,3) among 3,060 skin samples collected throughout this ocean allowed the unequivocal identification of individuals. Analysis of 692 'recaptures', identified by their genotype, revealed individual local and migratory movements of up to 10,000 km, limited exchange among summer feeding grounds, and mixing in winter breeding areas, and also allowed the first estimates of animal abundance based solely on genotypic data. Our study demonstrates that genetic tagging is not only feasible, but generates data (for example, on sex) that can be valuable when interpreting-the results of tagging experiments.
C1 COLL ATLANTIC,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609.
   DEPT NAT RESOURCES SCI,ST ANNE BELLEVUE,PQ H9X 3V9,CANADA.
   CTR COASTAL STUDIES,PROVINCETOWN,MA 02657.
   UNIV ST ANDREWS,SEA MAMMAL RES UNIT,ST ANDREWS KY16 9LB,FIFE,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,IRVINE,CA 92697.
   GREENLAND INST NAT RESOURCES,NUUK 3900,GREENLAND.
   MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND,WHALE RES GRP,ST JOHNS,NF A1B 3X9,CANADA.
   MARINE RES INST,IS-121 REYKJAVIK,ICELAND.
   MINGAN ISL CETACEAN STUDY INC,ST LAMBERT,PQ J4P 1T3,CANADA.
   NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NE FISHERIES SCI CTR,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   INST MARINE RES,N-5024 BERGEN,NORWAY.
C3 University of St Andrews; University of California System; University of California Irvine; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources; Memorial University Newfoundland; Marine & Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI); National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Institute of Marine Research - Norway
RP Palsboll, PJ (corresponding author), DEPT POPULAT BIOL,UNIV PK 15,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
NR 28
TC 229
Z9 271
U1 2
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 767
EP 769
DI 10.1038/42005
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700049
PM 9285587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engert, F
   Bonhoeffer, T
AF Engert, F
   Bonhoeffer, T
TI Synapse specificity of long-term potentiation breaks down at short distances
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slice cultures; rat hippocampus; enhancement; plasticity; transmission; probability; release; neurons
AB Long-term potentiation (LTP), the long-lasting increase in synaptic transmission, has been proposed to be a cellular mechanism essential for learning and memory, neuronal development, and circuit reorganization. In the original theoretical(1) and experimental(2) work it was assumed that only synapses that had experienced concurrent pre- and postsynaptic activity are subject to synaptic modification. It has since been shown, however, that LTP is also expressed in synapses on neighbouring neurons that have not undergone the induction procedure(3-5). Yet, it is still believed that this spread of LTP is limited to adjacent postsynaptic cells, and does not occur for synapses on neighbouring input fibres(2,6,7). However, for technical reasons, tests for 'input specificity' were always done for synapses relatively far apart. Here we have used a new local superfusion technique, which allowed us to assess the synaptic specificity of LTP with a spatial resolution of similar to 30 mu m. Our results indicate that there is no input specificity at a distance of less than 70 mu m. Synapses in close proximity to a site of potentiation are also potentiated regardless of their own history of activation, whereas synapses far away show no potentiation.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT, D-82152 MUNICH, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 25
TC 205
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 279
EP 284
DI 10.1038/40870
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100052
PM 9230437
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feuchtgruber, H
   Lellouch, E
   deGraauw, T
   Bezard, B
   Encrenaz, T
   Griffin, M
AF Feuchtgruber, H
   Lellouch, E
   deGraauw, T
   Bezard, B
   Encrenaz, T
   Griffin, M
TI External supply of oxygen to the atmospheres of the giant planets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-period comets; mixing ratios; neptune; saturn; rings; uranus; dust; model; co; spectrometer
AB The atmospheres of the giant planets are reducing, being mainly composed of hydrogen, helium and methane. But the rings and icy satellites that surround these planets, together with the flux of interplanetary dust, could act as important sources of oxygen, which would be delivered to the atmospheres mainly in the form of water ice or silicate dust(1-7). Here we report the detection, by infrared spectroscopy, of gaseous H2O in the upper atmospheres of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The implied H2O column densities are 1.5 x 10(15), 9 x 10(13) and 3 x 10(14) molecules cm(-2) respectively, CO2 in comparable amounts was also detected in the atmospheres of Saturn and Neptune, These observations can be accounted for by external fluxes of 10(5)-10(7) H2O molecules cm(-2) s(-1) and subsequent chemical processing in the atmospheres, The presence of gaseous water and infalling dust will affect the photochemistry, energy budget and ionospheric properties of these atmospheres. Moreover, our findings may help to constrain the injection rate and possible activity of distant icy objects in the Solar System.
C1 OBSERV PARIS,DESPA,F-92195 MEUDON,FRANCE.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85748 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   ESA,ISO,SCI OPERAT CTR,VILLAFRANCA 28080,SPAIN.
   SRON,NL-9700 AV GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV LONDON QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL,LONDON E1 4NS,ENGLAND.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Max Planck Society; University of London; Queen Mary University London
NR 40
TC 174
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/38236
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700041
PM 9296492
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Khurana, KK
   Kivelson, MG
   Russell, CT
   Walker, RJ
   Southwood, DJ
AF Khurana, KK
   Kivelson, MG
   Russell, CT
   Walker, RJ
   Southwood, DJ
TI Absence of an internal magnetic field at Callisto
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Little is known about the internal properties of Callisto-the outermost of Jupiter's four large galilean moons-other than the average density (about 1.8 cm(-3)). The recent unexpected discovery(1-4) that Ganymede, and perhaps Io, has an internally generated magnetic field, combined with gravity results(5,6) suggesting that both Ganymede and Io are internally differentiated with metallic cores and rocky mantles, has heightened anticipation of the results obtained by the Galileo spacecraft in its recent fly-by of Callisto. Here we report that the spacecraft, passing the moon at a distance of only similar to 1,100 km from the surface, detected only a small enhancement of the field strength (similar to 7 nT), which may be related to changes in the jovian plasma environment caused by Callisto(7). Callisto does not have an internally generated magnetic field.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT PHYS,LONDON SW7 2BZ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Imperial College London
RP Khurana, KK (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095, USA.
NR 18
TC 42
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 262
EP 264
DI 10.1038/387262a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dynlacht, BD
AF Dynlacht, BD
TI Regulation of transcription by proteins that control the cell cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; cdk-activating kinase; terminal domain kinase; retinoblastoma protein; factor tfiih; dna-repair; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; gene-product; g1 cyclins
RP Dynlacht, BD (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, 16 DIVIN AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 70
TC 201
Z9 242
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/38225
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700039
PM 9296491
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, DL
   Roth, R
   Lim, AKL
   Alivisatos, AP
   McEuen, PL
AF Klein, DL
   Roth, R
   Lim, AKL
   Alivisatos, AP
   McEuen, PL
TI A single-electron transistor made from a cadmium selenide nanocrystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum dots; semiconductor nanocrystallites; photoluminescence; spectroscopy; monolayers; polymer; gold
AB The techniques of colloidal chemistry permit the routine creation of semiconductor nanocrystal(1,2) whose dimensions are much smaller than those that can be realized using lithographic techniques(3-6). The sizes of such nanocrystals can be varied systematically to study quantum size effects or to make novel electronic or optical materials with tailored properties(7-9). Preliminary studies of both the electrical(10-13) and optical properties(14-16) of individual nanocrystals have been performed recently, These studies show clearly that a single excess charge on a nanocrystal can markedly influence its properties. Here we present measurements of electrical transport in a single-electron transistor made from a colloidal nanocrystal of cadmium selenide. This device structure enables the number of charge carriers on the nanocrystal to be tuned directly, and so permits the measurement of the energy required for adding successive charge carriers, Such measurements are invaluable in understanding the energy-level spectra of small electronic systems, as has been shown by similar studies of lithographically patterned quantum dots(3-6) and small metallic grains(17).
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,INST MOL DESIGN,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 23
TC 1161
Z9 1300
U1 2
U2 237
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 699
EP 701
DI 10.1038/39535
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Romero, MF
   Hediger, MA
   Boulpaep, EL
   Boron, WF
AF Romero, MF
   Hediger, MA
   Boulpaep, EL
   Boron, WF
TI Expression cloning and characterization of a renal electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sodium-bicarbonate cotransport; acid-base transport; squid giant-axons; na-h exchange; intracellular ph; basolateral membrane; proximal tubule; rat hepatocytes; glial-cells; cdna
AB Bicarbonate transporters are the principal regulators of pH in animal cells, and play a vital role in acid-base movement in the stomach, pancreas, intestine, kidney, reproductive system and central nervous system. The functional family of HCO3- transporters includes Cl--HCO3- exchangers, three Na+/HCO3- cotransporters(1-3), a K+/HCO3- cotransporter(4,5), and a Na+-driven Cl--HCO3- exchanger(6,7). Molecular information is sparse on HCO3- transporters, apart from Cl--HCO3- exchangers ('anion exchangers'), whose complementary DNAs were cloned several years ago(8-11). Attempts to done other HCO3- transporters, based on binding of inhibitors, protein purification or homology with anion exchangers, have so far been unsuccessful. Here we monitor the intracellular PH and membrane voltage in Xenopus oocytes to follow the expression of the most electrogenic transporter known: the renal 1:3 electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransporter from the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. We now report the successful cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a cation-coupled HCO3- transporter. The encoded protein is 1,035 amino acids long with several potential membrane-spanning domains. We show that when it is expressed in Xenopus oocytes, this protein is electrogenic, Na+ and HCO3- dependent, and blocked by the anion-transport inhibitor DIDS, and conclude that it is the renal electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC).
C1 HARVARD UNIV,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOL PHARMACOL,RENAL DIV,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Romero, MF (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHYSIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510, USA.
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [F32 DK009342] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 368
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 409
EP 413
DI 10.1038/387409a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600062
PM 9163427
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haupt, Y
   Maya, R
   Kazaz, A
   Oren, M
AF Haupt, Y
   Maya, R
   Kazaz, A
   Oren, M
TI Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic lethality; mdm2-deficient mice; mutant p53; cell-lines; protein; oncoprotein; expression; activation; pathway; cancer
AB The p53 tumour-suppressor protein exerts antiproliferative effects, including growth arrest and apoptosis, in response to various types of stress'. The activity of p53 is abrogated by mutations that occur frequently in tumours, as well as by several viral and cellular proteins(1,2). The Mdm2 oncoprotein is a potent inhibitor of p53 (ref. 3). Mdm2 binds the transcriptional activation domain of p53 and blocks its ability to regulate target genes(3,4) and to exert antiproliferative effects(4-7). On the other hand, p53 activates the expression of the mdm2 gene(1) in an autoregulatory feedback loop(3). The interval between p53 activation and consequent Mdm2 accumulation defines a time window during which p53 exerts its effects(8). We now report that Mdm2 also promotes the rapid degradation of p53 under conditions in which p53 is otherwise stabilized. This effect of Mdm2 requires binding of p53; moreover, a small domain of p53, encompassing the Mdm2-binding site, confers Mdm2-dependent detstabilization upon heterologous proteins. Raised amounts of Mdm2 strongly repress mutant p53 accumulation in tumour-derived cells. During recovery from DNA damage, maximal Mdm2 induction coincides with rapid p53 loss. We propose that the Mdm2-promoted degradation of p53 provides a new mechanism to ensure effective termination of the p53 signal.
C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT MOL CELL BIOL,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
   HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,HADASSAH MED SCH,LAUTENBERG CTR GEN & TUMOR IMMUNOL,IL-91120 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
NR 29
TC 3927
Z9 4585
U1 4
U2 347
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 296
EP 299
DI 10.1038/387296a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700056
PM 9153395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Presley, JF
   Cole, NB
   Schroer, TA
   Hirschberg, K
   Zaal, KJM
   LippincottSchwartz, J
AF Presley, JF
   Cole, NB
   Schroer, TA
   Hirschberg, K
   Zaal, KJM
   LippincottSchwartz, J
TI ER-to-Golgi transport visualized in living cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green-fluorescent protein; endoplasmic-reticulum; viral glycoprotein; beta-cop; complex; compartment; virus; organization; membranes; surface
AB Newly synthesized proteins that leave the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are funnelled through the Golgi complex before being sorted for transport to their different final destinations. Traditional approaches have elucidated the biochemical requirements for such transport(1-3) and have established a role for transport intermediates(4-8). New techniques for tagging proteins fluorescently(9,10) have made it possible to follow the complete life history of single transport intermediates in living cells, including their formation, path and velocity en route to the Golgi complex. We have now visualized ER-to-Golgi transport using the viral. glycoprotein ts045 VSVG tagged with green fluorescent protein (VSVG-GFP). Upon export from the ER, VSVG-GFP became concentrated in many differently shaped, rapidly forming pre-Golgi structures, which translocated inwards towards the Golgi complex along microtubules by using the microtubule minus-end-directed motor complex of dynein/dynactin. No loss of fluorescent material from pre-Golgi structures occurred during their translocation to the Golgi complex and they frequently stretched into tubular shapes. Together, our results indicate that these pre-Golgi carrier structures moving unidirectionally along microtubule tracks are responsible for transporting VSVG-GFP through the cytoplasm to the Golgi complex. This contrasts with the traditional focus on small vesicles as the primary vehicles for ER-to-Golgi transport.
C1 NICHHD, CELL BIOL & METAB BRANCH, NICHHD, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, DEPT BIOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); Johns Hopkins University
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM044589] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 989
Z9 1148
U1 3
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 81
EP 85
DI 10.1038/38001
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600049
PM 9288971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fleury, V
AF Fleury, V
TI Branched fractal patterns in non-equilibrium electrochemical deposition from oscillatory nucleation and growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrodeposition; transition
AB The branched fractal structures formed by non-equilibrium electrodeposition of metals' have for several years been considered as model systems for the study of branching and fractal growth processes generally(2-6). Most studies have focused on the large-scale structure of the deposits, but the question of how the branching pattern emerges from the nucleation and growth of the polycrystalline metal at the microscopic scale remains unclear. Here I present experimental and theoretical results which suggest that branched electrodeposits may arise from an oscillatory character in the nucleation kinetics. For this kind of deposition, nucleation is probabilistic but biased towards higher electric fields. I suggest that a given nucleation event is followed by a recovery phase before a subsequent event is possible. This oscillatory nature generates a polycrystalline deposit, the grain size of which determines the level of 'noise' which is amplified by the familiar laplacian ('fingering') instabilities of non-equilibrium growth(2-6) into a macroscopically fractal structure.
RP Fleury, V (corresponding author), ECOLE POLYTECH,PHYS MAT CONDENSEE LAB,F-91128 PALAISEAU,FRANCE.
NR 18
TC 187
Z9 209
U1 1
U2 80
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 145
EP 148
DI 10.1038/36522
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sames, D
   Chen, XT
   Danishefsky, SJ
AF Sames, D
   Chen, XT
   Danishefsky, SJ
TI Convergent total synthesis of a tumour-associated mucin motif
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycosyl phosphites; oligosaccharides; cells; carbohydrate; recognition; leukosialin; phosphates; vaccines; antigens; glycans
AB Synthetic glycoconjugates that mimic cell-surface tumour antigens (glycolipids or glycoproteins with unusual carbohydrate structural motifs) have been shown to trigger humoral responses in murine and human immune systems(1-3). This raises the exciting possibility of inducing active immunity with fully synthetic carbohydrate vaccines, particularly if vaccine compounds can be synthesized that resemble the surface environment of transformed cells even more closely. Glycopeptides seem particularly suitable for this purpose. In contrast to most glycolipids and the carbohydrates themselves, glycopeptides bind to major histocompatibility complex molecules, and, in favourable cases, can stimulate T cells and lead to the expression of receptors that recognize the carbohydrate part of a glycopeptide with high specificity(4-8). The preparation of glycopeptides and glycoproteins remains, however, a difficult challenge(9-12): earlier synthesis methods have been inefficient, and established cloning approaches that allow engineering of global glycopatterns produce only heterogeneous glycoproteins(13). Here we report an efficient strategy of the synthesis of tumour-associated mucin glycopeptides with clustered trisaccharide glycodomains corresponding to the (2,6)-sialyl T antigen. Our approach involves construction of the complete glycodomain in the first stage, followed by convergent coupling to amino acid residues and subsequent incorporation of the glycosyl amino acid units into a peptide chain. This general strategy allows the assembly of molecules in which selected glycoforms can be incorporated at any desired position of the peptide chain. The resultant fully synthetic O-linked glycopeptide clusters are the closest homogeneous mimics of cell-surface mucins at present available, and so are promising compounds for the development of anticancer vaccines.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,BIOORGAN CHEM LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Columbia University
NR 31
TC 106
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 587
EP 591
DI 10.1038/39292
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800055
PM 9335496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guiderdoni, B
   Bouchet, FR
   Puget, JL
   Lagache, G
   Hivon, E
AF Guiderdoni, B
   Bouchet, FR
   Puget, JL
   Lagache, G
   Hivon, E
TI The optically dark side of galaxy formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large-scale structure; luminosity function; infrared galaxy; evolution; pairs; redshift; matter
AB Deep optical survey(1,2) probe the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosities of high-redshift galaxies, They can therefore be used to infer star formation rates, under assumptions about young stellar populations, Current data suggest that the global star-formation rate of the Universe peaked at a redshift of z=1, then subsequently declined(3,4), leading to claims that the bulk of star formation in the Universe has been seen, However, the large uncertainties inherent in correcting for ultraviolet absorption by dust associated with young stars suggest that these formation rates might be substantially underestimated in high-redshift galaxies. Here we circumvent this problem by considering the bust thermal emission at infrared (and submillimetre) wave-lengths. We propose an improved determination of the long-sought cosmic infrared background(5) (built up from the accumulated infrared light of faint galaxies along the line of sight), from which we are able to estimate the required population of high-redshift, dust-enshrouded starburst galaxies, We argue that most of the star formation at high redshift may be hidden by dust, and we define the necessary characteristics of a feasible far-infrared survey that could detect this population.
C1 UNIV PARIS 11,INST ASTROPHYS SPATIALE,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
   THEORET ASTROPHYS CTR,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Guiderdoni, B (corresponding author), CNRS,INST ASTROPHYS PARIS,98 BIS BLVD ARAGO,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 29
TC 115
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 257
EP 259
DI 10.1038/36792
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Love, SG
   Ahrens, TJ
AF Love, SG
   Ahrens, TJ
TI Origin of asteroid rotation rates in catastrophic impacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collisional evolution; despinning asteroids
AB The rotation rates of asteroids, which are deduced from periodic fluctuations in their brightnesses(1), are controlled by mutual collisions(2-8). The link between asteroid spin and collision history is usually made with reference to impact experiments on centimetre-scale targets, where material strength governs the impact response(2,3,9-11). Recent work, however, indicates that for objects of the size of most observed asteroids (greater than or equal to 1 km in diameter), gravity rather than intrinsic strength controls the dynamic response to collisions(12-14). Here we explore this idea by modelling the effect of impacts on large gravitating bodies. We find that the fraction of a projectile's angular momentum that is retained by a target asteroid is both lower and more variable than expected from laboratory experiments, with spin evolution being dominated by 'catastrophic' collisions that eject similar to 50 per cent of the target's mass. The remnant of an initially non-rotating silicate asteroid that suffers such a collision rotates at a rate of similar to 2.9 per day, which is close to the observed mean asteroid rotation rate of similar to 2.5 d(-1) Moreover, our calculations suggest that the observed trend in the mean spin frequency for different classes of asteroids(4) (2.2 d(-1) for C-type asteroids, 2.5 d(-1) for S-type, and 4.0 d(-1) for M-type) is due to increasing mean density, rather than increasing material strength.
RP Love, SG (corresponding author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB 25221,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 22
TC 19
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 154
EP 156
DI 10.1038/386154a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300055
PM 11536797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mathur, ND
   Burnell, G
   Isaac, SP
   Jackson, TJ
   Teo, BS
   MacManusDriscoll, JL
   Cohen, LF
   Evetts, JE
   Blamire, MG
AF Mathur, ND
   Burnell, G
   Isaac, SP
   Jackson, TJ
   Teo, BS
   MacManusDriscoll, JL
   Cohen, LF
   Evetts, JE
   Blamire, MG
TI Large low-field magnetoresistance in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 induced by artificial grain boundaries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca-mn-o; superconducting transport-property; giant magnetoresistance; thin-films
AB A number of different compounds, such as those derived from LaMnO3, have recently been shown to exhibit very large changes (up to 10(6)%) in electrical resistance when a magnetic field is applied(1-4)-a phenomenon known as colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), But magnetic fields of several tesla are typically required to obtain such a large magnetoresistive effect, thus Limiting the potential for applications. Nevertheless the complex and intimate link between magnetic structure, crystallographic structure and electrical resistivity in CMR materials, in addition to being of fundamental scientific interest, appears to provide some scope for engineering a more sensitive magnetoresistive response. Here we elucidate the effect of specific structural defects on the CMR behaviour of the compound La0.7Ca0.3MnO3. We have made thin film devices that isolate the contribution of a single grain boundary that was introduced into an epitaxial film of the material by growing it on a bicrystal substrate. These devices display sharp resistance switching in magnetic fields orders of magnitude less than those normally associated with CMR. These results both provide insight into the role of grain boundaries, and demonstrate the potential for developing sub-micrometre magnetic field sensors based on the CMR effect.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED, DEPT MAT, LONDON SW7 2BZ, ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED, BLACKETT LAB, LONDON SW7 2BZ, ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London
RP Mathur, ND (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT MAT SCI, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3QZ, ENGLAND.
NR 23
TC 438
Z9 448
U1 3
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 266
EP 268
DI 10.1038/387266a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kondo, H
   Rabouille, C
   Newman, R
   Levine, TP
   Pappin, D
   Freemont, P
   Warren, G
AF Kondo, H
   Rabouille, C
   Newman, R
   Levine, TP
   Pappin, D
   Freemont, P
   Warren, G
TI p47 is a cofactor for p97-mediated membrane fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitotic golgi fragments; vesicle fusion; cell-cycle; yeast; identification; proteins; homology; atpase; stacks; family
AB At least two distinct ATPases, NSF and p97, are known to be involved in the heterotypic fusion of transport vesicles with their target membranes and the homotypic fusion of membrane compartments(1). The NSF-mediated fusion pathway is the best characterized, many of the components having been identified and their functions analysed(2-7). In contrast, none of the accessory proteins for the p97-mediated fusion pathway has been identified(8-10). Now we have identified the first such component, a protein of relative molecular mass 47,000 (p47), which forms a tight, stoichiometric complex with cytosolic p97 (one trimer of p47 per hexamer of p97). It is essential for the p97-mediated regrowth of Golgi cisternae from mitotic Golgi fragments, a process restricted to animal cells(11). As a homologue of p47 exists in budding yeast, this indicates that it might also be involved in other membrane fusion reactions catalysed by p97, such as karyogamy(10).
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,CELL BIOL LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,PROT STRUCT LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,PROT SEQUENCING LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Cancer Research UK; Cancer Research UK; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 24
TC 377
Z9 431
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/40411
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300053
PM 9214505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duan, H
   Dixit, VM
AF Duan, H
   Dixit, VM
TI RAIDD is a new 'death' adaptor molecule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; c-elegans; protein; gene; interacts; apoptosis; encodes; domain; fas
AB THE effector arm of the the cell-death pathway is composed of cysteine proteases belonging to the ICE/CED-3 family(1,2). In metazoan cells these exist as inactive polypeptide precursors (zymogens), each composed of a prodomain, which is cleaved to activate the protease, and a large and small catalytic subunit. The coupling of these 'death' proteases to signalling pathways is probably mediated by adaptor molecules that contain protein-protein interaction motifs such as the death domain(1). Were we describe such an adaptor molecule, RAIDD, which has an unusual bipartite architecture comprising a carboxy-terminal death domain that binds to the homologous domain in RIP, a serine/threonine kinase component of the death pathway(3,4). The amino-terminal domain is surprisingly homologous with the sequence of the prodomain of two ICE/CED-3 family members, human ICH-1 (ref. 5) and Caenorhabditis elegans CED-3 (ref. 6). This similar region mediates the binding of RAIDD to ICH-1 and CED-3, serving as a direct link to the death proteases, indicating that the prodomain may, through homophilic interactions, determine the specificity of binding of ICE/CED-3 zymogens to regulatory adaptor molecules. Finally, alternations in the sequence of the N-terminal domain that are equivalent to inactivating mutations in the C. elegans ced-3 gene(7,8) prevent homophilic binding, highlighting the potentially primordial nature of this interaction.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
NR 16
TC 460
Z9 528
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/385086a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100056
PM 8985253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kozarsky, KF
   Donahee, MH
   Rigotti, A
   Iqbal, SN
   Edelman, ER
   Krieger, M
AF Kozarsky, KF
   Donahee, MH
   Rigotti, A
   Iqbal, SN
   Edelman, ER
   Krieger, M
TI Overexpression of the HDL receptor SR-BI alters plasma HDL and bile cholesterol levels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-density-lipoprotein; selective uptake; gene-transfer; a-i; rat; hypercholesterolemia; hepatocytes; mice; adenovirus; metabolism
AB The risk of atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and death, is inversely related to plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, although the mechanism of this protective effect is unclear(1). The class B scavenger receptor, SR-BI, is the first HDL receptor to be well defined at a molecular level and is a mediator of selective cholesterol uptake in vitro(2). It is expressed most abundantly in steroidogenic tissues, where it is coordinately regulated with steroidogenesis by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and oestrogen, and in the liver, where its expression in rats is suppressed by oestrogen(3,4). Here we show that adenovirus-mediated, hepatic overexpression of SR-BI in mice on both sinusoidal and canalicular surfaces of hepatocytes results in the virtual disappearance of plasma HDL and a substantial increase in biliary cholesterol, SR-BI may directly mediate these effects by increasing hepatic HDL cholesterol uptake or by increasing cholesterol secretion into bile, or both, These results indicate that SR-BI may be important in hepatic HDL metabolism, in determining plasma HDL concentrations, and in controlling cholesterol concentrations in bile, and thus may influence the development and progression of atherosclerosis and gallstone disease.
C1 UNIV PENN,MED CTR,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR ENGN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV CARDIOVASC,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,MIT,DIV HLTH SCI & TECHNOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University
RP Kozarsky, KF (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,MED CTR,INST HUMAN GENE THERAPY,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 30
TC 622
Z9 684
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 414
EP 417
DI 10.1038/387414a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600063
PM 9163428
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Linnane, P
   Magnus, N
   Magnus, P
AF Linnane, P
   Magnus, N
   Magnus, P
TI Induction of molecular asymmetry by a remote chiral group
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alkylation; peptides
AB Conventional methods of asymmetric synthesis of organic compounds involve the use of either chiral catalysts or stoichiometric amounts of chiral substrates, Invariably, the reacting components must be in close proximity to the entity that introduces chirality(1,2). But supramolecular chemistry(3-5) has shown that stereochemical information can be transmitted through greater distances than are commonly involved in asymmetric syntheses. Here we show that chiral information can be transmitted with remarkable selectivity through as many as nine achiral connecting atoms to give predominantly one diastereomer of a possible four. This contrasts with the general expectation(6) that a decrease in selectivity would result from an increase in the separation of the chirality-inducing substituent and the reaction site, This ability to convey molecular asymmetry over larger distances should provide access to new chiral molecules that would be difficult to make by conventional methods.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
NR 14
TC 44
Z9 47
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 799
EP 801
DI 10.1038/385799a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roelfsema, PR
   Engel, AK
   Konig, P
   Singer, W
AF Roelfsema, PR
   Engel, AK
   Konig, P
   Singer, W
TI Visuomotor integration is associated with zero time-lag synchronization among cortical areas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oscillatory neuronal responses; cat visual-cortex; motor cortex; monkey; potentials; mechanisms; coherence; striate
AB INFORMATION processing in the cerebral cortex invariably involves the activation of millions of neurons that are widely distributed over its various areas, These distributed activity patterns need to be integrated into coherent representational states, A candidate mechanism for the integration and coordination of neuronal activity between different brain regions is synchronization on a fine temporal scale(1-3). In the visual cortex, synchronization occurs selectively between the responses of neurons that represent related features(2-5) and that need to be integrated for the generation of coherent percepts; neurons in other areas of the cerebral cortex also synchronize their discharges(6-10). However, little is known about the patterns and the behavioural correlates of synchrony among widely separated cortical regions, Here we report that synchronization occurs between areas of the visual and parietal cortex, and between areas of the parietal and motor cortex, in the awake cat, When cats responded to a sudden change of a visual pattern, neuronal activity in cortical areas exhibited synchrony without time lags; this synchrony was particularly strong between areas subserving related functions, During reward and inter-trial episodes, zero-time-lag synchrony was lost and replaced by interactions exhibiting large and unsystematic time lags.
C1 NETHERLANDS OPHTHALM RES INST,NL-1100 AC AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM,DEPT MED PHYS,NL-1100 AC AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   INST NEUROSCI,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW); University of Amsterdam
RP Roelfsema, PR (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BRAIN RES,DEUTSCHORDENSTR 46,D-60528 FRANKFURT,GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 842
Z9 948
U1 1
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 157
EP 161
DI 10.1038/385157a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800054
PM 8990118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trau, M
   Yao, N
   Kim, E
   Xia, YN
   Whitesides, GM
   Aksay, IA
AF Trau, M
   Yao, N
   Kim, E
   Xia, YN
   Whitesides, GM
   Aksay, IA
TI Microscopic patterning of orientated mesoscopic silica through guided growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscope; thin-films; lithography; surfactants; mica
AB The supramolecular assembly of surfactant molecules at a solid-liquid interface can produce tubular structures with diameters of around 10 nm (refs 1-4), which can be used for the templated polymerization of mesoporous silica thin films(3-5). The orientation of the tubules depends primarily on the nature of the substrate-surfactant interaction. These nanostructured films hold much promise for applications such as their use as orientated nanowires(6), sensor/actuator arrays(7-9) and optoelectronic devices(10), But a method of patterning the tubules and orientating them into designed arrangements is required for many of these possibilities to be realized. Here we describe a method that allows the direction of growth of these tubules to be guided by infiltrating a reaction fluid into the microcapillaries of a mould in contact with a substrate(11). An electric field applied tangentially to the surface within the capillaries induces electro-osmotic flow, and also enhances the rates of silica polymerization around the tubules by localized Joule heating. After removal of the mould, patterned bundles of orientated nanotubules remain on the surface. This method permits the formation of orientated mesoporous channels on a non-conducting substrate with an arbitrary microscopic pattern.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT CHEM ENGN, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
   PRINCETON UNIV, PRINCETON MAT INST, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, DEPT CHEM, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Harvard University
NR 26
TC 365
Z9 430
U1 0
U2 116
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 25
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6661
BP 674
EP 676
DI 10.1038/37764
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YM508
UT WOS:A1997YM50800028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dolmetsch, RE
   Lewis, RS
   Goodnow, CC
   Healy, JI
AF Dolmetsch, RE
   Lewis, RS
   Goodnow, CC
   Healy, JI
TI Differential activation of transcription factors induced by Ca2+ response amplitude and duration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; t-lymphocytes; signal-transduction; receptor; phosphorylation; dissociation; association; expression; channels
AB An increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+](i)) controls a diverse range of cell functions, including adhesion, motility, gene expression and proliferation(1,2). Calcium signalling patterns can occur as single transients, repetitive oscillations or sustained plateaux(2,3), but it is not known whether these patterns are responsible for encoding the specificity of cellular responses. We report here that the amplitude and duration of calcium signals in B lymphocytes controls differential activation of the pro-inflammatory transcriptional regulators NF-kappa B, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NFAT. NF-kappa B and JNK are selectively activated by a large transient [Ca2+](i) rise, whereas NFAT is activated by a low sustained Ca2+ plateau. Differential activation results from differences in the Ca2+ sensitivities and kinetic behaviour of the three pathways. Our results show how downstream effecters can decode information contained in the amplitude and duration of Ca2+ signals, revealing a mechanism by which a multifunctional second messenger such as Ca2+ can achieve specificity in signalling to the nucleus.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHYSIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,NEUROSCI PROGRAM,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,PROGRAM IMMUNOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM045374] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1537
Z9 1772
U1 1
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 855
EP 858
DI 10.1038/386855a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600060
PM 9126747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicolaou, KC
   Winssinger, N
   Pastor, J
   Ninkovic, S
   Sarabia, F
   He, Y
   Vourloumis, D
   Yang, Z
   Li, T
   Giannakakou, P
   Hamel, E
AF Nicolaou, KC
   Winssinger, N
   Pastor, J
   Ninkovic, S
   Sarabia, F
   He, Y
   Vourloumis, D
   Yang, Z
   Li, T
   Giannakakou, P
   Hamel, E
TI Synthesis of epothilones A and B in solid and solution phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID taxol
AB Epothilones A and B, two compounds that have been recently isolated(1) from myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum strain 90, have generated intense interest(2-16) among chemists, biologists and clinicians erring to the structural complexity, unusual mechanism of interaction with microtubules and anticancer potential of these molecules. Like taxol* (refs 17, 18), they exhibit cytotoxicity against tumour cells by inducing microtubule assembly and stabilization(3,4), even in taxol-resistant cell lines. Following the structural elucidation of these molecules by X-ray crystallography in 1996(1), several syntheses of epothilones A (refs 12-16) and B (ref. 19) have been reported, indicative of the potential importance of these molecules in the cancer field. Here we report the first solid-phase synthesis of epothilone A, the total synthesis of epothilone B, and the generation of a small epothilone library. The solid-phase synthesis applied here to epothilone A could open up new possibilities in natural-product synthesis and, together with solution-phase synthesis of other epothilones, paves the way for the generation of large combinatorial libraries of these important molecules for biological screening.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, SKAGGS INST CHEM BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   NCI, MED BRANCH, DCS, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, LAB DRUG DISCOVERY RES & DEV,DEV THERAPEUT PROGRAM, DCTDC,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR, FREDERICK, MD 21702 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick
RP Nicolaou, KC (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, 10550 N TORREY PINES RD, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 31
TC 370
Z9 476
U1 2
U2 83
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 268
EP 272
DI 10.1038/387268a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700048
PM 9153390
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsuneizumi, K
   Nakayama, T
   Kamoshida, Y
   Kornberg, TB
   Christian, JL
   Tabata, T
AF Tsuneizumi, K
   Nakayama, T
   Kamoshida, Y
   Kornberg, TB
   Christian, JL
   Tabata, T
TI Daughters against dpp modulates dpp organizing activity in Drosophila wing development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern; protein; morphogen; hedgehog; xenopus; expression; mesoderm; mothers; family; genes
AB The family of TGF-beta signalling molecules play inductive roles in various developmental contexts(1). One member of this family, Drosophila Decapentaplegic (Dpp)(2) serves as a morphogen that patterns both the embryo(3,1) and adult(4,5). We have now isolated a gene, Daughters against dpp (Dad), whose transcription is induced by Dpp, Dad shares weak homology with Drosophila Mad (Mothers against dpp)(6), a protein required for transduction of Dpp signals. In contrast to Mad or the activated Dpp receptor, whose overexpression hyperactivates the Dpp signalling pathway, overexpression of Dad blocks Dpp activity, Expression of Dad together with either Mad or the activated receptor rescues phenotypic defects induced by each protein alone. Dad can also antagonize the activity of a vertebrate homologue of Dpp, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-4; ref. 7), as evidenced by induction of dorsal or neural fate following overexpression in Xenopus embryos. We conclude that the pattern-organizing mechanism governed by Dpp involves a negative-feedback circuit in which Dpp induces expression of its own antagonist, Dad, This feedback loop appears to be conserved in vertebrate development.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,INST MOL & CELLULAR BIOSCI,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,DEPT CELL & DEV BIOL,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of Tokyo; Oregon Health & Science University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 32
TC 361
Z9 420
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 627
EP 631
DI 10.1038/39362
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800066
PM 9335506
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jablonski, D
AF Jablonski, D
TI Body-size evolution in Cretaceous molluscs and the status of Cope's rule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extinction; trends
AB Cope's rule, the tendency for Lineages to evolve to larger body size, is widely seen as a pervasive evolutionary pattern(1-4). However, only a few studies(5-8) have gone beyond enumerating isolated examples to assess its overall frequency relative to body-size decrease or stasis, Thus, although size is clearly an important parameter for microevolution and ecology(9-14), including conservation biology(10), its impact on large-scale patterns remains poorly understood, The prevalence of Cope's rule is even more uncertain, as some reported cases of evolutionary size increase may actually represent an expansion of a clade's size range (a pattern generally termed an 'increase in variance: although not necessarily in the formal statistical sense) rather than a phyletic, directional trend(15-18). I have performed a comprehensive census of body-size changes in a large fauna of Cretaceous bivalve and gastropod genera. A directional net increase in body size (including the loss of small-sized species and thus representing Cope's rule in the strict sense) is no more frequent than an increase in size range among species or a net evolutionary size decrease. Thus the undisputed ecological importance of body size does not translate into a preferred macroevolutionary pattern.
RP Jablonski, D (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT GEOPHYS SCI, 5734 S ELLIS AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
NR 27
TC 199
Z9 217
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 250
EP 252
DI 10.1038/385250a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagner, S
   Castel, M
   Gainer, H
   Yarom, Y
AF Wagner, S
   Castel, M
   Gainer, H
   Yarom, Y
TI GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in diurnal rhythmicity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurons; clock; acid; neurotransmission; hypothalamus; mechanisms; responses; receptors; hamster
AB Mammals manifest circadian behaviour timed by an endogenous clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)(1). Considerable progress has been made in identifying the molecular basis of the circadian clock(2,3), but the mechanisms by which it is translated into cyclic firing activity, high during the day and low at night, are still poorly understood. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is particularly densely distributed within the SCN, where it is located in the majority of neuronal somata(4,5) and synaptic terminals(6,7). Using an in vitro brain-slice technique, we have now studied the effect of bath-applied GABA on adult SCN neurons at various times of the day. We find that GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter at night, decreasing the firing frequency; but during the day GABA acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter, increasing the firing frequency. We show that this dual effect, which is mediated by GABA(A) receptors, may be attributed to an oscillation in intracellular chloride concentration. A likely explanation is that the amplitude of the oscillation in firing rate, displayed by individual neurons, is amplified by the dual effect of GABA in the SCN's GABAergic network.
C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,INST LIFE SCI,DEPT CELL & ANIM BIOL,IL-91904 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
   NINCDS,NEUROCHEM LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Wagner, S (corresponding author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,INST LIFE SCI,DEPT NEUROBIOL,IL-91904 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
NR 28
TC 289
Z9 318
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 598
EP 603
DI 10.1038/42468
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200055
PM 9177347
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mewes, HW
   Albermann, K
   Bahr, M
   Frishman, D
   Gleissner, A
   Hani, J
   Heumann, K
   Kleine, K
   Maierl, A
   Oliver, SG
   Pfeiffer, F
   Zollner, A
AF Mewes, HW
   Albermann, K
   Bahr, M
   Frishman, D
   Gleissner, A
   Hani, J
   Heumann, K
   Kleine, K
   Maierl, A
   Oliver, SG
   Pfeiffer, F
   Zollner, A
TI Gazetteer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV MANCHESTER,INST SCI & TECHNOL,MANCHESTER M60 1QD,LANCS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Mewes, HW (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,KLOPFERSPITZ 18A,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 35
EP 65
DI 
PG 31
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, Y
   Okamoto, M
   Schmitz, F
   Hofmann, K
   Sudhof, TC
AF Wang, Y
   Okamoto, M
   Schmitz, F
   Hofmann, K
   Sudhof, TC
TI Rim is a putative Rab3 effector in regulating synaptic-vesicle fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; exocytosis; rabphilin-3a; cells
AB Rab3 is a neuronal GTP-binding protein that regulates fusion of synaptic vesicles and is essential for long-term potentiation of hippocampal messy fibre synapses(1-5). More than thirty Rab GTP-binding proteins are known to function in diverse membrane transport pathways, although their mechanisms of action are unclear. We have now identified a putative Rab3-effector protein called Rim. Rim is composed of an amino-terminal zinc-finger motif and carboxy-terminal PDZ and C-2 domains. It binds only to GTP (but not to GDP)-complexed Rab3, and interacts with no other Rab protein tested. There is enrichment of Rab3 and Rim in neurons, where they have complementary distributions. Rab3 is found only on synaptic vesicles, whereas Rim is localized to presynaptic active zones in conventional synapses, and to presynaptic ribbons in ribbon synapses. Transfection of PC12 cells with the amino-terminal domains of Rim greatly enhances regulated exocytosis in a Rab3-dependent manner. We propose that Rim serves as a Rab3-dependent regulator of synaptic-vesicle fusion by forming a GTP-dependent complex between synaptic plasma membranes and docked synaptic vesicles.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MOL GENET,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXPT MED,ABT 9,D-37075 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
   SWISS INST EXPT CANC RES,CH-1066 EPALINGES,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Max Planck Society; Swiss Institute Experimental Cancer Research
NR 30
TC 533
Z9 647
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 593
EP 598
DI 10.1038/41580
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200052
PM 9252191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woodcock, LV
AF Woodcock, LV
TI Entropy difference between the face-centred cubic and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SPHERES can be stacked into two close-packed crystalline arrangements, face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) and hexagonal closed-packed (h.c.p.), which have identical close-packed volumes' and very similar equations of state(2). But they are structurally distinct, implying that they might have different thermodynamic properties and stabilities. Finding a difference in free energy between the two structures has been the objective of much theoretical(3,4) and computational(5-7) effort, but without a conclusive resolution, Here I report that a significant difference in the pressure-volume (P-V) behaviour can be detected in the vicinity of a mechanical instability point within a single-occupancy cell model(8) of these packings, This model provides an exact thermodynamically reversible path between the two structures, and sa, the P-V isotherms can be integrated to obtain the Gibbs free-energy difference. I find that the f.c.c. phase is more stable by around 0.005RT per mol (where R is the universal gas constant); as the enthalpy difference is negligible, this implies that the entropy difference is of the order of 0.005R for all temperatures up to the melting point.
RP Woodcock, LV (corresponding author), UNIV BRADFORD,DEPT CHEM ENGN,BRADFORD BD7 1DP,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 11
TC 405
Z9 492
U1 4
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 141
EP 143
DI 10.1038/385141a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kunst, F
   Ogasawara, N
   Moszer, I
   Albertini, AM
   Alloni, G
   Azevedo, V
   Bertero, MG
   Bessieres, P
   Bolotin, A
   Borchert, S
   Borriss, R
   Boursier, L
   Brans, A
   Braun, M
   Brignell, SC
   Bron, S
   Brouillet, S
   Bruschi, CV
   Caldwell, B
   Capuano, V
   Carter, NM
   Choi, SK
   Codani, JJ
   Connerton, IF
   Cummings, NJ
   Daniel, RA
   Denizot, F
   Devine, KM
   Dusterhoft, A
   Ehrlich, SD
   Emmerson, PT
   Entian, KD
   Errington, J
   Fabret, C
   Ferrari, E
   Foulger, D
   Fritz, C
   Fujita, M
   Fujita, Y
   Fuma, S
   Galizzi, A
   Galleron, N
   Ghim, SY
   Glaser, P
   Goffeau, A
   Golightly, EJ
   Grandi, G
   Guiseppi, G
   Guy, BJ
   Haga, K
   Haiech, J
   Harwood, CR
   Henaut, A
   Hilbert, H
   Holsappel, S
   Hosono, S
   Hullo, MF
   Itaya, M
   Jones, L
   Joris, B
   Karamata, D
   Kasahara, Y
   KlaerrBlanchard, M
   Klein, C
   Kobayashi, Y
   Koetter, P
   Koningstein, G
   Krogh, S
   Kumano, M
   Kurita, K
   Lapidus, A
   Lardinois, S
   Lauber, J
   Lazarevic, V
   Lee, SM
   Levine, A
   Liu, H
   Masuda, S
   Mauel, C
   Medigue, C
   Medina, N
   Mellado, RP
   Mizuno, M
   Moestl, D
   Nakai, S
   Noback, M
   Noone, D
   OReilly, M
   Ogawa, K
   Ogiwara, A
   Oudega, B
   Park, SH
   Parro, V
   Pohl, TM
   Portetelle, D
   Porwollik, S
   Prescott, AM
   Presecan, E
   Pujic, P
   Purnelle, B
   Rapoport, G
   Rey, M
   Reynolds, S
   Rieger, M
   Rivolta, C
   Rocha, E
   Roche, B
   Rose, M
   Sadaie, Y
   Sato, T
   Scanlan, E
   Schleich, S
   Schroeter, R
   Scoffone, F
   Sekiguchi, J
   Sekowska, A
   Seror, SJ
   Serror, P
   Shin, BS
   Soldo, B
   Sorokin, A
   Tacconi, E
   Takagi, T
   Takahashi, H
   Takemaru, K
   Takeuchi, M
   Tamakoshi, A
   Tanaka, T
   Terpstra, P
   Tognoni, A
   Tosato, V
   Uchiyama, S
   Vandenbol, M
   Vannier, F
   Vassarotti, A
   Viari, A
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, E
   Wedler, H
   Weitzenegger, T
   Winters, P
   Wipat, A
   Yamamoto, H
   Yamane, K
   Yasumoto, K
   Yata, K
   Yoshida, K
   Yoshikawa, HF
   Zumstein, E
   Yoshikawa, H
   Danchin, A
AF Kunst, F
   Ogasawara, N
   Moszer, I
   Albertini, AM
   Alloni, G
   Azevedo, V
   Bertero, MG
   Bessieres, P
   Bolotin, A
   Borchert, S
   Borriss, R
   Boursier, L
   Brans, A
   Braun, M
   Brignell, SC
   Bron, S
   Brouillet, S
   Bruschi, CV
   Caldwell, B
   Capuano, V
   Carter, NM
   Choi, SK
   Codani, JJ
   Connerton, IF
   Cummings, NJ
   Daniel, RA
   Denizot, F
   Devine, KM
   Dusterhoft, A
   Ehrlich, SD
   Emmerson, PT
   Entian, KD
   Errington, J
   Fabret, C
   Ferrari, E
   Foulger, D
   Fritz, C
   Fujita, M
   Fujita, Y
   Fuma, S
   Galizzi, A
   Galleron, N
   Ghim, SY
   Glaser, P
   Goffeau, A
   Golightly, EJ
   Grandi, G
   Guiseppi, G
   Guy, BJ
   Haga, K
   Haiech, J
   Harwood, CR
   Henaut, A
   Hilbert, H
   Holsappel, S
   Hosono, S
   Hullo, MF
   Itaya, M
   Jones, L
   Joris, B
   Karamata, D
   Kasahara, Y
   KlaerrBlanchard, M
   Klein, C
   Kobayashi, Y
   Koetter, P
   Koningstein, G
   Krogh, S
   Kumano, M
   Kurita, K
   Lapidus, A
   Lardinois, S
   Lauber, J
   Lazarevic, V
   Lee, SM
   Levine, A
   Liu, H
   Masuda, S
   Mauel, C
   Medigue, C
   Medina, N
   Mellado, RP
   Mizuno, M
   Moestl, D
   Nakai, S
   Noback, M
   Noone, D
   OReilly, M
   Ogawa, K
   Ogiwara, A
   Oudega, B
   Park, SH
   Parro, V
   Pohl, TM
   Portetelle, D
   Porwollik, S
   Prescott, AM
   Presecan, E
   Pujic, P
   Purnelle, B
   Rapoport, G
   Rey, M
   Reynolds, S
   Rieger, M
   Rivolta, C
   Rocha, E
   Roche, B
   Rose, M
   Sadaie, Y
   Sato, T
   Scanlan, E
   Schleich, S
   Schroeter, R
   Scoffone, F
   Sekiguchi, J
   Sekowska, A
   Seror, SJ
   Serror, P
   Shin, BS
   Soldo, B
   Sorokin, A
   Tacconi, E
   Takagi, T
   Takahashi, H
   Takemaru, K
   Takeuchi, M
   Tamakoshi, A
   Tanaka, T
   Terpstra, P
   Tognoni, A
   Tosato, V
   Uchiyama, S
   Vandenbol, M
   Vannier, F
   Vassarotti, A
   Viari, A
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, E
   Wedler, H
   Weitzenegger, T
   Winters, P
   Wipat, A
   Yamamoto, H
   Yamane, K
   Yasumoto, K
   Yata, K
   Yoshida, K
   Yoshikawa, HF
   Zumstein, E
   Yoshikawa, H
   Danchin, A
TI The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast artificial chromosm; dna-sequences; replication; terminators; competence; project; strands; region; acids
AB Bacillus subtilis Is the best-characterized member of the Gram-positive bacteria. Its genome of 4,214,810 base pairs comprises 4,100 protein-coding genes. Of these protein-coding genes, 53% are represented once, while a quarter of the genome corresponds to several gene families that have been greatly expanded by gene duplication, the largest family containing 77 putative ATP-binding transport proteins. In addition, a large proportion of the genetic capacity is devoted to the utilization of a variety of carbon sources, including many plant-derived molecules. The identification of five signal peptidase genes, as well as several genes for components of the secretion apparatus, is important given the capacity of Bacillus strains to secrete large amounts of industrially important enzymes. Many of the genes are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, Including antibiotics, that are more typically associated with Streptomyces species. The genome contains at least ten prophages or remnants of prophages, indicating that bacteriophage Infection has played an important evolutionary role in horizontal gene transfer, in particular In the propagation of bacterial pathogenesis.
C1 NARA INST SCI & TECHNOL, GRAD SCH BIOL SCI, NARA 63001, JAPAN.
   INST PASTEUR, UNITE REGULAT EXPRESS GENET, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   UNIV PAVIA, DIPARTIMENTO GENET & MICROBIOL, I-27100 PAVIA, ITALY.
   INRA, F-78352 JOUY EN JOSAS, FRANCE.
   UNIV FRANKFURT, INST MIKROBIOL, D-60439 FRANKFURT, GERMANY.
   HUMBOLDT UNIV BERLIN, INST GENET & MIKROBIOL, D-10115 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   UNIV LIEGE, CTR INGN PROT, INST CHIM B6, B-4000 LIEGE, BELGIUM.
   QIAGEN GMBH, D-40724 HILDEN, GERMANY.
   UNIV NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & VIROL SCI, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NE2 4HH, TYNE & WEAR, ENGLAND.
   UNIV GRONINGEN, DEPT GENET, NL-9751 NN HAREN, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV PARIS 06, ATELIER BIOINFORMAT, F-75005 PARIS, FRANCE.
   INT CTR GENET ENGN & BIOTECHNOL, AREA SCI PK, I-34012 TRIESTE, ITALY.
   GENENCOR INT, PALO ALTO, CA 94304 USA.
   KRIBB, APPL MICROBIOL RES DIV, BACTERIAL MOL GENET RES UNIT, TAEJON 305600, SOUTH KOREA.
   INST NATL RECH INFORMAT & AUTOMAT, F-78153 LE CHESNAY, FRANCE.
   INST FOOD RES, READING LAB, DEPT FOOD MACROMOL SCI, READING RG6 6BZ, BERKS, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, SIR WILLIAM DUNN SCH PATHOL, OXFORD OX1 3RE, ENGLAND.
   CNRS, CHIM BACTERIENNE LAB, F-13402 MARSEILLE 09, FRANCE.
   TRINITY COLL DUBLIN, DEPT GENET, DUBLIN, IRELAND.
   UNIV NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM & GENET, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NE2 4HH, TYNE & WEAR, ENGLAND.
   NATL INST GENET, CTR RADIOISOTOPE, MISHIMA, SHIZUOKA 411, JAPAN.
   FUKUYAMA UNIV, FAC ENGN, DEPT BIOTECHNOL, HIROSHIMA 72902, JAPAN.
   UNIV TSUKUBA, INST BIOL SCI, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
   UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN, UNITE BIOCHIM PHYSIOL, FAC SCI AGRON, B-1348 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   NOVO NORDISK BIOTECH, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA.
   ENIRICERCHE SPA, I-20097 SAN DONATO MILANESE, MILAN, ITALY.
   UNIV TOKYO, INST MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
   UNIV VERSAILLES, LAB GENOME & INFORMAT, F-78035 VERSAILLES, FRANCE.
   TOKYO UNIV AGR & TECHNOL, FAC AGR, FUCHU, TOKYO 183, JAPAN.
   MITSUBISHI KASEI INST LIFE SCI, MACHIDA, TOKYO 194, JAPAN.
   INST PASTEUR, SERV INFORMAT SCI, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   UNIV LAUSANNE, INST GENET & BIOL MICROBIENNES, CH-1005 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND.
   FREE UNIV AMSTERDAM, FAC BIOL, DEPT MOL MICROBIOL, MBW BCA, NL-1081 HV AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   CHONGJU UNIV, COLL SCI & ENGN, CHONJU, SOUTH KOREA.
   UNIV PARIS 11, INST GENET & MICROBIOL, CNRS, URA 2225, F-91405 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   CSIC, CTR NACL BIOTECNOL, E-28049 MADRID, SPAIN.
   NATL INST BASIC BIOL, OKAZAKI, AICHI 444, JAPAN.
   GESELL ANAL TECH & CONSULTING MBH, D-78467 CONSTANCE, GERMANY.
   FAC AGRON, DEPT MICROBIOL, B-5030 GEMBLOUX, BELGIUM.
   BMF, BIOTECH RES, D-69434 HIRSCHHORN, GERMANY.
   SHINSHU UNIV, FAC TEXT SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT APPL BIOL, UEDA, NAGANO 386, JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO, INST MED SCI, CTR HUMAN GENOME, MINATO KU, TOKYO 108, JAPAN.
   TOKAI UNIV, SCH MARINE SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT MARINE SCI, SHIZUOKA 424, JAPAN.
   COMMISS EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, DG XII E 1, SDME 878, B-1049 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   AGOWA GMBH, D-12489 BERLIN, GERMANY.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of Pavia; Universite Paris Saclay; INRAE; Goethe University Frankfurt; Humboldt University of Berlin; University of Liege; QIAGEN GmbH; Newcastle University - UK; University of Groningen; Sorbonne Universite; International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB); UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Quadram Institute; University of Oxford; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Trinity College Dublin; Newcastle University - UK; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Fukuyama University; University of Tsukuba; Universite Catholique Louvain; Novo Nordisk; Eni SpA; University of Tokyo; Universite Paris Saclay; Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of Lausanne; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Cheongju University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Shinshu University; University of Tokyo; Tokai University
RP Kunst, F (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR, UNITE BIOCHIM MICROBIENNE, 25 RUE DR ROUX, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
NR 49
TC 3163
Z9 7795
U1 5
U2 675
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 249
EP 256
DI 10.1038/36786
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700052
PM 9384377
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU OReilly, JC
   Ritter, DA
   Carrier, DR
AF OReilly, JC
   Ritter, DA
   Carrier, DR
TI Hydrostatic locomotion in a limbless tetrapod
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanism
AB Caecilians are an ancient and enigmatic group of limbless, burrowing amphibians found throughout most of the humid tropics(1,2). Over the past 100 million years, the majority of caecilian lineages seem to have retained a series of highly derived musculoskeletal traits from a common ancestor. Among these features are unusually oriented body wall muscles' and a vertebral column that moves independently of the skin(4-9). Until now, these strange characteristics have defied a satisfying functional explanation. Our data suggest that the unique morphology of caecilians enables them to power locomotion hydrostatically by applying force to a crossed-helical array of tendons that surrounds their body cavity. Using this system, the Central American Dermophis mexicanus can generate approximately twice the maximum forward force as similar-sized burrowing snakes that rely solely on longitudinally oriented musculature of the body wall and vertebral column for forward force production. Although many groups of invertebrates use hydrostatic systems to move(10-13) and many vertebrates use hydrostatic systems in localized body parts(13-14), caecilians are the first vetebrates known to use the entire body as a hydrostatic system for locomotion.
C1 BROWN UNIV,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT BIOL,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
C3 Brown University
RP OReilly, JC (corresponding author), NO ARIZONA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BOX 5640,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011, USA.
NR 21
TC 55
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/386269a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alland, L
   Muhle, R
   Hou, H
   Potes, J
   Chin, L
   SchreiberAgus, N
   DePinho, RA
AF Alland, L
   Muhle, R
   Hou, H
   Potes, J
   Chin, L
   SchreiberAgus, N
   DePinho, RA
TI Role for N-CoR and histone deacetylase in Sin3-mediated transcriptional repression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; myc transgenic mice; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; chromatin structure; yeast; protein; activation; complex; domain; genes
AB Normal mammalian growth and development ave highly dependent on the regulation of the expression and activity of the Myo family of transcription factors. Mxi1-mediated inhibition of Myc activities requires interaction with mammalian Sin3A or Sin3B proteins, which have been purported to act as scaffolds for additional co-repressor factors. The identification of two such Sin3-associated factors, the nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) and histone deacetylase (HD1), provides a basis for Mxi1/Sin3-induced transcriptional repression and tumour suppression.
C1 ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, NEW YORK, NY 10461 USA.
   ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, NEW YORK, NY 10461 USA.
   ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED, DIV DERMATOL, NEW YORK, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Yeshiva University; Yeshiva University
NR 50
TC 743
Z9 825
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 49
EP 55
DI 10.1038/387049a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800042
PM 9139821
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, JM
   Sladek, R
   Bader, JA
   Matthyssen, A
   Rossant, J
   Giguere, V
AF Luo, JM
   Sladek, R
   Bader, JA
   Matthyssen, A
   Rossant, J
   Giguere, V
TI Placental abnormalities in mouse embryos lacking the orphan nuclear receptor ERR-beta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; mice; identification; trophoblast; protein; genes
AB Classical endocrine studies have shown that steroid hormones are required for the maintenance of pregnancy and placental viability. The oestrogen-receptor-related receptor beta (ERR-beta) is an orphan member of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors(1) Although ERR-beta is homologous to the oestrogen receptor and binds the oestrogen response element(2), it is not activated by oestrogens'. Expression of ERR-beta during embryogenesis defines a subset of extra-embryonic ectoderm that subsequently forms the dome of the chorion, suggesting that ERR-beta may be involved in early placental development. Homozygous mutant embryos generated by targeted disruption of the Estrrb gene have severely impaired placental formation, and die at 10.5 days post-coitum. The mutants display abnormal chorion development associated with an overabundance of trophoblast giant cells and a severe deficiency of diploid trophoblast. The phenotype can be rescued by aggregation of Estrrb mutant embryos with tetraploid wildtype cells, which contribute exclusively to extra-embryonic tissues. Our results indicate that ERR-beta has an important role in early placentation, and suggest that an inductive signal originating from or modified by the chorion is required for normal trophoblast proliferation and differentiation.
C1 ROYAL VICTORIA HOSP,MOL ONCOL GRP,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 1A1,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOL & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,TORONTO,ON M5G 1A8,CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1Y6,CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV,DEPT ONCOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1Y6,CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV,DEPT MED,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1Y6,CANADA.
C3 Royal Victoria Hospital; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; McGill University; McGill University; McGill University
NR 23
TC 343
Z9 397
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 778
EP 782
DI 10.1038/42022
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700052
PM 9285590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodriguez, I
   Basler, K
AF Rodriguez, I
   Basler, K
TI Control of compartmental affinity boundaries by hedgehog
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila imaginal disks; protein kinase-a; signal-transduction; engrailed gene; pattern; expression; encodes
AB In Drosophila, each segmental primordium is subdivided into two cell populations, the anterior (A) and posterior (P) compartments by the selective activity of the transcription factor Engrailed (En) in P cells(1-4). Under En control, P cells secrete, but cannot respond to, the signalling protein Hedgehog (Hh)(5-7). In contrast, and by default, A cells are programmed to respond to Hh by expressing other signalling molecules, such as Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg), which organize growth and patterning in both compartments(5,7-9). Cells of the A and P compartments do not intermix, apparently as a consequence of their having distinct cell affinities that cause them to maximize contact with cells of the same compartment, while minimizing contact with cells from the other compartment(10). This failure to mix has previously been ascribed to an autonomous and direct role for En in specifying a P, as opposed to an A, cell affinity(3,11-13). However, an alternative hypothesis is that Hh secreted by P cells induces A cells to acquire a distinct cell affinity, ensuring that a stable 'affinity boundary' forms wherever P and A cells meet, Here we show that the affinity boundary that segregates A and P cells into adjacent but immiscible cell populations is to a large extent a consequence of local Hh signalling, rather than a reflection of an intrinsic affinity difference between A and P cells.
C1 UNIV ZURICH, INST ZOOL, CH-8057 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich
NR 31
TC 113
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 614
EP 618
DI 10.1038/39343
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800063
PM 9335503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nalbantoglu, J
   TiradoSantiago, G
   Lahsaini, A
   Poirier, J
   Goncalves, O
   Verge, A
   Momoli, F
   Welner, SA
   Massicotte, G
   Julien, JP
   Shapiro, ML
AF Nalbantoglu, J
   TiradoSantiago, G
   Lahsaini, A
   Poirier, J
   Goncalves, O
   Verge, A
   Momoli, F
   Welner, SA
   Massicotte, G
   Julien, JP
   Shapiro, ML
TI Impaired learning and LTP in mice expressing the carboxy terminus of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-protein; transgenic mice; water-maze; disease; neurons; derivatives; hippocampus; channels; peptide; cells
AB Proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) through an endosomal/lysosomal pathway generates carboxyterminal polypeptides that contain an intact beta-amyloid domain(1-3). Cleavage by as-yet unidentified proteases releases the beta-amyloid peptide in soluble form(4-6). In Alzheimer's disease, aggregated beta-amyloid is deposited in extracellular neuritic plaques. Although most of the molecular mechanisms involving beta-amyloid and APP in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease are still unclear, changes in APP metabolism maybe important in the pathogenesis of the disease, Here we show that transgenic mice expressing the amyloidogenic carboxy-terminal 104 amino acids of APP develop, with ageing, extracellular beta-amyloid immunoreactivity, increased gliosis and microglial reactivity, as well as cell loss in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Adult transgenic mice demonstrate spatial-learning deficits in the Morris water maze and in maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP). Our results indicate that alterations in the processing of APP may have considerable physiological effects on synaptic plasticity.
C1 MCGILL UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 2B4,CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV,DEPT PSYCHIAT,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 2B4,CANADA.
   MCGILL UNIV,MCGILL CTR STUDIES AGING,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 2B4,CANADA.
   MONTREAL NEUROL HOSP & INST,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 2B4,CANADA.
   UNIV QUEBEC,TROIS RIVIERES,PQ G9A 5H7,CANADA.
   MONTREAL GEN HOSP,CTR NEUROSCI,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1A4,CANADA.
C3 McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; University of Quebec; University of Quebec Trois Rivieres; McGill University
RP Nalbantoglu, J (corresponding author), MCGILL UNIV,DEPT NEUROL & NEUROSURG,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 2B4,CANADA.
NR 30
TC 307
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 500
EP 505
DI 10.1038/387500a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900048
PM 9168112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enerback, S
   Jacobsson, A
   Simpson, EM
   Guerra, C
   Yamashita, H
   Harper, ME
   Kozak, LP
AF Enerback, S
   Jacobsson, A
   Simpson, EM
   Guerra, C
   Yamashita, H
   Harper, ME
   Kozak, LP
TI Mice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brown adipose-tissue; induced thermogenesis; targeted disruption; energy-expenditure; transgenic mice; messenger-rnas; blood-flow; fat; rats; gene
AB The mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) in the mitochondrial inner membrane of mammalian brown adipose tissue generates heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation(1). This process protects against cold(2) and regulates energy balance(3). Manipulation of thermogenesis could be an effective strategy against obesity(4-9). Here we determine the role of UCP in the regulation of body mass by targeted inactivation of the gene encoding it. We find that UCP-deficient mice consume less oxygen after treatment with. a beta 3-adrenergic-receptor agonist and that they are sensitive to cold, indicating that their thermo-regulation is defective. However this deficiency caused neither hyperphagia nos obesity in mice fed on either a standard or a high-ibt diet, We propose that the loss of UCP may be compensated by UCP2, a newly discovered homologue of UCP; this gene is ubiquitously expressed and is induced in the brown fat of UCP-deficient mice.
C1 JACKSON LAB, BAR HARBOR, ME 04609 USA.
   UNIV OTTAWA, FAC MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, OTTAWA, ON K1H 9M5, CANADA.
C3 Jackson Laboratory; University of Ottawa
NR 31
TC 1149
Z9 1278
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 90
EP 94
DI 10.1038/387090a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800053
PM 9139827
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ichikawa, T
   Suzuki, Y
   Czaja, I
   Schommer, C
   Lessnick, A
   Schell, J
   Walden, R
AF Ichikawa, T
   Suzuki, Y
   Czaja, I
   Schommer, C
   Lessnick, A
   Schell, J
   Walden, R
TI RETRACTED: Identification and role of adenylyl cyclase in auxin signalling in higher plants (Retracted article. See vol 396, pg 390, 1998)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; independent growth; cyclic-amp; gene; expression; cells; transduction; activation; sequence; proteins
AB Cyclic AMP is an important signalling molecule in prokaryotes and eukaryotes(1), but its significance in higher plants has been generally doubted(2) because they have low adenylyl cyclase activity and barely detectable amounts of cAMP(3), Here we used activation T-DNA tagging to create tobacco cell lines that can proliferate in the absence of the phytohormone auxin in the culture media(4,5). The sequence tagged in one line, axi 141, was used to isolate a complementary DNA encoding adenylyl cyclase, the first from a higher plant. Sequence analysis reveals that the tobacco adenylyl cyclase is probably soluble, contains characteristic leucine-rich repeats, and bears similarity with adenylyl cyclase from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Expression of the cDNA in Escherichia coli results in an increase in endogenous cAMP levels, and in yeast its expression functionally complements the cry1 mutation. Tobacco protoplasts treated with cAMP, or the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, no longer require auxin to divide. This finding, together with the observation that the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor dideoxyadenosine inhibits cell proliferation in the presence of auxin, suggests that cAMP is involved in auxin-triggered cell division in higher plants.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST ZUCHTUNGSFORSCH, D-50829 COLOGNE, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 27
TC 37
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 25
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6661
BP 698
EP 701
DI 10.1038/37810
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YM508
UT WOS:A1997YM50800035
PM 9414164
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lecuit, T
   Cohen, SM
AF Lecuit, T
   Cohen, SM
TI Proximal-distal axis formation in the Drosophila leg
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-a; limb development; imaginal disks; signal-transduction; morphogen gradient; wing development; ventral cells; feedback loop; hedgehog; gene
AB Limb development requires the formation of a proximal-distal axis perpendicular to the main anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral body axes. The secreted signalling proteins Decapentaplegic and Wingless act in a concentration-dependent manner to organize the proximal-distal axis. Discrete domains of proximal-distal gene expression are defined by different thresholds of Decapentaplegic and Wingless activities. Subsequent modulation of the relative sires of these domains by growth of the leg is required to form the mature pattern.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 46
TC 316
Z9 357
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 139
EP 145
DI 10.1038/40563
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900040
PM 9217152
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gao, GF
   Tormo, J
   Gerth, UC
   Wyer, JR
   McMichael, AJ
   Stuart, DI
   Bell, JI
   Jones, EY
   Jakobsen, BK
AF Gao, GF
   Tormo, J
   Gerth, UC
   Wyer, JR
   McMichael, AJ
   Stuart, DI
   Bell, JI
   Jones, EY
   Jakobsen, BK
TI Crystal structure of the complex between human CD8 alpha alpha and HLA-A2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptide-mhc complexes; class-i molecules; alpha-3 domain; cd8; binding; antigen; chain; resolution; program
AB The dimeric cell-surface glycoprotein CD8 is crucial to the positive selection of cytotoxic T cells in the thymus(1). The homodimer CD8 alpha alpha or the heterodimer alpha beta stabilizes the interaction of the T-cell antigen receptor(TCR) with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/peptide by binding to the class I molecule(2). Here we report the crystal structure at 2.7 Angstrom resolution of a complex between CD8 alpha alpha and the human MHC molecule HLA-A2, which is associated with peptide. CD8 alpha alpha binds one HLA-A2/ peptide molecule, interfacing with the alpha 2 and alpha 3 domains of HLA-A2 and also contacting beta(2)-microglobulin. A flexible loop of the alpha 3 domain (residues 223-229) is damped between the complementarity-determining region (CDR)-like loops of the two CD8 subunits in the classic manner of an antibody-antigen interaction, precluding the binding of a second MHC molecule. The position of the alpha 3 domain is different from that in uncomplexed HLA-A2 (refs 3, 4), being most similar to that in the TCR/Tax/HLA-A2 complex(5), but no conformational change extends to the MHC/peptide surface presented for TCR recognition. Although these shifts in alpha 3 may provide a synergistic modulation of affinity, the binding of CD8 to MHC is clearly consistent with an avidity-based contribution from CD8 to TCR-peptide-MHC interactions.
C1 JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOL MED,NUFFIELD DEPT CLIN MED,MOL IMMUNOL GRP,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
   LAB MOL BIOPHYS,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
   OXFORD CTR MOL SCI,OXFORD OX1 3QT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
NR 28
TC 401
Z9 490
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 630
EP 634
DI 10.1038/42523
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200063
PM 9177355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nichols, BJ
   Ungermann, C
   Pelham, HRB
   Wickner, WT
   Haas, A
AF Nichols, BJ
   Ungermann, C
   Pelham, HRB
   Wickner, WT
   Haas, A
TI Homotypic vacuolar fusion mediated by t- and v-SNAREs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; secretory pathway; in-vitro; vesicular transport; protein; yeast; inheritance; gene; endocytosis; receptor
AB Membrane fusion is necessary both in the eukaryotic secretory pathway and for the inheritance of organelles during the cell cycle. In the secretory pathway, heterotypic fusion takes place between small transport vesicles and organelles. It requires N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF/Sec18p), soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs/Sec17p) and SNAP receptors (SNAREs). SNAREs are integral membrane proteins (v-SNAREs on vesicles, t-SNAREs on the target organelles) and are thought to provide specificity to the fusion process(1-5). It has been suggested that Sec17p and Sec18p bind to v-SNARE/t-SNARE complexes and mediate the membrane fusion event(1-3). Homotypic fusion of yeast vacuoles also requires Sec17p and Sec18p (ref, 6), but in vitro they are needed only to 'prime' the vacuoles, not for subsequent docking or fusion(7,8). It has been unclear whether these reactions involve SNAREs that are similar to those previously identified in heterotypic fusion systems and, hence, whether the actions of Sec18p/NSF and Sec17p/alpha SNAP in these systems can be compared, Here we identify typical v- and t-SNAREs on the yeast vacuolar membrane, Although both are normally present, vacuoles containing only the v-SNARE can fuse with those containing only the t-SNARE. Vacuoles containing neither SNARE cannot fuse with those containing both, demonstrating that docking is mediated by cognate SNAREs on the two organelle membranes. Even when t- and v-SNAREs are on separate membranes, Sec17p and Sec18p act at the priming stage. Their action is not required at the point of assembly of the SNARE complex, nor for the fusion event itself.
C1 MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   DARTMOUTH COLL,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,HANOVER,NH 03755.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Dartmouth College
NR 29
TC 398
Z9 442
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 199
EP 202
DI 10.1038/387199a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500059
PM 9144293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plaza, CW
   Iniesta, JCD
   Cobo, BR
   Pillet, VM
   Lites, BW
   Skumanich, A
AF Plaza, CW
   Iniesta, JCD
   Cobo, BR
   Pillet, VM
   Lites, BW
   Skumanich, A
TI Evidence for a downward mass flux in the penumbral region of a sunspot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar magnetic features; stokes profiles; infrared lines; velocity; probes; model
AB Sunspots were the first extraterrestrial phenomenon found to harbour magnetic fields(1,2). But the physical nature of sunspots and their relationship to the Sun's global magnetic field are still poorly understood(3). Perhaps the largest uncertainty is related to the outermost region of sunspots (the penumbra) and, in particular, the nature of the so-called Evershed(4) flow-a stream of material emanating radially from sunspots at velocities of up to similar to 6 km s(-1) (ref. 5), before vanishing abruptly at the outer penumbral edges. Here we make use of a recently developed optical tomographic technique(6) to obtain a three-dimensional model of the magnetic field and mass now in the vicinity of a sunspot. We find that some of the magnetic field lines, together with a significant part of the Evershed mass nux, now back towards the Sun in the deepest atmospheric layers at the outer edge of the sunspot and its surroundings. This observation should provide an important clue to our understanding of the appearance, stability and decay of sunspots, the most conspicuous tracers of the solar activity cycle.
C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERV, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA.
C3 National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA
RP Plaza, CW (corresponding author), INST ASTROFIS CANARIAS, E-38200 LA LAGUNA, TENERIFE, SPAIN.
NR 29
TC 127
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/37933
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montesinos, B
   Thomas, JH
AF Montesinos, B
   Thomas, JH
TI The Evershed effect in sunspots as a siphon flow along a magnetic flux tube
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-resolution observations; fields; model; sun
AB The Evershed effect(1)-a wavelength shift and profile asymmetry in the spectral lines observed from the outer regions of sunspots (the penumbra)-has been interpreted as a radial outflow of gas from the sunspot, but the dynamics of the now have not been fully understood(2). Although the Evershed effect seems to stop abruptly at the outer edge of the penumbra, the outflow itself must continue, though tracing its path has proved difficult. Theoretical(3,4) and observational(5-7) studies have suggested that much of the continuing now may follow magnetic field lines that go below the visible surface of the Sun at or just beyond the edge of the penumbra, and recent observations have now confirmed this picture(8). Here we show, using theoretical calculations based on a more realistic model, that the flow acts like a siphon(3,9-12) which is driven along a magnetic nux tube by the pressure drop between the endpoints of the tube.
C1 UNIV ROCHESTER, DEPT MECH ENGN, ROCHESTER, NY 14627 USA.
   UNIV ROCHESTER, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, ROCHESTER, NY 14627 USA.
   UNIV ROCHESTER, CEK MEES OBSERV, ROCHESTER, NY 14627 USA.
   LAEFF INTA, E-28080 MADRID, SPAIN.
   INST ASTROFIS ANDALUCIA, CSIC, E-18080 GRANADA, SPAIN.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester; University of Rochester; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA)
NR 30
TC 100
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 485
EP 487
DI 10.1038/37307
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cook, JG
   Bardwell, L
   Thorner, J
AF Cook, JG
   Bardwell, L
   Thorner, J
TI Inhibitory and activating functions for MAPK Kss1 in the S-cerevisiae filamentous-growth signalling pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pheromone response pathway; yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; invasive growth; kinase cascade; cell; gene; phosphorylation; elements; fus3; ste7
AB Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are conserved signalling modules that regulate responses to diverse extracellular stimuli, developmental cues and environmental stresses (reviewed in refs 1-3). A MAPK is phosphorylated and activated by a MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which is activated by an upstream protein kinase, such as Raf, Mos or a MAPKK kinase. Ste7, a MAPKK in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is required for two developmental pathways: mating(4) and invasive (filamentous) growth(5,6). Kss1 and Fus3, the MAPK targets of Ste7, are required for mating(7,8), but their role in invasive growth has been unclear.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT MOL & CELL BIOL, DIV BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 24
TC 228
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/36355
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700057
PM 9363895
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uehata, M
   Ishizaki, T
   Satoh, H
   Ono, T
   Kawahara, T
   Morishita, T
   Tamakawa, H
   Yamagami, K
   Inui, J
   Maekawa, M
   Narumiya, S
AF Uehata, M
   Ishizaki, T
   Satoh, H
   Ono, T
   Kawahara, T
   Morishita, T
   Tamakawa, H
   Yamagami, K
   Inui, J
   Maekawa, M
   Narumiya, S
TI Calcium sensitization of smooth muscle mediated by a Rho-associated protein kinase in hypertension
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID serine/threonine kinase; signal-transduction; binding; phosphatase; contraction; inhibition; family; gtpase; ca-2+; brain
AB Abnormal smooth-muscle contractility may be a major cause of disease states such as hypertension, and a smooth-muscle relaxant that modulates this process would be useful therapeutically. Smooth-muscle contraction is regulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and by the Ca2+ sensitivity of myofilaments(1): the former activates myosin light-chain kinase and the latter is achieved partly by inhibition of myosin phosphatase(1-3). The small GTPase Rho and its target, Rho-associated kinase, participate in this latter mechanism in vitro(4-6), but their participation has not been demonstrated in intact muscles. Here we show that a pyridine derivative, Y-27632, selectively inhibits smooth-muscle contraction by inhibiting Ca2+ sensitization. We identified the Y-27632 target as a Rho-associated protein kinase, p160ROCK(7). Y-27632 consistently suppresses Rho-induced, p160ROCK-mediated formation of stress fibres in cultured cells and dramatically corrects hypertension in several hypertensive rat models. Our findings indicate that p160ROCK-mediated Ca2+ sensitization is involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and suggest that compounds that inhibit this process might be useful therapeutically.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Uehata, M (corresponding author), YOSHITOMI PHARMACEUT IND LTD,DISCOVERY RES TOKYO,IRUMA,SAITAMA 358,JAPAN.
NR 29
TC 2554
Z9 2945
U1 1
U2 138
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 990
EP 994
DI 10.1038/40187
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900061
PM 9353125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeWaard, M
   Liu, HY
   Walker, D
   Scott, VES
   Gurnett, CA
   Campbell, KP
AF DeWaard, M
   Liu, HY
   Walker, D
   Scott, VES
   Gurnett, CA
   Campbell, KP
TI Direct binding of G-protein beta gamma complex to voltage-dependent calcium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+ channels; n-type; neurotransmitter inhibition; synaptic transmission; sympathetic neurons; alpha-subunits; currents; modulation; expression; cloning
AB Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels play a central role in controlling neurotransmitter release at the synapse(1,2). They can be inhibited by certain G-protein-coupled receptors, acting by a pathway intrinsic to the membrane(3-6). Here we show that this inhibition results from a direct interaction between the G-protein beta gamma complex and the pore-forming alpha(1) subunits of several types of these channels(7). The interaction is mediated by the cytoplasmic linker connecting the first and second transmembrane repeats. Within this linker, binding occurs both in the alpha(1) interaction domain (AID)(8), which also mediates the interaction between the alpha(1) and beta subunits of tbe channel, and in a second downstream sequence. Further analysis of the binding site showed that several amino-terminal residues in the AID are critical for G beta gamma binding, defining a site distinct from the carboxy-terminal residues shown to be essential for binding the beta-subunit of the Ca2+ channel(9). Mutation of an arginine residue within the N-terminal motif abolished beta gamma binding and rendered the channel refractory to G-protein modulation when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, showing that the interaction is indeed responsible for G-protein-dependent modulation of Ca2+ channel activity.
C1 UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,PROGRAM NEUROSCI,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   FAC MED NORD,INST JEAN ROCHE,INSERM,U464,F-13916 MARSEILLE 20,FRANCE.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; University of Iowa; Aix-Marseille Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
NR 30
TC 315
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 446
EP 450
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700055
PM 9009193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Somasundaram, K
   Zhang, HB
   Zeng, YX
   Houvras, Y
   Peng, Y
   Zhang, HX
   Wu, GS
   Licht, JD
   Weber, BL
   ElDeiry, WS
AF Somasundaram, K
   Zhang, HB
   Zeng, YX
   Houvras, Y
   Peng, Y
   Zhang, HX
   Wu, GS
   Licht, JD
   Weber, BL
   ElDeiry, WS
TI Arrest of the cell cycle by the tumour-suppressor BRCA1 requires the CDK-inhibitor p21(WAF1/CiP1)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional activation; cancer-cells; human breast; gene brca1; expression; mouse
AB Much of the predisposition to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer has been attributed to inherited defects in the BRCA1 tumour-suppressor gene(1-3). The nuclear protein BRCA1 has the properties of a transcription factor(4-7), and can interact with the recombination and repair protein pAD51 (ref. 8), Young women with germline alterations in BRCA1 develop breast cancer at rates 100-fold higher than the general population(3), and BRCA1-null mice die before day 8 of development(9,10). However, the mechanisms of BRCA1-mediated growth regulation and tumour suppression remain unknown, Here we show that BRCA1 transactivates expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) in a p53-independent manner, and that BRCA1 inhibits cell-cycle progression into the S-phase following its transfection into human cancer cells, BRCA1 does not inhibit S-phase progression in p21(-/-) cells, unlike p21(+/+) cells, and tumour-associated, transactivation-deficient mutants of BRCA1 are defective in both transactivation of p21 and cell-cycle inhibition, These data suggest that one mechanism by which BRCA1 contributes to cell-cycle arrest and growth suppression is through the induction of p21.
C1 UNIV PENN,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LAB MOL ONCOL & CELL CYCLE REGULAT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,SCH MED,DEPT MED,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,SCH MED,CTR CANC,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED,BROOKDALE CTR DEV & MOL BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10029.
   CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED,DEPT MED,NEW YORK,NY 10029.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System
NR 25
TC 469
Z9 536
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/38291
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700050
PM 9296497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gooley, AA
   Williams, KL
AF Gooley, AA
   Williams, KL
TI How to find, identify and quantitate the sugars on proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linked glycosylation motifs; edman degradation; mass-spectrometry; identification
AB A new sequenator allows the identification, quantification and characterization of sites of glycosylation on proteins, making it possible to analyse the glycosylation at serine and threonine sites in mucin-like domains.
NR 17
TC 26
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 557
EP 559
DI 10.1038/385557a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500055
PM 9020365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Albers's abstracts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT HIST ART,35 BEAUMONT ST,OXFORD OX1 2PG,ENGLAND.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 451
EP 451
DI 10.1038/37249
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Savchenko, A
   Barnes, S
   Kramer, RH
AF Savchenko, A
   Barnes, S
   Kramer, RH
TI Cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels mediate synaptic feedback by nitric oxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excitatory amino-acids; cone photoreceptors; hippocampal-neurons; guanylyl cyclase; horizontal cells; turtle retina; release; calcium; gmp; transmission
AB Cyclic-nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in outer segments of vertebrate photoreceptors generate electrical signals in response to changes in cyclic GMP concentration during phototransduction(1). CNG channels also allow the influx of Ca2+, which is essential for photoreceptor adaptation(2). In cone photoreceptors, cGMP triggers an increase in membrane capacitance indicative of exocytosis, suggesting that CNG channels are also involved in synaptic function(3), Here we examine whether CNG channels reside in cone terminals and whether they regulate neurotransmitter release, specifically in response to nitric oxide (NO), a retrograde transmitter that increases cGMP synthesis and potentiates synaptic transmission in the brain(4-6). Using intact retina, we show that endogenous NO modulates synapses between cones and horizontal cells. In experiments on isolated cones, we show directly that CNG channels occur in dusters and are indirectly activated by S-nitrosocysteine (SNC), an NO donor. Furthermore, both SNC and pCPT-cGMP, a membrane-permeant analogue of cGMP, trigger the release of transmitter from the cone terminals, The NO-induced transmitter release is suppressed by guanylate cyclase inhibitors and prevented by direct activation of CNG channels, indicating that their activation is required for NO to elicit release. These results expand our view of CNG channel function to include the regulation of synaptic transmission and mediation of the presynaptic effects of NO.
C1 UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR PHARMACOL,MIAMI,FL 33101.
   UNIV CALGARY,NEUROSCI RES GRP,CALGARY,AB T2N 4N1,CANADA.
C3 University of Miami; University of Calgary
FU NEI NIH HHS [P30 EY003176] Funding Source: Medline; National Eye Institute [P30EY003176] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 31
TC 157
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 25
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6661
BP 694
EP 698
DI 10.1038/37803
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YM508
UT WOS:A1997YM50800034
PM 9414163
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Livesey, FJ
   OBrien, JA
   Li, M
   Smith, AG
   Murphy, LJ
   Hunt, SP
AF Livesey, FJ
   OBrien, JA
   Li, M
   Smith, AG
   Murphy, LJ
   Hunt, SP
TI A Schwann cell mitogen accompanying regeneration of motor neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pancreatitis-associated protein; spinal motoneurons; sensory neurons; messenger-rna; expression; receptor; rat; identification; survival; axotomy
AB Motor neurons are the only adult mammalian neurons of the central nervous system to regenerate following injury(1). This ability is dependent on the environment of the peripheral nerve and an intrinsic capacity of motor neurons for regrowth(2). We report here the identification, using a technique known as messenger RNA differential display(3), of an extracellular signalling molecule, previously described as the pancreatic secreted protein Reg-2 (ref. 4), that is expressed solely in regenerating and developing rat motor and sensory neurons. Axon-stimulated Schwann cell proliferation is necessary for successful regeneration(5,6), and we show that Reg-2 is a potent Schwann cell mitogen in vitro. In vivo, Reg-2 protein is transported along regrowing axons and inhibition of Reg-2 signalling significantly retards the regeneration of Reg-2-containing axons. During development, Reg-2 production by motor and sensory neurons is regulated by contact with peripheral targets. Strong candidates for peripheral factors regulating Reg-2 production are cytokines of the LIF/CNTF family, because Reg-2 is not exp,ressed in developing motor or sensory neurons of mice carrying a targeted disruption of the LIF receptor gene, a common component of the receptor complexes for all of the LIF/CNTF family(7).
C1 MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,CTR GENOME RES,EDINBURGH EH9 3JQ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV MANITOBA,DEPT INTERNAL MED,WINNIPEG,MB R3E 3J7,CANADA.
   UNIV MANITOBA,DEPT PHYSIOL,WINNIPEG,MB R3E 3J7,CANADA.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Edinburgh; University of Manitoba; University of Manitoba
NR 30
TC 157
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 614
EP 618
DI 10.1038/37615
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300051
PM 9403691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gage, DA
   Rhodes, D
   Nolte, KD
   Hicks, WA
   Leustek, T
   Cooper, AJL
   Hanson, AD
AF Gage, DA
   Rhodes, D
   Nolte, KD
   Hicks, WA
   Leustek, T
   Cooper, AJL
   Hanson, AD
TI A new route for synthesis of dimethylsulphoniopropionate in marine algae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid-metabolism; l-methionine; biosynthesis; dimethylsulfoniopropionate; intermediate; phytoplankton; esters; dmsp
AB The 3-dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) produced by marine algae is the main biogenic precursor of atmospheric dimethylsulphide (DMS)(1-3). This biogenic DMS, formed by bacterial and algal degradation of DMSP4,5, contributes about 1.5 x 10(13) g of sulphur to the atmosphere annually(3), and plays a major part in the global sulphur cycle, in cloud formation and potentially in climate regulation(1,3). Although DMSP biosynthesis has been partially elucidated in a higher plant(6,7), nothing is known about how alg-ae make DMSP except that the whole molecule is derived from methionine(8-12). Here we use in vivo isotope labelling to demonstrate that DMSP synthesis in the green macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis proceeds by a route entirely distinct from that in higher plants. From methionine, the steps are transamination, reduction and S-methylation to give the novel sulphonium compound 4-dimethylsulphonio-2-hydroxybutyrate (DMSHB), which is oxidatively decarboxylated to DMSP. The key intermediate DMSHB was also identified in three diverse phytoplankton species, indicating that the same pathway operates in other algal classes that are important sources of DMS. The fact that a transamination initiates this pathway could help explain how algal DMSP (and thereby DMS) production is enhanced by nitrogen deficiency(12).
C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT HORT SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611.
   MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,E LANSING,MI 48824.
   PURDUE UNIV,DEPT HORT,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907.
   RUTGERS STATE UNIV,CTR AGR MOL BIOL,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903.
   CORNELL UNIV,COLL MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Michigan State University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Cornell University
NR 30
TC 166
Z9 204
U1 2
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 891
EP 894
DI 10.1038/43160
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600048
PM 9202120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, L
   Anwyl, R
   Rowan, MJ
AF Xu, L
   Anwyl, R
   Rowan, MJ
TI Behavioural stress facilitates the induction of long-term depression in the hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potentiated synaptic responses; primed burst potentiation; in-vivo; 1-5 hz; stimulation; rat; depotentiation; inhibition; adult
AB The induction of activity-dependent persistent increases in synaptic efficacy, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), is inhibited by behavioural stress(1,2). The question arises whether stress also affects the ability to induce persistent decreases in synaptic efficacy, such as long-term depression (LTD)(3-5). We now report that the induction of stable homosynaptic LTD in the CA1 area of the hippocampus of awake adult rats is facilitated, rather than inhibited, by exposure to mild naturalistic stress, The same stress blocked the induction of LTP, The effects of such stress were short lasting: acclimatization to, or removal from, the conditions that facilitated LTD induction led to a rapid loss of the ability to elicit this form of plasticity. The time window in which LTD could be reliably elicited was prolonged by inducing anaesthesia immediately after the stress. These data reveal that even brief exposure to mild stress can produce a striking shift in the susceptibility to synaptic plasticity in the awake animal.
C1 UNIV DUBLIN TRINITY COLL,DEPT PHARMACOL & THERAPEUT,DUBLIN 2,IRELAND.
   UNIV DUBLIN TRINITY COLL,DEPT PHYSIOL,DUBLIN 2,IRELAND.
C3 Trinity College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 429
Z9 499
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 497
EP 500
DI 10.1038/387497a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900047
PM 9168111
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kraaijeveld, AR
   Godfray, HCJ
AF Kraaijeveld, AR
   Godfray, HCJ
TI Trade-off between parasitoid resistance and larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID encapsulation ability; asobara-tabida; selection; wasp
AB The extent to which an organism is selected to invest in defences against pathogens and parasites depends on the advantages that ensue should infection occur, but also on the, costs of maintaining defences in the absence of infection. the presence of heritable variation in resistance suggests that costs exist, but we know very little about the nature or magnitude of these costs in natural populations of animals(1). A powerful technique for identifying trade-offs between fitness components is the study of correlated responses to artificial selection(2,3). We have selected Drosophila melanogaster for improved resistance against an endoparasitoid, Asobara tabida. Endoparasitoids are insects whose larvae develop internally within the body of other insects, eventually killing them, although their hosts can sometimes survive attack by mounting a cellular immune response(4-6). We found that reduced larval competitive ability in unparasitized D. melanogaster is a correlated response to artificial selection for improved resistance against A. tabida. The strength of selection for competitive ability and parasitoid resistance is likely to vary temporally and spatially, which may explain the observed heritable variation in resistance.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,NERC,CTR POPULAT BIOL,ASCOT SL5 7PY,BERKS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT BIOL,ASCOT SL5 7PY,BERKS,ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Imperial College London
NR 17
TC 598
Z9 654
U1 0
U2 220
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 278
EP 280
DI 10.1038/38483
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200045
PM 9305840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klenerman, P
   Hengartner, H
   Zinkernagel, RM
AF Klenerman, P
   Hengartner, H
   Zinkernagel, RM
TI A non-retroviral RNA virus persists in DNA form
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; t-cell memory; immunological memory; infection; sequence; antigen; escape; assay
AB Infection of adult mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a non-cytopathic segmented RNA virus, leads initially to generalized infection, followed by clearance and subsequent lifelong immunity. Indirect evidence has suggested that viral antigens may persist in lymphoid tissues during the phase of immunological memory, but viral genomic RNA has not been detected in previous studies(1,2). During a search for persistent virus in the spleen, we identified LCMV-specific sequences present as DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in mice over 200 days after infection. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that reverse transcription of viral RNA into complementary DNA occurred after acute infection of cells of its natural hosts, mouse and hamster, but not of other species and could be inhibited in vitro by azidothymidine (AZT), indicating that this was mediated by endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. These findings reveal a surprising and new pathway of interaction between exogenous RNA viruses and endogenous retroviral, and perhaps other host components, that results in the persistence of virally determined DNA. We speculate that the latter may function in vivo as a form of DNA vaccine.
C1 UNIV ZURICH HOSP,INST EXPT IMMUNOL,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital
NR 30
TC 151
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 298
EP 301
DI 10.1038/36876
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700066
PM 9384383
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Willmer, PG
   Stone, GN
AF Willmer, PG
   Stone, GN
TI How aggressive ant-guards assist seed-set in Acacia flowers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The phenomenon of ant-guarding on Acacia trees is probably the best known case of a mutualism between plants and animals, the ants conferring biotic defence against herbivores and perhaps against encroaching vegetation(1-3). However, as with many defence mutualisms, sometimes the interests of the plant and its defender conflict: for example, when they are in newer the Acacia trees require the presence and service of other insects to effect cross-pollination. How is pollinator access achieved in the face of aggressive ant-guards? Here we report that ants are deterred from young flowers at the crucial stage of dehiscence, allowing bees and other pollinators to visit and transfer pollen. This deterrence appears to be a response to a volatile chemical signal from young flowers, perhaps from the pollen itself. Ants patrol the young (undehisced) buds, and also return to the flowers after dehiscence, protecting the fertilized ovules and developing seeds. The outcome is a directly improved seed-set in the presence of ants (rather than an indirect extra reproductive resource allocation due to decreased defoliation(4-6)).
C1 DEPT ZOOL,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
RP Willmer, PG (corresponding author), UNIV ST ANDREWS,SCH BIOL & MED SCI,ST ANDREWS KY16 9TS,FIFE,SCOTLAND.
NR 12
TC 114
Z9 134
U1 1
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 165
EP 167
DI 10.1038/40610
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vanderHilst, RD
   Widiyantoro, S
   Engdahl, ER
AF vanderHilst, RD
   Widiyantoro, S
   Engdahl, ER
TI Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID travel-time tomography; earths mantle; subducted lithosphere; layered convection; northwest pacific; island arcs; heterogeneity; velocity; beneath; models
AB Seismic tomography based on P-wave travel times and improved earthquake locations provides further evidence for mantle-wide convective now. The use of body waves makes it possible to resolve long, narrow structures in the lower mantle some of which can be followed to sites of present-day plate convergence at the Earth's surface. The transition from subduction-related linear structures in the mid-mantle to long-wavelength heterogeneity near the core-mantle boundary remains enigmatic, but at least some slab segments seem to sink to the bottom of the mantle.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
   US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225.
C3 Australian National University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP vanderHilst, RD (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,RM 54-514,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 56
TC 1072
Z9 1168
U1 3
U2 191
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 578
EP 584
DI 10.1038/386578a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duncan, J
   Martens, S
   Ward, R
AF Duncan, J
   Martens, S
   Ward, R
TI Restricted attentional capacity within but not between sensory modalities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system; tasks
AB Restrictions to attentional capacity are revealed by the interference that commonly results when two sensory inputs must be identified at the same time(1). To investigate this phenomenon within and between modalities, we presented streams of visual and/or auditory inputs, containing occasional targets to be identified and recalled. For two visual or two auditory streams, identification of one target produced a sustained reduction in the ability to identify a second, the period of interference lasting for several hundred milliseconds. Subjectively, when attention was assigned to one target it was temporarily unavailable for another. In contrast, there was no such time-locked interference between targets in different modalities, The results suggest a modality-specific restriction to concurrent attention and awareness; visual attention io one simple target does not restrict concurrent auditory attention to another.
C1 LEIDEN UNIV,FAC SOCIAL SCI,UNIT EXPT & THEORET PSYCHOL,NL-2300 RB LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV WALES,SCH PSYCHOL,BANGOR LL57 2DG,GWYNEDD,WALES.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Bangor University
RP Duncan, J (corresponding author), MRC,APPL PSYCHOL UNIT,15 CHAUCER RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2EF,ENGLAND.
NR 13
TC 345
Z9 395
U1 2
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 808
EP 810
DI 10.1038/42947
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400051
PM 9194561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giles, PM
   Duvall, TL
   Scherrer, PH
   Bogart, RS
AF Giles, PM
   Duvall, TL
   Scherrer, PH
   Bogart, RS
TI A subsurface flow of material from the Sun's equator to its poles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time-distance helioseismology; velocity-fields; meridional flow; mount-wilson; solar; convection; rotation
AB Gas an the Sun's surface has been observed(1-4) to flow away from the equator towards both poles. If the same flow persists to great depths, it could plap an important dynamical role in the the eleven-year sunspot cycle, by carrying the magnetic remnants of the sunspots to high latitudes(5). An even deeper counterflow, which would be required to maintain mass balance, could explain why new sunspots form at lower latitudes as the cycle progresses(6). These deep flows would also redistribute angular momentum within the Sun, and therefore help to maintain the faster rotation of the equator relative to the poles(7). Here pie report the detection, using helioseismic tomography, of the longitude-averaged subsurface now in the outer 4% of the Sun. We find that the subsurface now is approximately constant in this depth range, and that the speed is similar to that seen on the surface. This demonstrates that the surface flow penetrates deeply, sep that it is likely to be an important factor In solar dynamics.
C1 NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,ASTRON & SOLAR PHYS LAB,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
   STANFORD UNIV,WW HANSEN EXPT PHYS LAB,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Stanford University
RP Giles, PM (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT APPL PHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 22
TC 264
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/36294
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dove, SK
   Cooke, FT
   Douglas, MR
   Sayers, LG
   Parker, PJ
   Michell, RH
AF Dove, SK
   Cooke, FT
   Douglas, MR
   Sayers, LG
   Parker, PJ
   Michell, RH
TI Osmotic stress activates phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inositol phosphate isomers; liquid-chromatography; cells; phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate; polyphosphoinositide; trisphosphate; purification; metabolism; pathway; yeast
AB Inositol phospholipids play multiple roles in cell signalling systems. Two widespread eukaryotic phosphoinositide-based signal transduction mechanisms, phosphoinositidase C-catalysed phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P-2) hydrolysis and 3-OH kinase-catalysed PtdIns(4,5)P-2 phosphorylation, make the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P-3) sn-1,2-diacylglycerol and PtdIns(3,4,5)P-3 (refs 1-7). In addition, PtdIns(4,5)P-2 and PtdIns3P have been implicated in exocytosis and membrane trafficking(8). We now show that when the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe are hyperosmotically stressed, they rapidly synthesize phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P-2) by a process that involves activation of a PtdIns3P 5-OH kinase. This PtdIns(3,5)P-2 accumulation only occurs in yeasts that have an active vps34-encoded PtdIns 3-OH kinase, showing that this latter kinase makes the PtdIns3P needed for PtdIns(3,5)P-2 synthesis and indicating that PtdIns(3,5)P-2 may have a role in sorting vesicular proteins. PtdIns(3,5)P-2 is also present in mammalian and plant cells: in monkey Cos-7 cells, its labelling is inversely related to the external osmotic pressure. The stimulation of a PtdIns3P 5-OH kinase-catalysed synthesis of PtdIns(3,5)P-2, a molecule that might be a new type of phosphoinositide 'second messenger', thus appears to be central to a widespread and previously uncharacterized regulatory pathway.
C1 UNIV BIRMINGHAM,DEPT BIOCHEM,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BIRMINGHAM,DEPT RHEUMATOL,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Birmingham; University of Birmingham; Cancer Research UK
RP Dove, SK (corresponding author), UNIV BIRMINGHAM,CTR CLIN RES IMMUNOL & SIGNALLING,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 404
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 187
EP 192
DI 10.1038/36613
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400058
PM 9367158
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wah, DA
   Hirsch, JA
   Dorner, LF
   Schildkraut, I
   Aggarwal, AK
AF Wah, DA
   Hirsch, JA
   Dorner, LF
   Schildkraut, I
   Aggarwal, AK
TI Structure of the multimodular endonuclease FokI bound to DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; restriction-endonuclease; zinc fingers; rna gene; binding; recognition; complex; mutants; domains; sites
AB FokI is a member of an unusual class of bipartite restriction enzymes that recognize a specific DNA sequence and cleave DNA nonspecifically a short distance away from that sequence(1-3) Because of its unusual bipartite nature, FokI has been used to create artificial enzymes with new specificities(4-7). We have determined the crystal structure at 2.8 Angstrom resolution of the complete FokI enzyme bound to DNA. As anticipated, the enzyme contains amino- and carboxy-terminal domains corresponding to the DNA-recognition and cleavage functions, respectively. The recognition domain is made of three smaller subdomains (D1, D2 and D3) which are evolutionarily related to the helix-turn-helix-containing DNA-binding domain of the catabolite gene activator protein CAP(8). The CAP core has been extensively embellished in the first two subdomains, whereas in the third subdomain it has been co-opted for protein-protein interactions. Surprisingly, the cleavage domain contains only a single catalytic centre, raising the question of how monomeric FokI manages to cleave both DNA strands. Unexpectedly, the cleavage domain is sequestered in a 'piggyback' fashion by the recognition domain. The structure suggests a new mechanism for nuclease activation and provides a framework for the design of chimaeric enzymes with altered specificities.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS INC,BEVERLY,MA 01915.
C3 Columbia University; New England Biolabs
NR 29
TC 228
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 97
EP 100
DI 10.1038/40446
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300058
PM 9214510
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rittinger, K
   Walker, PA
   Eccleston, JF
   Smerdon, SJ
   Gamblin, SJ
AF Rittinger, K
   Walker, PA
   Eccleston, JF
   Smerdon, SJ
   Gamblin, SJ
TI Structure at 1.65 angstrom of RhoA and its GTPase-activating protein in complex with a transition-state analogue
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; binding proteins; hydrolysis; mechanism; rac
AB Small G proteins of the Rho family, which includes Rho, pac and Cdc42Hs, regulate phosphorylation pathways that control a range of biological functions including cytoskeleton formation and cell proliferation(1-7). They operate as molecular switches, cycling between the biologically active GTP-bound form and the inactive GDP-bound state, Their rate of hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by virtue of their intrinsic GTPase activity is slow, but can be accelerated by up to 10(5)-fold through interaction with rhoGAP, a GTPase-activating protein that stimulates Rho-family proteins(8,9). As such, rhoGAP plays a crucial role in regulating Rho-mediated signalling pathways. Here we report the crystal structure of RhoA and rhoGAP complexed with the transition-state analogue GDP.AlF4- at 1.65 Angstrom resolution. There is a rotation of 20 degrees between the Rho and rhoGAP proteins in this complex when compared with the ground-state complex Cdc42Hs.GMPPNP/rhoGAP, in which Cdc42Hs is bound to the non-hydrolysable GTP analogue GMPPNP(10). Consequently, in the transition state complex but not in the ground state, the rhoGAP domain contributes a residue, Arg85(GAP), directly into the active site of the G protein, We propose that this residue acts to stabilize the transition state of the GTPase reaction. RhoGAP also appears to function by stabilizing several regions of RhoA that are important in signalling the hydrolysis of GTP.
C1 NATL INST MED RES, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
NR 30
TC 357
Z9 398
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 758
EP 762
DI 10.1038/39651
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900062
PM 9338791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vanBlaaderen, A
   Ruel, R
   Wiltzius, P
AF vanBlaaderen, A
   Ruel, R
   Wiltzius, P
TI Template-directed colloidal crystallization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-microscopy; silica; crystals; spheres; suspensions
AB Colloidal crystals are three-dimensional periodic structures formed from small particles suspended in solution. They have important technological uses as optical filters(1-3), switches(4) and materials with photonic band gaps(5,6), and they also provide convenient model systems for fundamental studies of crystallization and melting(7-10). Unfortunately, applications of colloidal crystals are greatly restricted by practical difficulties encountered in synthesizing large single crystals with adjustable crystal orientation(11). Here we show that the slow sedimentation of colloidal particles onto a patterned substrate (or template) can direct the crystallization of bulk colloidal crystals, and so permit tailoring of the lattice structure, orientation and size of the resulting crystals: we refer to this process as 'colloidal epitaxy'. We also show that, by using silica spheres synthesized with a fluorescent core(12,13), the defect structures in the colloidal crystals that result from an intentional lattice mismatch of the template can be studied by confocal microscopy(14). We suggest that colloidal epitaxy will open new ways to design and fabricate materials based on colloidal crystals and also allow quantitative studies of heterogeneous crystallization in real space.
C1 UNIV UTRECHT,DEBYE INST,VANT HOFF LAB,NL-3508 TB UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
C3 Utrecht University; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP vanBlaaderen, A (corresponding author), FOM,INST ATOM & MOL PHYS,POSTBUS 41883,NL-1009 DB AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
NR 19
TC 1028
Z9 1205
U1 2
U2 275
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 321
EP 324
DI 10.1038/385321a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhao, XZ
   Roy, R
   Cherian, KA
   Badzian, A
AF Zhao, XZ
   Roy, R
   Cherian, KA
   Badzian, A
TI Hydrothermal growth of diamond in metal-C-H2O systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The first report of synthetic diamond involved a high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) process in which diamond was the thermodynamically stable phase(1). Subsequent attempts to make diamond at less extreme conditions culminated in the rapid growth of diamond films by chemical vapour deposition(2,3). But the question of whether diamond might be grown in hydrothermal conditions mimicking those under which it is formed in the Earth has been long debated(4-6). It seems reasonable to suppose that metals might play a catalytic or solubilizing role in this context, given their role in the HPHT method(1), in a recent low-pressure solid-state synthetic approach(7) and in the recrystallization of diamond in the Ni-NaOH-C system(8). Hydrothermal synthesis of diamond has been explored at some length(9-13), but with equivocal results. Here we report evidence from spectroscopic, diffraction and microscopic techniques which suggest that aggregates, tens of micrometres in size, of small diamond crystals can be grown in a hydrothermal environment from a mixture of carbon, water and metal (usually pure nickel). Crucially, we have been able to distinguish new diamond from the diamond seeds added to nucleate new growth.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,INTERCOLL MAT RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802.
   HUAZHONG UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,WUHAN 430074,PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Huazhong University of Science & Technology
NR 17
TC 69
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 513
EP 515
DI 10.1038/385513a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cronin, TM
   Raymo, ME
AF Cronin, TM
   Raymo, ME
TI Orbital forcing of deep-sea benthic species diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; glaciation; pliocene; cycles
AB Explanations for the temporal and spatial patterns of species biodiversity focus on stability-time(1-3), disturbance-mosaic (biogenic microhabitat heterogeneity)(4,5) and competition-predation (biotic interactions)(6,7) hypotheses. The stability-time hypothesis holds that high species diversity in the deep sea and in the tropics reflects long-term climatic stability(3). But the influence of climate change on deep-sea diversity has not been studied and recent evidence suggests that deep-sea environments undergo changes in climatically driven temperature(8) and flux of nutrients(9) and organic-carbon(10) during glacial-interglacial cycles. Here we show that Pliocene (2.85-2.40 Myr) deep-sea North Atlantic benthic ostracod (Crustacea) species diversity is related to solar insolation changes caused by 41,000-yr cycles of Earth's obliquity (tilt). Temporal changes in diversity, as measured by the Shannon-Weiner index, H(S), correlate with independent climate indicators of benthic foraminiferal oxygen-isotope ratios (mainly ice volume(11-13)) and ostracod Mg:Ca ratios (bottom-water temperature(8)). During glacial periods, H(S) = 0.2-0.6, whereas during interglacials, H(S) = 1.2-1.6, which is three to four times as high. The control of deep-sea benthic diversity by cyclic climate change at timescales of 10(3)-10(4) yr does not support the stability-time hypothesis because it shows that the deep sea is a temporally dynamic environment. Diversity oscillations reflect large-scale response of the benthic community to climatically driven changes in either thermohaline circulation, bottom temperature (or temperature-related factors) and food, and a coupling of benthic diversity to surface productivity.
C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Cronin, TM (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,CLIMATE HIST TEAM 955,RESTON,VA 20192, USA.
NR 30
TC 110
Z9 122
U1 2
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 624
EP 627
DI 10.1038/385624a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Songaila, A
   Wampler, EJ
   Cowie, LL
AF Songaila, A
   Wampler, EJ
   Cowie, LL
TI A high deuterium abundance in the early Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clouds
AB INTERGALACTIC gas clouds at high redshifts have element abundances that are close to primordial, The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) within such clouds-which is determined from absorption lines in the spectra of more distant quasars that lie along the same line of sight-provides the best estimate of the density of baryons (Omega(B)) in the Universe. Previous estimates of D/H in the early Universe have yielded values that differ by about an order of magnitude(1-7), with the lower values(6,7) implying a high density of baryons that may be difficult to reconcile with both estimates of the primordial abundances of other light elements (especially He-4) and the known number of light neutrinos(8-10). The accuracy of such D/H determinations is heavily dependent on the inferred column density of neutral hydrogen in the absorbing clouds, Here we report an independent measurement of the neutral hydrogen column density in the cloud towards the quasar Q1937 - 1009, for which one of the low D/H values was derived(6). Our measurement requires a substantial revision to the D/H value reported previously; we obtain a lower limit of D/H > 4 x 10(-5) for this cloud, which implies Omega(B) < 0.016 for a Hubble constant of 100 km s(-1) Mpc(-1). This reduced upper limit for the baryon density relieves any conflict with standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis(6).
C1 NATL ASTRON OBSERV,MITAKA,TOKYO 181,JAPAN.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)
RP Songaila, A (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,2680 WOODLAWN DR,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 14
TC 66
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 137
EP 139
DI 10.1038/385137a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800046
PM 8990115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishina, H
   Fischer, KD
   Radvanyi, L
   Shahinian, A
   Hakem, R
   Rubie, EA
   Bernstein, A
   Mak, TW
   Woodgett, JR
   Penninger, JM
AF Nishina, H
   Fischer, KD
   Radvanyi, L
   Shahinian, A
   Hakem, R
   Rubie, EA
   Bernstein, A
   Mak, TW
   Woodgett, JR
   Penninger, JM
TI Stress-signalling kinase Sek1 protects thymocytes from apoptosis mediated by CD95 and CD3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-terminal kinases; c-jun; activation; deficient; cells; jnk
AB Distinct and evolutionarily conserved signal transduction cascades mediate survival or death in response to developmental and environmental cues, The stress-activated protein kinases, or Jun N-terminal kinases (SAPKs/JNKs)(1,2), are activated in response to a variety of cellular stresses such as changes in osmolarity and metabolism, DNA damage, heat shock, ischaemia, or inflammatory cytokines(3-6). Sek1 (JNKK/MKK4) is a direct activator of SAPKs/JNKs in response to environmental stresses or mitogenic factors(7-9). Here we investigate the role of Sek1 in development and apoptosis by deleting sek1 in embryonic stem (ES) cells by homologous recombination, We provide genetic evidence that different stresses utilize distinct signalling pathways for SAPK/JNK activation, sek1(-/-)/rag2(-/-) chimaeric mice have normal numbers of mature T cells but fewer immature CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, The sek1 mutation did not affect the induction of apoptosis in response to environmental stresses in ES and T cells: instead, sek1 protected thymocytes from CD95 (Fas)- and CD3-mediated apoptosis, These data indicate that SEK1 mediates survival signals in T-cell development.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,AMGEN INST,TORONTO,ON M5G 2C1,CANADA.
   MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,TORONTO,ON M5G 2C1,CANADA.
   UNIV WURZBURG,INST RADIAT & CELL RES,D-97078 WURZBURG,GERMANY.
   UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M5G 2C1,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,DEPT IMMUNOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 2C1,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Wurzburg; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto
NR 20
TC 309
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 350
EP 353
DI 10.1038/385350a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400053
PM 9002521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cammack, R
AF Cammack, R
TI Structural biology - The enzyme at the end of the food chain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methanobacterium; methane
RP Cammack, R (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,DIV LIFE SCI,CTR STUDY MET BIOL & MED,CAMPDEN HILL RD,LONDON W8 7AH,ENGLAND.
NR 11
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 443
EP 444
DI 10.1038/37228
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500022
PM 9393993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sontheimer, EJ
   Sun, SG
   Piccirilli, JA
AF Sontheimer, EJ
   Sun, SG
   Piccirilli, JA
TI Metal ion catalysis during splicing of premessenger RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-messenger-rna; site; spliceosome; dna; 3'-thiothymidine; stereochemistry; hexokinase; precursors; complexes; substrate
AB The removal of intervening sequences from premessenger RNA is essential for the expression of most eukaryotic genes. The spliceosome ribonucleoprotein complex catalyses intron removal by two sequential phosphotransesterification reactions', but the catalytic mechanisms are unknown. It has been proposed that two divalent metal ions may mediate catalysis of both reaction steps, activating the 2'-or 3'-hydroxyl groups for nucleophilic attack and stabilizing the 3'-oxyanion leaving groups by direct coordination(2). Here we show that in splicing reactions with a precursor RNA containing a 3'-sulphur substitution at the 5' splice site, interaction between metal ion and leaving group is essential for catalysis of the first reaction step. This establishes that the spliceosome is a metalloenzyme and demonstrates a direct parallel with the catalytic strategy used by the self-splicing group I intron from Tetrahymena(3). In contrast, 3'-sulphur substitution at the 3' splice site provides no evidence for a metal ion-leaving group interaction in the second reaction step, suggesting that the two steps of splicing proceed by different catalytic mechanisms and therefore in distinct active sites.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT CHEM,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago
NR 28
TC 149
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 801
EP 805
DI 10.1038/42068
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700057
PM 9285595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, IW
   Rosenflanz, A
AF Chen, IW
   Rosenflanz, A
TI A tough SIAION ceramic based on alpha-Si3N4 with a whisker-like microstructure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-sialon ceramics; alpha'-sialon ceramics; fracture; si3n4; stability
AB Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a light, hard and strong engineering ceramic(1,2). It can withstand harsh environments and support heavy loads at temperatures beyond those at which metals and polymers fail. It can also be manufactured reliably at a reasonable cost and in large quantities. There are two forms of silicon nitride(3): alpha-Si3N4 and beta-Si3N4. The former is harder, but only the latter is currently used in engineering applications, because only this form can be given a microstructure resembling a whisker-reinforced composite(1,2,4), which gives it the necessary toughness and strength. Here we report the synthesis of a tough alpha-Si3N4 solid solution with this kind of microstructure. This material is 40% harder than beta-Si3N4 and is equally strong and tough. Its hardness (22 GPa) is exceeded only by boron carbide and diamond (which are both brittle). These properties mean that this form of alpha-Si3N4 Should be preferred over beta-Si3N4 for all engineering applications, and it should open up new potential areas in which the ceramic can be applied.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
NR 22
TC 379
Z9 420
U1 2
U2 172
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 701
EP 704
DI 10.1038/39542
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benefit, BR
   McCrossin, ML
AF Benefit, BR
   McCrossin, ML
TI Earliest known Old World monkey skull
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maboko island; facial morphology; kenya; victoriapithecus; miocene; aegyptopithecus; primates; age
AB Similarities of the skull are commonly used to support hypotheses of ancestor-descendant relationships between fossil and living ape genera, especially between the late Miocene apes Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus from Eurasia and the living orang-utan (Pongo) from Borneo and Sumatra(1-4). Yet determining whether cranio-facial traits shared by extant and Miocene apes are primitive or derived is severely hampered by the rarity of well-preserved fossil crania, particularly of early members of their closest outgroup, the Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea). The discovery of a complete and undistorted skull of Victorispithecus at middle Miocene deposits from Maboko Island, Kenya, provides evidence of intact cranial-vault and basicranial morphology, brain size and craniofacial hafting for a primate from between 32 and 7 million years ago. Victoriapithecus represents a branch of Old World monkey that is intermediate between extant cercopithecids (Colobinae and Cercopithecinae) and the common ancestor they shared with apes (Hominoidea)(5-8). The skull preserves traits widely thought to be derived for extant and fossil members of a proposed Sivapithecus/Pongo clade, but which now appear to be primitive features of ancestral Old World higher primates in general.
RP Benefit, BR (corresponding author), SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT ANTHROPOL,CARBONDALE,IL 62901, USA.
NR 23
TC 52
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 368
EP 371
DI 10.1038/41078
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800047
PM 9237753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adema, GJ
   Hartgers, F
   Verstraten, R
   deVries, E
   Marland, G
   Menon, S
   Foster, J
   Xu, YM
   Nooyen, P
   McClanahan, T
   Bacon, KB
   Figdor, CG
AF Adema, GJ
   Hartgers, F
   Verstraten, R
   deVries, E
   Marland, G
   Menon, S
   Foster, J
   Xu, YM
   Nooyen, P
   McClanahan, T
   Bacon, KB
   Figdor, CG
TI A dendritic-cell-derived C-C chemokine that preferentially attracts naive T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mip-1-alpha; mip-1-beta; alpha
AB Dendritic cells form a system of highly efficient antigen-presenting cells. After capturing antigen in the periphery, they migate to lymphoid organs where they present the antigen to T cells(1,2). Their seemingly unique ability to interact with and sensitize naive T cells gives dendritic cells a central role in the initiation of immune responses and allows them to be used in therapeutic strategies against cancer, viral infection and other diseases. How they interact preferentially with naive rather than activated T lymphocytes is still poorly understood. Chemokines direct the transport of white blood cells in immune surveillance(3,4). Here we report the identification and characterization of a C-C chemokine (DC-CK1) that is specifically expressed by human dendritic cells at high levels. Tissue distribution analysis demonstrates that dendritic cells present in germinal centres and T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs express this chemokine. We show that DC-CK1, in contrast to RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and interleukin-8, preferentially attracts naive T cells (CD45RA(+)). The specific expression of DC-CK1 by dendritic cells at the site of initiation of an immune response, combined with its chemotactic activity for naive T cells, suggests that DC-CK1 has an important rule in the induction of immune responses.
C1 UNIV NIJMEGEN ST RADBOUD HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,NL-6525 EX NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
   DNAX RES INST MOL & CELLULAR BIOL INC,DEPT IMMUNOL,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
   DNAX RES INST MOL & CELLULAR BIOL INC,DEPT BIOL MOL,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.
RP Adema, GJ (corresponding author), UNIV NIJMEGEN ST RADBOUD HOSP,DEPT TUMOR IMMUNOL,PHILIPS VAN LEYDENLAAN 25,NL-6525 EX NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 20
TC 451
Z9 522
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 713
EP 717
DI 10.1038/42716
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900056
PM 9192897
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McIntire, SL
   Reimer, RJ
   Schuske, K
   Edwards, RH
   Jorgensen, EM
AF McIntire, SL
   Reimer, RJ
   Schuske, K
   Edwards, RH
   Jorgensen, EM
TI Identification and characterization of the vesicular GABA transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-aminobutyric-acid; brain synaptic vesicles; caenorhabditis-elegans; c-elegans; acetylcholine transporter; monoamine transporter; active-transport; glutamate uptake; rat-brain; expression
AB Synaptic transmission involves the regulated exocytosis of vesicles filled with neurotransmitter. Classical transmitters are synthesized in the cytoplasm, and so must be transported into synaptic vesicles. Although the vesicular transporters for monoamines and acetylcholine have been identified, the proteins responsible for packaging the primary inhibitory and excitatory transmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate remain unknown(1,2) Studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have implicated the gene unc-47 in the release of GABA(3). Here we show that the sequence of unc-47 predicts a protein with ten transmembrane domains, that the gene is expressed by GABA neurons, and that the protein colocalizes,vith synaptic vesicles. Further, a rat homologue of unc-47 is expressed by central GABA neurons and confers vesicular GABA transport in transfected cells with kinetics and substrate specificity similar to those previously reported for synaptic vesicles from the brain. Comparison of this vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) with a vesicular transporter for monoamines shows that there are differences in the bioenergetic dependence of transport, and these presumably account for the differences in structure. Thus VGAT is the first of a new family of neurotransmitter transporters.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,GRAD PROGRAM NEUROSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,GRAD PROGRAM CELL BIOL & BIOMED SCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV UTAH,DEPT BIOL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
NR 30
TC 706
Z9 844
U1 1
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 870
EP 876
DI 10.1038/39908
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800062
PM 9349821
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahlgren, U
   Pfaff, SL
   Jessell, TM
   Edlund, T
   Edlund, H
AF Ahlgren, U
   Pfaff, SL
   Jessell, TM
   Edlund, T
   Edlund, H
TI Independent requirement for ISL1 in formation of pancreatic mesenchyme and islet cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endocrine pancreas; protein isl-1; insulin gene; homeodomain; neurons; polypeptide; expression; elegans; lineage
AB The mammalian pancreas is a specialized derivative of the primitive gut endoderm and controls many homeostatic functions through the activity of its component exocrine acinar and endocrine islet cells. The LIM homeodomain protein ISL1 is expressed in all classes of islet cells in the adult(1,2) and its expression in the embryo is initiated soon after the islet cells have left the cell cycle. ISL1 is also expressed in mesenchymal cells that surround the dorsal but not ventral evagination of the gut endoderm, which together comprise the pancreatic anlagen. To define the role of ISL1 in the development of the pancreas, we have now analysed acinar and islet cell differentiation in mice deficient in ISL1 function(3). Dorsal pancreatic mesenchyme does not form in ISL1-mutant embryos and there is an associated failure of exocrine cell differentiation in the dorsal but not the ventral pancreas. There is also a complete loss of differentiated islet cells. Exocrine, but not endocrine, cell differentiation in the dorsal pancreas can be rescued in vitro by provision of mesenchyme derived from wild-type embryos. These results indicate that ISL1, by virtue of its requirement for the formation of dorsal mesenchyme, is necessary for the development of the dorsal exocrine pancreas, and also that ISL1 function in pancreatic endodermal cells is required for the generation of all endocrine islet cells.
C1 UMEA UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,S-90187 UMEA,SWEDEN.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOPHYS,CTR NEUROBIOL & BEHAV,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Umea University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 22
TC 572
Z9 663
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 257
EP 260
DI 10.1038/385257a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100049
PM 9000074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heimsath, AM
   Dietrich, WE
   Nishiizumi, K
   Finkel, RC
AF Heimsath, AM
   Dietrich, WE
   Nishiizumi, K
   Finkel, RC
TI The soil production function and landscape equilibrium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erosion thresholds; rates; california; hillslope; evolution; model; be-10; morphology; quartz; insitu
AB Hilly and mountainous landscapes are partially to completely covered with soil under a wide range of erosion and uplift rates, bedrock type and climate. For soil to persist it must be replenished at a rate equal to or greater than that of erosion. Although it has been assumed for over 100 years that bedrock disintegration into erodable soil declines with increasing soil mantle thickness(1-9), no field data have shown this relationship. Here we apply two independent field methods for determining soil production rates to hillslopes in northern California. First, we show that hillslope curvature (a surrogate for soil production(7)) varies inversely with soil depth. Second, we calculate an exponential decline of soil production rates with increasing soil depth from measurements of the in situ produced cosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 concentrations in bedrock sampled under soils of different depths. Results from both methods agree well and yield the first empirical soil production function. We also illustrate how our methods can determine whether a landscape is in morphological equilibrium or not.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SPACE SCI LAB,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,CTR ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Heimsath, AM (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,301 MCCONE HALL,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 32
TC 688
Z9 796
U1 3
U2 192
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 358
EP 361
DI 10.1038/41056
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Korth, C
   Stierli, B
   Streit, P
   Moser, M
   Schaller, O
   Fischer, R
   SchulzSchaeffer, W
   Kretzschmar, H
   Raeber, A
   Braun, U
   Ehrensperger, F
   Hornemann, S
   Glockshuber, R
   Riek, R
   Billeter, M
   Wuthrich, K
   Oesch, B
AF Korth, C
   Stierli, B
   Streit, P
   Moser, M
   Schaller, O
   Fischer, R
   SchulzSchaeffer, W
   Kretzschmar, H
   Raeber, A
   Braun, U
   Ehrensperger, F
   Hornemann, S
   Glockshuber, R
   Riek, R
   Billeter, M
   Wuthrich, K
   Oesch, B
TI Prion (PrPSc)-specific epitope defined by a monoclonal antibody
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creutzfeldt-jakob-disease; scrapie prion; protein prp; mice; gene; forms
AB Prions are infectious particles causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). They consist, at least in part, of an isoform (PrPSc) of the ubiquitous cellular prion protein (PrPC). Conformational differences between PrPC and PrPSc are evident from increased beta-sheet content and protease resistance in PrPSc (refs 1-3). Here we describe a monoclonal antibody, 15B3, that can discriminate between the normal and disease-specific forms of PrP. Such an antibody has been long sought as it should be invaluable far characterizing the infectious particle as well as for diagnosis of TSEs such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. 15B3 specifically precipitates bovine, murine or human PrPSc, but not PrPC, suggesting that it recognizes an epitope common to prions from different species. Using immobilized synthetic peptides, iue mapped three polypeptide segments in PrP as the 15B3 epitope. In the NMR structure of recombinant mouse PrP, segments 2 and 3 of the 15B3 epitope are near neighbours in space, and segment 1 is located in a different part nf the molecule, We discuss models for the PrPSc-specific epitope that ensure close spatial proximity of all three 15B3 segments, either by intermolecular contacts in oligomeric forms of the prion protein or by intramolecular rearrangement.
C1 UNIV ZURICH, BRAIN RES INST, CH-8029 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   ETH ZURICH, INST BIOCHEM, CH-8092 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV GOTTINGEN, INST NEUROPATHOL, D-37075 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
   UNIV ZURICH, INST NEUROPATHOL, CH-8091 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH, KLIN WIEDERKAUER & PFERDEMED, CH-8057 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH, INST VET PATHOL, CH-8057 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   ETH ZURICH, INST MOL BIOL & BIOPHYS, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Gottingen; University of Zurich; University of Zurich; University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Korth, C (corresponding author), UNIV ZURICH, PRION AG, WINTERTHURERSTR 190, CH-8057 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
NR 27
TC 521
Z9 597
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/36337
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700054
PM 9363892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hedlin, MAH
   Shearer, PM
   Earle, PS
AF Hedlin, MAH
   Shearer, PM
   Earle, PS
TI Seismic evidence for small-scale heterogeneity throughout the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave scattering; travel-times; boundary; precursors; inhomogeneity; convection; pkikp; model; pkp
AB Details in the amplitude structure of short-period precursors to the seismic core phase PKP can be used to constrain the depth extent of mantle scattering. The simplest model consistent with the observations invokes small (similar to 8 km), weak (r.m.s. velocity perturbations of 1%), random heterogeneities uniformly distributed throughout the mantle. The data do not support previously proposed models that place an increase in the concentration of scattering sites near the base of the mantle, and instead place an upper limit on the amplitude of any short-wavelength topography at the core-mantle boundary.
RP Hedlin, MAH (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 42
TC 150
Z9 163
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 145
EP 150
DI 10.1038/387145a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rittinger, K
   Walker, PA
   Eccleston, JF
   Nurmahomed, K
   Owen, D
   Laue, E
   Gamblin, SJ
   Smerdon, SJ
AF Rittinger, K
   Walker, PA
   Eccleston, JF
   Nurmahomed, K
   Owen, D
   Laue, E
   Gamblin, SJ
   Smerdon, SJ
TI Crystal structure of a small G protein in complex with the GTPase-activating protein rhoGAP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-ras p21; binding proteins; mechanism; hydrolysis
AB Small G proteins transduce signals from plasma-membrane receptors to control a wide range of cellular functions(1,2). These proteins are clustered into distinct families but all act as molecular switches, active in their GTP-bound form but inactive when GDP-bound. The Rho family of G proteins, which includes Cdc42Hs, activate effecters involved in the regulation of cytoskeleton formation, cell proliferation and the JNK signalling pathway(3-9). G proteins generally have a low intrinsic GTPase hydrolytic activity but there are family-specific groups of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that enhance the rate of GTP hydrolysis by up to 10(5) times(10,11). We report here the crystal structure of Cdc42Hs, with the non-hydrolysable GTP analogue GMPPNP, in complex with the GAP domain of p50rhoGAP at 2.7 Angstrom resolution. In the complex Cdc42Hs interacts, mainly through its switch I and II regions, with a shallow pocket on rhoGAP which is lined with conserved residues. Arg 85 of rhoGAP interacts with the P-loop of Cdc42Hs, but from biochemical data and by analogy with the G-protein subunit G(i alpha 1) (ref. 12), we propose that it adopts a different conformation during the catalytic cycle which enables it to stabilize the transition state of the GTP-hydrolysis reaction.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,RIDGEWAY,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT BIOCHEM,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QW,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 230
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 693
EP 697
DI 10.1038/41805
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300054
PM 9262406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jeong, B
   Bae, YH
   Lee, DS
   Kim, SW
AF Jeong, B
   Bae, YH
   Lee, DS
   Kim, SW
TI Biodegradable block copolymers as injectable drug-delivery systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID controlled release; membrane; ph
AB Polymers that display a physicochemical response to stimuli are widely explored as potential drug-delivery systems(1-4), Stimuli studied to date include chemical substances and changes in temperature, pH and electric field, Homopolymers or copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide(5,6) and poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (known as poloxamers)(7) are typical examples of thermosensitive polymers, but their use in drug delivery is problematic because they are toxic and nonbiodegradable, Biodegradable polymers used for drug delivery to date have mostly been in the form of injectable microspheres or implant systems, which require complicated fabrication processes using organic solvents(8). Such systems have the disadvantage that the use of organic solvents can cause denaturation when protein drugs are to be encapsulated. Furthermore, the solid form requires surgical insertion, which often results in tissue irritation and damage, Here we report the synthesis of a thermosensitive, biodegradable hydrogel consisting of blocks of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(L-lactic acid), Aqueous solutions of these copolymers exhibit temperature-dependent reversible gel-sol transitions, The hydrogel can be loaded with bioactive molecules in an aqueous phase at an elevated temperature (around 45 degrees C), where they form a sol. In this form, the polymer is injectable. On subcutaneous injection and subsequent rapid cooling to body temperature, the loaded copolymer forms a gel that can act as a sustained-release matrix for drugs.
C1 UNIV UTAH, CCCD PHARMACEUT, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
NR 13
TC 1823
Z9 2177
U1 8
U2 1347
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 860
EP 862
DI 10.1038/42218
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400044
PM 9278046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tans, SJ
   Devoret, MH
   Dai, HJ
   Thess, A
   Smalley, RE
   Geerligs, LJ
   Dekker, C
AF Tans, SJ
   Devoret, MH
   Dai, HJ
   Thess, A
   Smalley, RE
   Geerligs, LJ
   Dekker, C
TI Individual single-wall carbon nanotubes as quantum wires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtubules; tubules
AB Carbon nanotubes have been regarded since their discovery(1) as potential molecular quantum wires. In the case of multi-wall nanotubes, where many tubes are arranged in a coaxial fashion, the electrical properties of individual tubes have been shown to vary strongly from tube to tube(2,3), and to be characterized by disorder and localization(4). Single-wall nanotubes(5,6) (SWNTs) have recently been obtained with high yields and structural uniformity(7). Particular varieties of these highly symmetric structures have been predicted to be metallic, with electrical conduction occurring through only two electronic modes(8-10). Because of the structural symmetry and stiffness of SWNTs, their molecular wavefunctions may extend over the entire tube. Here we report electrical transport measurements on individual single-wall nanotubes that confirm these theoretical predictions. We find that SWNTs indeed act as genuine quantum wires, Electrical conduction seems to occur through well separated, discrete electron states that are quantum-mechanically coherent over long distance, that is at least from contact to contact (140 nm), Data in a magnetic field indicate shifting of these,states due to the Zeeman effect.
C1 DELFT UNIV TECHNOL, DEPT APPL PHYS, NL-2628 CJ DELFT, NETHERLANDS.
   DELFT UNIV TECHNOL, DIMES, NL-2628 CJ DELFT, NETHERLANDS.
   RICE UNIV, RICE QUANTUM INST, CTR NANOSCALE SCI & TECHNOL, HOUSTON, TX 77251 USA.
   RICE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, HOUSTON, TX 77251 USA.
   RICE UNIV, DEPT PHYS, HOUSTON, TX 77251 USA.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; Rice University; Rice University; Rice University
NR 16
TC 2738
Z9 3079
U1 5
U2 499
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 474
EP 477
DI 10.1038/386474a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kharbanda, S
   Pandey, P
   Jin, SF
   Inoue, S
   Bharti, A
   Yuan, ZM
   Weichselbaum, R
   Weaver, D
   Kufe, D
AF Kharbanda, S
   Pandey, P
   Jin, SF
   Inoue, S
   Bharti, A
   Yuan, ZM
   Weichselbaum, R
   Weaver, D
   Kufe, D
TI Functional interaction between DNA-PK and c-Abl in response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; strand-break repair; v(d)j recombination; tyrosine kinase; ku-autoantigen; sh3 domains; complementation; sensitivity; binding; antigen
AB How DNA damage is converted into intracellular signals that can control cell behaviour is unknown. The c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase is activated by ionizing radiation and certain other DNA-damaging agents(1-5), whereas the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), consisting of a serine/threonine kinase and Ku DNA-binding subunits, requires DNA double-strand breaks or other DNA lesions for activation(6-8). Here we demonstrate that c-Abl interacts constitutively with DNA-PK. Ionizing radiation stimulates binding of c-Abl to DNA-PK and induces an association of c-Abl with Ku antigen. We show that DNA-PK phosphorylates and activates c-Abl in vitro. Cells deficient in DNA-PK are defective in c-Abl activation induced by ionizing radiation. In a potential feedback mechanism, c-Abl phosphorylates DNA-PK, but not Ku, in vitro. Phosphorylation of DNA-PK by c-Abl inhibits the ability of DNA-PK to form a complex with DNA. We also show that treatment of cells with ionizing radiation results in phosphorylation of DNA-PK that is dependent on c-Abl. Our results support the hypothesis that there are functional interactions between c-Abl and DNA-PK in the response to DNA damage.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV CANC PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV TUMOR IMMUNOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT RADIAT & CELLULAR ONCOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; University of Chicago
NR 23
TC 227
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 732
EP 735
DI 10.1038/386732a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700060
PM 9109492
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavaghan, H
AF Gavaghan, H
TI Running to catch up in Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 420
EP 422
DI 10.1038/38808
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andreotti, AH
   Bunnell, SC
   Feng, S
   Berg, LJ
   Schreiber, SL
AF Andreotti, AH
   Bunnell, SC
   Feng, S
   Berg, LJ
   Schreiber, SL
TI Regulatory intramolecular association in a tyrosine kinase of the Tec family
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-linked agammaglobulinemia; sh3 domain; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; gene; protein; binding; expression; peptides; interleukin-2; spectroscopy
AB THE T-cell-specific tyrosine kinase Itk is a member of the Tec family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases(1-7), and is required for signalling through the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)(8). The role of Itk in TCR Signalling and the manner in which Itk activity is regulated are not well understood. Substrate binding and enzymatic activity of the structurally related Src kinases are regulated by an intramolecular interaction between the Src-homology-2 (SH2) domain and a phosphotyrosine(9,10). Although Itk also contains SH3, SH2 and tyrosine kinase domains, it lacks the corresponding regulatory phosphorylation site, and therefore must be regulated by an alternative mechanism. The proline-rich sequence adjacent to the SH3 domain of Tec family kinases contains an SH3 ligand, potentially allowing a different intramolecular interaction. By using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance we have determined the structure of a fragment of Itk, confirming that these domains interact intramolecularly. Formation of this intramolecular SH3-ligand complex prevents the Itk SH3 domain and proline-rich region from interacting with their respective protein ligands, Sam68 and Grb-2. We believe that this structure represents the first example of an intramolecular interaction between an SH3 domain and a proline-rich ligand, and has implications for the regulation of Tec family kinases.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT CHEM & CHEM BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University
NR 30
TC 234
Z9 265
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 93
EP 97
DI 10.1038/385093a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100058
PM 8985255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caldwell, MW
   Lee, MSY
AF Caldwell, MW
   Lee, MSY
TI A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Although snakes are descended from limbed squamates ('lizards'), all known snakes lack well developed legs and their nearest lizard relatives have yet to be identified(1-4). Here we provide compelling evidence that the Cretaceous squamate Pachyrhachis problematicus, previously interpreted as a varanoid lizard(5-7), is actually a primitive snake with a well developed pelvis and hindlimbs. Pachyrhachis is the sister-taxon of all other snakes. The skull exhibits most derived features of modern snakes, and the body is slender and elongated. But unlike other snakes, Pachyrhachis retains a well developed sacrum, pelvis and hindlimb (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals). Pachyrhachis was marine, and provides additional support for mosasauroid-snake affinities.
C1 UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT BIOL SCI,CTR BIOL SCI,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2E9,CANADA.
   UNIV SYDNEY,SCH BIOL SCI,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Sydney
RP Caldwell, MW (corresponding author), FIELD MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT GEOL,ROOSEVELT RD & LAKESHORE DR,CHICAGO,IL 60605, USA.
NR 23
TC 127
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 705
EP 709
DI 10.1038/386705a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Renshaw, CE
   Park, JC
AF Renshaw, CE
   Park, JC
TI Effect of mechanical interactions on the scaling of fracture length and aperture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geometry; failure; rock
AB The aperture (or opening) of a fracture indicates the energy available for fracture growth and controls fracture permeability. The relationship between aperture and fracture length can therefore be used to infer the factors affecting fracture formation at different length scales and is of practical importance to hydrogeologists and petroleum engineers. A recent study(1) of the scaling properties of tensile fractures in the Krafla fissure swarm, Iceland, revealed a distinct break in slope in the aperture-length scaling relationship, corresponding to fractures a few metres in length: this break in slope was interpreted qualitatively as indicative of non-universal, scale-dependent growth mechanisms(1), Here we show, using quantitative fracture simulations, that the observed non-universal scaling of fracture apertures can be reproduced without recourse to multiple growth mechanisms. We argue that the break in slope is instead intrinsic to the fracturing process and represents the maximum length scale at which the apertures of smaller fractures are affected by stress perturbations induced by larger fractures.
RP Renshaw, CE (corresponding author), SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT GEOL,BUFFALO,NY 14260, USA.
NR 18
TC 121
Z9 128
U1 1
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 482
EP 484
DI 10.1038/386482a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU VargaWeisz, PD
   Wilm, M
   Bonte, E
   Dumas, K
   Mann, M
   Becker, PB
AF VargaWeisz, PD
   Wilm, M
   Bonte, E
   Dumas, K
   Mann, M
   Becker, PB
TI Chromatin-remodelling factor CHRAC contains the ATPases ISWI and topoisomerase II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID promoter in-vitro; cell-free system; transcription factor; drosophila embryos; atp; identification; involvement; disruption; microscopy; binding
AB Repressive chromatin structures need to be unravelled to allow DNA-binding proteins access to their target sequences. This de-repression constitutes an important point at which transcription and presumably other nuclear processes can be regulated(1,2). Energy-consuming enzyme complexes that facilitate the interaction of transcription factors with chromatin by modifying nucleosome structure are involved in this regulation(3-5). One such factor, nucleosome-remodelling factor (NURF), has been isolated from Drosophila embryo extracts(4,6,7), We have now identified a chromatin-accessibility complex (CHRAC) which uses energy to increase the general accessibility of DNA in chromatin. However, unlike other known chromatin remodelling factors, CHRAC can also function during chromatin assembly: it uses ATP to convert irregular chromatin into a regular array of nucleosomes with even spacing. CHRAC combines enzymes that modulate nucleosome structure and DNA topology. Using mass spectrometry, we identified two of the five CHRAC subunits as the ATPase ISWI, which is also part of NURF6,8, and topoisomerase II, The presence of ISWI in different contexts suggests that chromatin remodelling machines have a modular nature and that ISWI has a central role in different chromatin remodelling reactions.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 29
TC 439
Z9 512
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 598
EP 602
DI 10.1038/41587
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200053
PM 9252192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bean, AJ
   Seifert, R
   Chen, YA
   Sacks, R
   Scheller, RH
AF Bean, AJ
   Seifert, R
   Chen, YA
   Sacks, R
   Scheller, RH
TI Hrs-2 is an ATPase implicated in calcium-regulated secretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensitive fusion protein; synaptic vesicle docking; transmitter release; domain; cells; hydrolysis; mechanism; transport; snap-25; zinc
AB Associations between proteins present on neurotransmitter-containing vesicles and on the presynaptic membrane are thought to underlie docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane, which are obligate steps in regulated neurotransmission(1-4). SNAP-25 resides on the plasma membrane and interacts with syntaxin (a plasma membrane t-SNARE) and VAMP (a vesicle V-SNARE)(1-9) to form a core protein complex thought to be an intermediate in a biochemical pathway that is essential for vesicular transport. We have now characterized a protein, Hrs-2, that interacts with SNAP-25. The binding of Hrs-2 to SNAP-25 is inhibited by calcium in the physiological concentration range that supports synaptic transmission. Furthermore, Hrs-2 binds and hydrolyses nucleoside triphosphates with kinetics that suggest that ATP is the physiological substrate for this enzyme. Hrs-2 is expressed throughout the brain and is present in nerve terminals. Moreover, recombinant Hrs-2 inhibits calcium-triggered H-3-noradrenaline release from permeabilized PC12 cells. Our results suggest a role for Hrs-2 in regulating secretory processes through calcium- and nucleotide-dependent modulation of vesicle-trafficking protein complexes.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHYSIOL,BECKMAN CTR MOLEC & GENET MED,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University
NR 26
TC 111
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/385826a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000056
PM 9039916
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Opsahl, S
   Benner, R
AF Opsahl, S
   Benner, R
TI Distribution and cycling of terrigenous dissolved organic matter in the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID humic substances; oxidation-products; continental-shelf; plant-tissue; carbon; pacific; lignin; water; sea; nitrogen
AB Terrigenous dissolved organic matter (DOM) is continuously discharged by rivers into the ocean, yet its distribution and reactivity within ocean basins remain poorly defined aspects of the global carbon cycle(1). Direct evidence for the presence of terrigenous DOM in the open ocean has been found only in dissolved humic substances isolated from surface waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean(2), Here we report the detection of low concentrations of Lignin-a biopolymer found only in terrestrial vegetation-in DOM collected from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, indicating that terrigenous DOM is distributed throughout the ocean water column. Higher lignin concentrations in Atlantic waters, relative to Pacific waters, reflect terrigenous DOM concentrations that are 2.6 times higher in the Atlantic. This finding is consistent with the 3.6-times greater riverine water-discharge to the Atlantic Ocean(3,4), and with known patterns of ocean circulation(5), It appears that terrigenous DOM comprises only a small fraction (0.7-2.4%) of the total DOM in the ocean, and that its oceanic residence time (21-132 yr) is much shorter than that of marine DOM(6,7). The regeneration of nutrients during rapid cycling of terrigenous DOM could contribute to high rates of primary production in the coastal ocean.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,INST MARINE SCI,PORT ARANSAS,TX 78373.
C3 University of Texas System
NR 30
TC 441
Z9 529
U1 8
U2 210
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 480
EP 482
DI 10.1038/386480a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharpe, RM
AF Sharpe, RM
TI Reproductive biology - Do males rely on female hormones?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID estrogen-receptor gene; rat; localization; aromatase; mutation
RP Sharpe, RM (corresponding author), MRC,REPROD BIOL UNIT,37 CHALMERS ST,EDINBURGH EH3 9EW,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
NR 16
TC 61
Z9 67
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 447
EP 448
DI 10.1038/37236
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500025
PM 9393994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI Choices and challenges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 420
EP 420
DI 10.1038/38806
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, AI
   Londono, JD
   Wignall, G
   McClain, JB
   Samulski, ET
   Lin, JS
   Dobrynin, A
   Rubinstein, M
   Burke, ALC
   Frechet, JMJ
   DeSimone, JM
AF Cooper, AI
   Londono, JD
   Wignall, G
   McClain, JB
   Samulski, ET
   Lin, JS
   Dobrynin, A
   Rubinstein, M
   Burke, ALC
   Frechet, JMJ
   DeSimone, JM
TI Extraction of a hydrophilic compound from water into liquid CO2 using dendritic surfactants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercritical carbon-dioxide; angle x-ray; dispersion polymerizations; neutron-scattering; dendrimers; micelles; polymers; polarity; energy
AB Dendrimers are well defined, highly branched polymers(1-5) that adopt a roughly spherical, globular shape in solution, Their cores are relatively loosely packed and can trap guest molecules(5-7), and by appropriate functionalization of the branch tips the macromolecules can act as unimolecular micelle-like entities(6). Here we show that dendrimers with a fluorinated shell are soluble in liquid carbon dioxide and can transport CO2-insoluble molecules into this solvent within their cores. Specifically, we demonstrate the extraction of a polar ionic dye, methyl orange, from water into CO2 using these fluorinated dendrimers. This observation suggests possible uses of such macromolecules for the remediation of contaminated water, the extraction of pharmaceutical products from fermentation vessels, the selective encapsulation of drugs for targeted delivery(6,7) and the transport of reagents for chemical reactions (such as polymerization(8-11)) in liquid and supercritical CO2 solvents.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT CHEM,VENABLE & KENAN LABS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27514.
   OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN.
   UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT CHEM ENGN,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 29
TC 307
Z9 326
U1 1
U2 101
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 368
EP 371
DI 10.1038/38706
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shen, AH
   Keppler, H
AF Shen, AH
   Keppler, H
TI Direct observation of complete miscibility the albite-H2O system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water solubility; melts
AB There are essentially two main types of mobile phases in the Earth's crust and mantle: silicate melts and hydrous fluids. Near the surface of the Earth, the physical and chemical properties of these phases are fundamentally different, But with increasing pressure, the solubility of water in silicate melts and the solubility of silicate materials in hydrous fluids increase. This has led to the suggestion that, above a certain critical pressure, the compositions of the two phases in mutual equilibrium become indistinguishable(1-5). Here we report the direct visual observation of this phenomenon in the albite-H2O system using an externally heated diamond anvil cell, Our results suggest both that there should be complete miscibility between silicate melts and hydrous fluids in the deeper parts of the upper mantle and that, in the presence of a hydrous fluid, a melting temperature for this part of the mantle can no longer be defined.
C1 UNIV BAYREUTH,BAYER GEOINST,D-95440 BAYREUTH,GERMANY.
C3 University of Bayreuth
RP Shen, AH (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ,ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 191
Z9 226
U1 2
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 710
EP 712
DI 10.1038/385710a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luu, J
   Marsden, BG
   Jewitt, D
   Trujillo, CA
   Hergenrother, CW
   Chen, J
   Offutt, WB
AF Luu, J
   Marsden, BG
   Jewitt, D
   Trujillo, CA
   Hergenrother, CW
   Chen, J
   Offutt, WB
TI A new dynamical class of object in the outer Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-period comets; neptune; belt
AB Some three dozen objects have now been discovered(1-5) beyond the orbit of Neptune and classified as members of the Kuiper belt-a remnant population of icy planetesimals that failed to be incorporated into planets. At still greater distances is believed to Lie the Oort cloud-a massive population of cometary objects distributed approximately in a sphere of characteristic dimension 50,000 AU (ref. 6). Here we report the discovery of an object, 1996TL(66), that appears to be representative of a population of scattered bodies located between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud. 1996TL(66) has an orbital semimajor axis of 84 Au, and is in an extremely eccentric and highly inclined orbit (e = 0.58, i = 24 degrees). With a red magnitude similar to 20.9, it is the brightest trans-neptunian object yet found since Pluto and Charon. Its discovery suggests that the Kuiper belt extends substantially beyond the 30-50 AU region sampled by previous surveys, and may contain much more mass than previously suspected.
C1 UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
   UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   W&B OBSERV,CLOUDCROFT,NM 88317.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Arizona
RP Luu, J (corresponding author), HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,60 GARDEN ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 20
TC 120
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 573
EP 575
DI 10.1038/42413
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meier, DL
   Edgington, S
   Godon, P
   Payne, DG
   Lind, KR
AF Meier, DL
   Edgington, S
   Godon, P
   Payne, DG
   Lind, KR
TI A magnetic switch that determines the speed of astrophysical jets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extragalactic radio-sources; accretion disks; numerical simulations; flows
AB The mechanism by which astrophysical jets form is an important factor in understanding the nature and evolution of phenomena such as active galactic nuclei and quasars, Galactic superluminal X-ray sources and young stellar objects. Of the many schemes proposed for jet production, only the magnetized accretion disk model of Blandford and Payne(1) seems to be applicable to all of these systems, and also offers the potential for generating the highly relativistic flows observed in some quasars(2). But the source of variation in jet morphology observed for different sources remains unclear. Here we report time-dependent numerical simulations of jet formation which show that the character and speed of the jets produced depend dramatically on whether magnetic forces dominate over gravity in the accretion disk corona. This 'magnetic switch' is not predicted by steady-state, self-similar disk models, or by relativistic wind theory (which generally ignores the gravitational field). The effect provides a natural explanation for the existence of two known classes of extragalactic radio source and for the variation of their properties with radio luminosity. It also provides insight into protostellar and galactic microquasar systems.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
   INTEL CORP, HILLSBORO, OR 97124 USA.
   DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP, LLNL, LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Intel Corporation; Intel USA; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Meier, DL (corresponding author), CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, 4800 OAK GROVE DR, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA.
NR 25
TC 94
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 350
EP 352
DI 10.1038/41034
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelsell, DP
   Dunlop, J
   Stevens, HP
   Lench, NJ
   Liang, JN
   Parry, G
   Mueller, RF
   Leigh, IM
AF Kelsell, DP
   Dunlop, J
   Stevens, HP
   Lench, NJ
   Liang, JN
   Parry, G
   Mueller, RF
   Leigh, IM
TI Connexin 26 mutations in hereditary non-syndromic sensorineural deafness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID recessive deafness; gene; expression; homolog
AB Severe deafness or hearing impairment is the most prevalent inherited sensory disorder, affecting about 1 in 1,000 children(1). Most deafness results from peripheral auditory defects that occur as a consequence of either conductive (outer or middle ear) or sensorineuronal (cochlea) abnormalities. Although a number of mutant genes have been identified that are responsible for syndromic (multiple phenotypic disease) deafness such as Waardenburg syndrome and Usher 1B syndrome(2-4), little is known about the genetic basis of non-syndromic (single phenotypic disease) deafness, Here we study a pedigree containing cases of autosomal dominant deafness and have identified a mutation in the gene encoding the gap-junction protein connexin 26 (Cx26) that segregates with the profound deafness In the family, Cx26 mutations resulting in premature stop codons were also found in three autosomal recessive non-syndromic sensorineuronal deafness pedigrees, genetically linked to chromosome 13q11-12 (DFNB1), where the Cx26 gene is localized. Immunohistochemical staining of human cochlear cells for Cx26 demonstrated high levels of expression. To our knowledge, this is the first nonsyndromic sensorineural autosomal deafness susceptibility gene to be identified, which implicates Cx26 as an important component of the human cochlea.
C1 ST JAMES UNIV HOSP, MOL MED UNIT, LEEDS LS9 7TF, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
   UCL, INST LARYNGOL & OTOL, TEMPORAL BONE LAB, LONDON WC1X 8EE, ENGLAND.
   ST LUKES HOSP, DEPT PAEDIAT, BRADFORD BD5 0NA, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
C3 Saint James's University Hospital; University of Leeds; University of London; University College London
RP Kelsell, DP (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL, ST BARTHOLOMEWS & ROYAL LONDON SCH MED & DENT, LONDON E1 2AT, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 1196
Z9 1356
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 80
EP 83
DI 10.1038/387080a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800051
PM 9139825
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mader, HM
   Brodsky, EE
   Howard, D
   Sturtevant, B
AF Mader, HM
   Brodsky, EE
   Howard, D
   Sturtevant, B
TI Laboratory simulations of sustained volcanic eruptions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mount-st-helens; magma discharge; column height; dynamics; flow; vesuvius; velocity; behavior; conduit
AB Many violent eruptions are driven by rapid exsolution of dissolved volatiles within liquid magma. The accelerating two-phase mixture emerges at the vent as a sustained quasi-steady discharge lasting for periods from hours to days (refs 1, 2), The initial growth in discharge rate commonly observed(2-4), subsequent fluctuations(5,6) and discrete pulses and shocks(7) remain largely unexplained, We have simulated volcanic conduit flows by producing sustained, quasi-steady explosions in a liquid undergoing rapid exsolution of a gas. This was done by rapidly decompressing large volumes of CO2-saturated water. The results reveal fluctuations in discharge rate that reflect heterogeneities in the two-phase mixture that form spontaneously as a consequence of the size and geometry of the experimental system, An initial transient with a growing discharge rate is observed in experiments in which material is erupted from a spherical flask up a narrow neck that mimics the magma-chamber/conduit assembly of volcanic systems. The fragmentation region propagates down the neck during the initial transient until it reaches a stable position at the top of the flask, at which point a quasi-steady discharge ensues.
C1 CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125.
   CALTECH,GRAD AERONAUT LABS,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Mader, HM (corresponding author), UNIV BRISTOL,DEPT GEOL,WILLS MEM BLDG,QUEENS RD,BRISTOL BS8 1RJ,AVON,ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 27
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 462
EP 464
DI 10.1038/41306
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Howell, BW
   Hawkes, R
   Soriano, P
   Cooper, JA
AF Howell, BW
   Hawkes, R
   Soriano, P
   Cooper, JA
TI Neuronal position in the developing brain is regulated by mouse disabled-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abl tyrosine kinase; targeted disruption; cortical-neurons; cerebral-cortex; reeler mice; cell; mutation; protein; protooncogene; migration
AB During mammalian brain development, immature neurons migrate radially from the neuroectoderm to defined locations, giving rise to characteristic cell layers(1,2). Here we show that targeted disruption of the mouse disabled1 (mdab1) gene(3) disturbs neuronal layering in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. The gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein, mDab1 p80, which is expressed and tyrosine-phosphorylated in the developing nervous system(3). It is likely to be an adaptor protein, docking to others through its phosphotyrosine residues and protein-interacting domain(4). The mdab1 mutant phenotype is very similar to that of the reeler mouse(5-7). The product of the reeler gene, Reelin, is a secreted protein that has been proposed to act as an extracellular signpost for migrating neurons(8-10). Because mDab1 is expressed in wild-type cortical neurons, and Reelin expression is normal in mdab1 mutants, mDab1 may be part of a Reelin-regulated or parallel pathway that controls the final positioning of neurons.
C1 UNIV CALGARY, DEPT ANAT, CALGARY, AB T2N 4N1, CANADA.
   UNIV CALGARY, NEUROSCI RES GRP, CALGARY, AB T2N 4N1, CANADA.
C3 University of Calgary; University of Calgary
RP Howell, BW (corresponding author), FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR, 1100 FAIRVIEW AVE N, SEATTLE, WA 98109 USA.
NR 30
TC 610
Z9 685
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 733
EP 737
DI 10.1038/39607
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900056
PM 9338785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, JK
   Manthiram, A
AF Kim, JK
   Manthiram, A
TI A manganese oxyiodide cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrochemical-behavior; insertion; mechanism; limn2o4; oxides; route
AB The increasing demand for portable electronic devices is driving the development of compact lightweight batteries of high energy density(1). Lithium-ion batteries tend to be the systems of choice, as they offer higher energy densities and longer operational lifetimes than other rechargeable battery systems(1,2). But commercially available lithium-ion batteries make use of layered LiCoO2 cathodes(3,4), and the high cost and toxicity of cobalt therefore motivate the development of cheaper and environmentally benign cathode materials. In this regard, manganese oxides are attractive alternatives, and the spinel LiMn2O4 has been investigated intensively as a cathode(5,6); however, the fading on cycling of its energy-storage capacity poses problems, More recently, attention has been focused on the synthesis of layered LiMnO2 as a cathode material, but its cycling characteristics remain to be established(7-9). Here we report the synthesis and electrochemical performance of a new manganese oxide cathode, the oxyiodide Li1.5Na0.5MnO2.85I0.12. Our material exhibits a high reversible capacity of 260 mA h g(-1) in the range 1.5-4.3 V with excellent cycling characteristics. Furthermore, the amorphous nature of the material (as determined by X-ray diffraction) and smooth discharge behaviour may help to overcome the problems associated with lattice distortions that have plagued manganese oxides with more crystalline structures(5-9).
C1 UNIV TEXAS,CTR MAT SCI & ENGN,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
NR 19
TC 239
Z9 255
U1 2
U2 234
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 265
EP 267
DI 10.1038/36812
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuang, WL
   Bloxham, J
AF Kuang, WL
   Bloxham, J
TI An earth-like numerical dynamo model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conducting inner-core; magnetic-field; mantle; simulation
AB The mechanism by which the Earth and other planets maintain their magnetic fields against ohmic decay is among the longest standing problems in planetary science. Although it is widely acknowledged that these fields are maintained by dynamo action, the mechanism by which the dynamo operates is in large part not understood. Numerical simulations of the dynamo process in the Earth's core(1-4) have produced magnetic fields that resemble the Earth's field, but it is unclear whether these models accurately represent the extremely low values of viscosity believed to be appropriate to the core. Here we describe the results of a numerical investigation of the dynamo process that adopts an alternative approach(5) to this problem in which, through the judicious choice of boundary conditions, the effects of viscosity are rendered unimportant. We thereby obtain a solution that at leading order operates in an Earth-like dynamical regime. The morphology and evolution of the magnetic field and the fluid flow at the tore-mantle boundary are similar to those of the Earth, and the field within the core is qualitatively similar to that proposed on theoretical grounds(6).
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE 02138,ENGLAND.
NR 15
TC 345
Z9 383
U1 2
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 371
EP 374
DI 10.1038/38712
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moarefi, I
   LaFevreBernt, M
   Sicheri, F
   Huse, M
   Lee, CH
   Kuriyan, J
   Miller, WT
AF Moarefi, I
   LaFevreBernt, M
   Sicheri, F
   Huse, M
   Lee, CH
   Kuriyan, J
   Miller, WT
TI Activation of the Src-family tyrosine kinase Hck by SH3 domain displacement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intermolecular autophosphorylation; gene hck; binding; pp60c-src; protein; dephosphorylation; phosphorylation; specificity; terminus; peptides
AB The protein Hck is a member of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases which is preferentially expressed in haematopoietic cells of the myeloid and B-lymphoid lineages(1,2). Src kinases are inhibited by tyrosine-phosphorylation at a carboxy-terminal site(3-9). The SH2 domains of these enzymes play an essential role in this regulation by binding to the tyrosine-phosphorylated tail(8-11). The crystal structure of the downregulated form of Hck has been determined(12) and reveals that the SH2 domain regulates enzymatic activity indirectly; intramolecular interactions between the SH3 and catalytic domains appear to stabilize an inactive form of the kinase, Here we compare the roles of the SH2 and SH3 domains in modulating the activity of Hck in an investigation of the C-terminally phosphorylated form of the enzyme, We show that addition of the HIV-1 Nef protein, which is a high-affinity ligand for the Hck SH3 domain, to either the downregulated or activated form of Hck causes a large increase in Hck catalytic activity, The intact SH3-binding motif in Nef is crucial for Hck activation. Our results indicate that binding of the Hck SH3 domain by Nef causes a more marked activation of the enzyme than does binding of the SH2 domain, suggesting a new mechanism for regulation of the activity of tyrosine kinases.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK, SCH MED, DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV, MOL BIOPHYS LAB, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 24
TC 539
Z9 629
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 650
EP 653
DI 10.1038/385650a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400054
PM 9024665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scott, SK
   Young, AW
   Calder, AJ
   Hellawell, DJ
   Aggleton, JP
   Johnson, M
AF Scott, SK
   Young, AW
   Calder, AJ
   Hellawell, DJ
   Aggleton, JP
   Johnson, M
TI Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger following bilateral amygdala lesions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voice recognition; temporal-lobe; emotion; faces; neurons; monkey
AB The amygdalar complex is a medial temporal lobe structure in the brain which is widely considered to be involved in the neural substrates of emotion, Selective bilateral damage to the human amygdala is rare, offering a unique insight into its functions. There is impairment of social perception after amygdala damage, with defective recognition of facial expressions of emotion(1-4). Among the basic emotions, the processing of fear and anger has been shown to be disrupted by amygdala damage(1,2,5). Although it remains puzzling why this not found in all cases(6), the importance of the amygdala in negative emotion, and especially fear, has been confirmed by conditioning(7), memory(8) and positron emission tomography (PET) experiments(9,10). Central to our understanding of these findings is the question of whether the amygdala is involved specifically in the perception of visual signals of emotion emanating from the face, or more widely in the perception of emotion in all sensory modalities(11). We report here a further investigation of one of these rare cases, a woman (D.R) who has impaired perception of the intonation patterns that are essential to the perception of vocal affect, despite normal hearing, As is the case for recognition of facial expressions, it is recognition of fear and anger that is most severely affected in the auditory domain, This shows that the amygdala's role in the recognition of certain emotions is not confined to vision, which is consistent with its being involved in the appraisal of danger and the emotion of fear(12,13).
C1 MRC,APPL PSYCHOL UNIT,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2EF,ENGLAND.
   ASTLEY AINSLIE HOSP,REHABIL STUDIES UNIT,EDINBURGH EH9 2HL,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,SCH PSYCHOL,CARDIFF CF1 3YG,S GLAM,WALES.
   ST JAMES UNIV HOSP,DEPT NEUROL,LEEDS LS9 7TF,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; Cardiff University; Saint James's University Hospital
FU Wellcome Trust [090961] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 430
Z9 496
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 254
EP 257
DI 10.1038/385254a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100048
PM 9000073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU IkeshimaKataoka, H
   Skeath, JB
   Nabeshima, Y
   Doe, CQ
   Matsuzaki, F
AF IkeshimaKataoka, H
   Skeath, JB
   Nabeshima, Y
   Doe, CQ
   Matsuzaki, F
TI Miranda directs Prospero to a daughter cell during Drosophila asymmetric divisions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; ganglion mother cells; gene; protein; numb; expression; fates; segregation; markers
AB Asymmetric cell division is a general process used in many developmental contexts to create two differently fated cells from a single progenitor cell. Intrinsic mechanisms like the asymmetric transmission of tell-fate determinants during cell division, and extrinsic cell-interaction mechanisms, can mediate asymmetric divisions(1-3). During embryonic development of the Drosophila central nervous system, neural stem cells called neuroblasts divide asymmetrically to produce another multipotent neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell (GMC) of more restricted developmental potential. Intrinsic mechanisms promote asymmetric division of neuroblasts: for example, the transcription factor Prospero localizes to the basal cell cortex of mitotic neuroblasts and then segregates exclusively into the GMC, which buds off from the basal side of the neuroblast(4-6). In the GMC, Prospero translocates to the nucleus, where it establishes differential gene expression between sibling cells. Here we report the identification of a gene, miranda, which encodes a new protein that co-localizes with Prospero in mitotic neuroblasts, tethers Prospero to the basal cortex of mitotic neuroblasts, directing Prospero into the GMC, and releases Prospero from the cell cortex within GMCs. miranda thus creates intrinsic differences between sibling cells by mediating the asymmetric segregation of a transcription factor into only one daughter cell during neural stem-cell division.
C1 NATL CTR NEUROL & PSYCHIAT,NATL INST NEUROSCI,DEPT MOL GENET,KODAIRA,TOKYO 187,JAPAN.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,URBANA,IL 61801.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CELL & STRUCT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801.
C3 National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan; Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
NR 23
TC 274
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 625
EP 629
DI 10.1038/37641
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300054
PM 9403694
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rao, AM
   Eklund, PC
   Bandow, S
   Thess, A
   Smalley, RE
AF Rao, AM
   Eklund, PC
   Bandow, S
   Thess, A
   Smalley, RE
TI Evidence for charge transfer in doped carbon nanotube bundles from Raman scattering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intercalation; iodine; c-60
AB Single-walled carbon nanotubes(1) (SWNTs) are predicted to be metallic for certain diameters and pitches of the twisted graphene ribbons that make up their walls(2). Chemical doping is expected to substantially increase the density of free charge carriers and thereby enhance the electrical (and thermal) conductivity. Here we use Raman spectroscopy to study the effects of exposing SWNT bundles(1) to typical electron-donor (potassium, rubidium) and electron-acceptor (iodine, bromine) dopants. We find that the high-frequency tangential vibrational modes of the carbon atoms in the SWNTs shift substantially to lower (for K, Rb) or higher (for Br-2) frequencies. Little change is seen for I-2 doping. These shifts provide evidence for charge transfer between the dopants and the nanotubes, indicating an ionic character of the doped samples. This, together with conductivity measurements(3), suggests that doping does increase the carrier concentration of the SWNT bundles.
C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40506.
   UNIV KENTUCKY,CTR APPL ENERGY RES,LEXINGTON,KY 40506.
   INST MOL SCI,INSTRUMENT CTR,OKAZAKI,AICHI 444,JAPAN.
   RICE UNIV,RICE QUANTUM INST,CTR NANOSCALE SCI & TECHNOL,HOUSTON,TX 77251.
   RICE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,HOUSTON,TX 77251.
   RICE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,HOUSTON,TX 77251.
C3 University of Kentucky; University of Kentucky; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; Institute for Molecular Science (IMS); Rice University; Rice University; Rice University
NR 13
TC 1261
Z9 1368
U1 1
U2 398
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 257
EP 259
DI 10.1038/40827
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rye, HS
   Burston, SG
   Fenton, WA
   Beechem, JM
   Xu, ZH
   Sigler, PB
   Horwich, AL
AF Rye, HS
   Burston, SG
   Fenton, WA
   Beechem, JM
   Xu, ZH
   Sigler, PB
   Horwich, AL
TI Distinct actions of cis and trans ATP within the double ring of the chaperonin GroEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; cycle; carboxylase; mechanism; intensity; release; binding; domain
AB The chaperonin GroEL is a double-ring structure with a central cavity in each ring that provides an environment for the efficient folding of proteins(1-3) when capped by the co-chaperone GroES in the presence of adenine nucleotides(4-8). Productive folding of the substrate rhodanese has been observed in cis ternary complexes, where GroES and polypeptide are bound to the same ring, formed with either ATP, ADP or non-hydrolysable ATP analogues(2,9), suggesting that the specific requirement for ATP is confined to an action in the trans ring that evicts GroES and polypeptide from the cis side(9). We show here, however, that for the folding of malate dehydrogenase and Rubisco there is also an absolute requirement for ATP in the cis ring, as ADP and AMP-PNP are unable to promote folding. We investigated the specific roles of binding and hydrolysis of ATP in the cis and trans rings using mutant forms of GroEL that bind ATP but are defective in its hydrolysis. Binding of ATP and GroES in cis initiated productive folding inside a highly stable GroEL-ATP-GroES complex. To discharge GroES and polypeptide, ATP hydrolysis in the cis ring was required to form a GroEL-ADP-GroES complex with decreased stability, priming the cis complex for release by ATP binding (without hydrolysis) in the trans ring. These observations offer an explanation of why GroEL functions as a double-ring complex.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT MOL BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT MOL PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University; Vanderbilt University
NR 24
TC 367
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 792
EP 798
DI 10.1038/42047
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700055
PM 9285593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leone, G
   DeGregori, J
   Sears, R
   Jakoi, L
   Nevins, JR
AF Leone, G
   DeGregori, J
   Sears, R
   Jakoi, L
   Nevins, JR
TI Myc and Ras collaborate in inducing accumulation of active cyclin E/Cdk2 and E2F
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; activation; protein; transformation; inhibition; kinases; growth
AB Considerable evidence points to a role for G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) in allowing the accumulation of E2F transcription factor activity and induction of the S phase of the cell cycle(1,2). Numerous experiments have also demonstrated a critical role for both Myc and Ras activities in allowing cell-cycle progression(3). Here we show that inhibition of pas activity blocks the normal growth-dependent activation of G1 CDK, prevents activation of the target genes of E2F, and results in cell-cycle arrest in G1. We also show that Ras is essential for entry into the S phase in Rb+/+ fibroblasts but not in Rb-/- fibroblasts, establishing a link between Ras and the G1 CDK/Rb/E2F pathway, However, although expression of pas alone will not induce G1 CDK activity or S phase, coexpression of Ras with Myc allows the generation of cyclin E-dependent kinase activity and the induction of S phase, coincident with the loss of the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). These results suggest that pas, along with the activation of additional pathways, is required for the generation of G1 CDK activity, and that activation of cyclin E-dependent kinase in particular depends on the cooperative action of Ras and Myc.
C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT GENET,DURHAM,NC 27710.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 27
TC 415
Z9 481
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 422
EP 426
DI 10.1038/387422a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600065
PM 9163430
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zazopoulos, E
   Lalli, E
   Stocco, DM
   SassoneCorsi, P
AF Zazopoulos, E
   Lalli, E
   Stocco, DM
   SassoneCorsi, P
TI DNA binding and transcriptional repression by DAX-1 blocks steroidogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute regulatory protein; adrenal hypoplasia congenita; star gene; expression; cells; superfamily; motif; hmg1; crem
AB Mutations in the DAX-1 gene are responsible for congenital X-linked adrenal hypoplasia, a disease that is associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(1,2). DAX-1 expression is tissue-specific and is finely regulated throughout development(3-5), suggesting that it has a role in both adrenal and gonadal function. DAX-1 is an unusual member of the nuclear-receptor superfamily of transcription factors which contains no canonical zinc-finger or any other known DNA-binding motif(1). Binding sites for DAX-1 are found in the promoters of the dax-1 and StAR (for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) genes. Here we show that DAX-1 binds DNA and acts as a powerful transcriptional repressor of StAR gene expression, leading to a drastic decrease in steroid production. We provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that DAX-1 binds to DNA hairpin structures. Our results establish DAX-1 as the first member of the nuclear receptor superfamily with novel DNA-binding features and reveal that it has regulatory properties critical to the understanding of its physiological functions.
C1 CNRS, INSERM, ULP, INST GENET & BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE, F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENSTADEN, STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
   TEXAS TECH UNIV, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT BIOCHEM & CELL BIOL, LUBBOCK, TX 79430 USA.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Texas Tech University System; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock
FU Fondazione Telethon Funding Source: Custom
NR 25
TC 356
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 311
EP 315
DI 10.1038/36899
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700070
PM 9384387
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Busettini, C
   Masson, GS
   Miles, FA
AF Busettini, C
   Masson, GS
   Miles, FA
TI Radial optic flow induces vergence eye movements with ultra-short latencies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocular-following responses; superior temporal area; macaque monkey; expansion contraction; rotation cells; self-motion; dorsal part; mst neurons; dependence; direction
AB An observer moving forwards through the environment experiences a radial pattern of image motion on each retina, Such patterns of optic now are a potential source of information about the observer's rate of progress(1), direction of heading(2) and time to reach objects that lie ahead(3). As the viewing distance changes there must be changes in the vergence angle between the two eyes so that both foveas remain aligned on the object of interest in the scene ahead. Here we show that radial optic flow can elicit appropriately directed (horizontal) vergence eye movements with ultra-short latencies (roughly 80 ms) in human subjects. Centrifugal flow, signalling forwards motion, increases the vergence angle, whereas centripetal now decreases the vergence angle. These vergence eye movements are still evident when the observer's view of the flow pattern is restricted to the temporal hemifield of one eye, indicating that these responses do not result from anisotropies in motion processing but from a mechanism that senses the radial pattern of now. We hypothesize that flow-induced vergence is but one of a family of rapid ocular reflexes, mediated by the medial superior temporal cortex, compensating for translational disturbance of the observer.
C1 NEI, SENSORIMOTOR RES LAB, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI)
NR 30
TC 71
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/37359
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500052
PM 9394000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luck, SJ
   Vogel, EK
AF Luck, SJ
   Vogel, EK
TI The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prefrontal cortex; attention; information; storage; search
AB Short-term memory storage can be divided into separate subsystems for verbal information and visual information(1), and recent studies have begun to delineate the neural substrates of these working-memory systems(2-6). Although the verbal storage system has been well characterized, the storage capacity of visual working memory has not yet been established for simple, suprathreshold features or for conjunctions of features. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to retain information about only four colours or orientations in visual working memory at one time. However, it is also possible to retain both the colour and the orientation of four objects, indicating that visual working memory stores integrated objects rather than individual features. Indeed, objects defined by a conjunction of four features can be retained in working memory just as well as single-feature objects, allowing sixteen individual features to be retained when distributed across four objects. Thus, the capacity of visual working memory must be understood in terms of integrated objects rather than individual features, which places significant constraints on cognitive and neurobiological models of the temporary storage of visual information(7).
RP Luck, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA,DEPT PSYCHOL,IOWA CITY,IA 52242, USA.
NR 21
TC 3106
Z9 3676
U1 20
U2 540
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 279
EP 281
DI 10.1038/36846
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700061
PM 9384378
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fedonkin, MA
   Waggoner, BM
AF Fedonkin, MA
   Waggoner, BM
TI The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID articulated halkieriids; north greenland; vendobionta; evolution
AB The fossil Kimberella quadrata was originally described from late Precambrian rocks of southern Australia(1), Reconstructed as a jellyfish(2), it was later assigned to the cubozoans ('box jellies'), and has been cited as a clear instance of an extant animal lineage present before the Cambrian(3-7). Until recently, Kimberella was known only from Australia, with the exception of some questionable north Indian specimens(8), We now have over thirty-five specimens of this fossil from the Winter Coast of the White Sea in northern Russia, Our study of the new material does not support a cnidarian affinity, We reconstruct Kimberella as a bilaterally symmetrical, benthic animal with a non-mineralized, univalved shell, resembling a mollusc in many respects. This is important evidence for the existence of large triploblastic metazoans in the Precambrian and indicates that the origin of the higher groups of protostomes lies well back in the Precambrian.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT INTEGRAT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST PALEONTOL,MOSCOW 117647,RUSSIA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Russian Academy of Sciences
NR 23
TC 294
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 868
EP 871
DI 10.1038/42242
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shuster, SM
   Sassaman, C
AF Shuster, SM
   Sassaman, C
TI Genetic interaction between male mating strategy and sex ratio in a marine isopod
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID armadillidium-vulgare latr; paracerceis-sculpta; male morphs; crustacean; mechanisms; distorters; evolution; selection; behavior
AB Individual males in many animal species exhibit discrete modes of behaviour(1-3), but the genetic mechanisms underlying these differences are poorly understood. Here we investigate the genetics of the isopod crustacean Paracerceis sculpta, in which three different types of males coexist, each distinguishable from the others by their behavioural and morphological phenotypes(4,5). Within families, alleles of the gene encoding the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (Pgm gene) are associated with particular male phenotypes, although no significant association between these characters exists population-wide. This suggests that Pgm is closely linked to a single genetic locus which controls male phenotype. We call this the alternative mating strategy (Ams) locus. We present evidence that two other factors-an autosomal gene, transformer(Tfr), and an extrachromosomal factor-interact with primary sex determination loci and with alleles at Ams, causing certain individuals to change sex, thereby biasing family sex ratios. A model based on our genetic analysis suggests that: first, polymorphism in male behaviour is controlled by the mendelian segregation of three alleles at the Ams locus; second, that family sex ratio is influenced by alternative alleles at the TFr locus whose expression is influenced by the extrachromosomal factor; and third, that TFr and Ams interact epistatically to determine the sex of the individual and, if male, its behaviour and external morphology.
C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE, DEPT BIOL, RIVERSIDE, CA 92521 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Shuster, SM (corresponding author), NO ARIZONA UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, BOX 5640, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86011 USA.
NR 30
TC 72
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 373
EP 377
DI 10.1038/41089
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, JD
   Lau, EL
   Sjogren, WL
   Schubert, G
   Moore, WB
AF Anderson, JD
   Lau, EL
   Sjogren, WL
   Schubert, G
   Moore, WB
TI Gravitational evidence for an undifferentiated Callisto
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galilean satellites; gravity-field; tracking data; jupiter
AB Before the arrival of the Galileo spacecraft at Jupiter, models for the interior structure of the four galilean satellites-Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto-ranged from uniform mixtures of rock and ice (that is, undifferentiated objects) or rocky cores surrounded by a mantle of water ice(1). Now it appears that Io has a large metallic core(2) and that Ganymede is strongly differentiated, most probably into a three-layer structure consisting of a metallic core, a silicate mantle and a deep outer layer of ice(3). Direct information on the interior structure of Callisto determined from previous spacecraft fly-bys(4-6) was essentially limited to an estimate of the mean density being intermediate between pure ice and pure rock, Here we report measurements of Callisto's gravitational field which reveal that, in contrast to Io and Ganymede, this galilean satellite is most probably a homogeneous object consisting of a solar mixture of 40% compressed ice and 60% rock (including iron and iron sulphide), Callisto's undifferentiated state is consistent with the apparent lack of an intrinsic magnetic field(7), and indicates that the outermost galilean satellite has not experienced a heating phase sufficiently high to separate its rock and metal components from the lighter ices.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Anderson, JD (corresponding author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,4800 OAK GROVE DR,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA.
NR 19
TC 51
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 264
EP 266
DI 10.1038/387264a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700046
PM 9153389
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Appella, DH
   Christianson, LA
   Klein, DA
   Powell, DR
   Huang, XL
   Barchi, JJ
   Gellman, SH
AF Appella, DH
   Christianson, LA
   Klein, DA
   Powell, DR
   Huang, XL
   Barchi, JJ
   Gellman, SH
TI Residue-based control of helix shape in beta-peptide oligomers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secondary structure; program; poly(alpha-isobutyl-l-aspartate); derivatives; polyamide; acid
AB Proteins and RNA are unique among known polymers in their ability to adopt compact and well-defined folding patterns. These two biopolymers can perform complex chemical operations such as catalysis and highly selective recognition, and these functions are linked to folding in that the creation of an active site requires proper juxtaposition of reactive groups. So the development of new types of polymeric backbones with well-defined and predictable folding propensities ('foldamers') might lead to molecules with useful functions(1,2). The first step in foldamer development is to identify synthetic oligomers with specific secondary structural preferences(3-13). Whereas alpha-amino acids can adopt the well-known alpha-helical motif of proteins, it was shown recently(11-13) that beta-peptides(3) constructed from carefully chosen beta-amino acids can adopt a different, stable helical conformation defined by interwoven 14-membered-ring hydrogen bonds (a 14-helix; Fig. 1a). Here we report that beta-amino acids can also be used to design beta-peptides with a very different secondary structure, a 12-helix (Fig. 1a). This demonstrates that by altering the nature of beta-peptide residues, one can exert rational control over the secondary structure.
C1 NCI,MED CHEM LAB,DIV BASIC SCI,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CHEM,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Division of Basic Sciences (DBS); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 30
TC 602
Z9 678
U1 1
U2 137
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 381
EP 384
DI 10.1038/387381a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600054
PM 9163422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phillips, ML
   Young, AW
   Senior, C
   Brammer, M
   Andrew, C
   Calder, AJ
   Bullmore, ET
   Perrett, DI
   Rowland, D
   Williams, SCR
   Gray, JA
   David, AS
AF Phillips, ML
   Young, AW
   Senior, C
   Brammer, M
   Andrew, C
   Calder, AJ
   Bullmore, ET
   Perrett, DI
   Rowland, D
   Williams, SCR
   Gray, JA
   David, AS
TI A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human amygdala; macaque monkey; organization; cortex; recognition; perception; emotions; neurons; stimuli; damage
AB Recognition of facial expressions is critical to our appreciation of the social and physical environment, with separate emotions having distinct facial expressions(1). Perception of fearful facial expressions has been extensively studied, appearing to depend upon the amygdala(2-6). Disgust-literally 'bad taste'-is another important emotion, with a distinct evolutionary history(7), and is conveyed by a characteristic facial expression(8-10). We have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine the neural substrate for perceiving disgust expressions. Normal volunteers were presented with faces showing mild or strong disgust or fear. Cerebral activation in response to these stimuli was contrasted with that for neutral faces. Results for fear generally confirmed previous positron emission tomography findings of amygdala involvement. Both strong and mild expressions of disgust activated anterior insular cortex but not the amygdala; strong disgust also activated structures linked to a limbic cortico-striatal-thalamic circuit. The anterior insula is known to be involved in responses to offensive tastes. The neural response to facial expressions of disgust in others is thus closely related to appraisal of distasteful stimuli.
C1 MRC, APPL PSYCHOL UNIT, CAMBRIDGE CB2 2EF, ENGLAND.
   INST PSYCHIAT, NEUROIMAGING UNIT, LONDON SE5 8AF, ENGLAND.
   INST PSYCHIAT, BRAIN IMAGE ANAL UNIT, LONDON SE5 8AF, ENGLAND.
   INST PSYCHIAT, DEPT PSYCHOL, LONDON SE5 8AF, ENGLAND.
   UNIV ST ANDREWS, SCH PSYCHOL, ST ANDREWS KY16 9JU, FIFE, SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of London; King's College London; University of London; King's College London; University of London; King's College London; University of St Andrews
RP Phillips, ML (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL, SCH MED & DENT, DEPT PSYCHOL MED, 103 DENMARK HILL, LONDON SE5 8AZ, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1201
Z9 1336
U1 1
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 495
EP 498
DI 10.1038/39051
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900056
PM 9333238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Booth, DR
   Sunde, M
   Bellotti, V
   Robinson, CV
   Hutchinson, WL
   Fraser, PE
   Hawkins, PN
   Dobson, CM
   Radford, SE
   Blake, CCF
   Pepys, MB
AF Booth, DR
   Sunde, M
   Bellotti, V
   Robinson, CV
   Hutchinson, WL
   Fraser, PE
   Hawkins, PN
   Dobson, CM
   Radford, SE
   Blake, CCF
   Pepys, MB
TI Instability, unfolding and aggregation of human lysozyme variants underlying amyloid fibrillogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-lactalbumin; fibril formation; hen lysozyme; mass-spectrometry; molten globule; protein; disulfide; peptides; diseases; sheet
AB Tissue deposition of soluble proteins as amyloid fibrils underlies a range of fatal diseases. The two naturally occurring human lysozyme variants are both amyloidogenic, and are shown here to be unstable. They aggregate to form amyloid fibrils with transformation of the mainly helical native fold, observed in crystal structures, to the amyloid fibril cross-beta fold. Biophysical studies suggest that partly folded intermediates are involved in fibrillogenesis, and this may be relevant to amyloidosis generally.
C1 HAMMERSMITH HOSP, ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH, IMMUNOL MED UNIT, LONDON W12 0NN, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, LAB MOL BIOPHYS, OXFORD OX1 3QT, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, OXFORD CTR MOL SCI, NEW CHEM LAB, OXFORD OX1 3QT, ENGLAND.
   UNIV TORONTO, CTR RES NEURODEGENERAT DIS, TORONTO, ON M5S 3H2, CANADA.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Toronto
NR 48
TC 996
Z9 1108
U1 3
U2 188
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 787
EP 793
DI 10.1038/385787a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000044
PM 9039909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doebley, J
   Stec, A
   Hubbard, L
AF Doebley, J
   Stec, A
   Hubbard, L
TI The evolution of apical dominance in maize
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID teosinte
AB The domestication of crop plants has often involved an increase in apical dominance (the concentration of resources in the main stem of the plant and a corresponding suppression of axillary branches)(1). A striking example of this phenomenon is seen in maize (Zea mays spp. mays), which exhibits a profound increase in apical dominance compared with its probable wild ancestor, teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis)(2). Previous research has identified the teosinte branched1 (tb1) gene as a major contributor to this evolutionary change in maize(3). We have cloned tb1 by transposon tagging and show here that it encodes a protein with homology to the cycloidea gene of snapdragon(4). The pattern of tb1 expression and the morphology of tb1 mutant plants suggest that tb1 acts both to repress the growth of axillary organs and to enable the formation of female inflorescences. The maize allele of tb1 is expressed at twice the level of the teosinte allele, suggesting that gene regulatory changes underlie the evolutionary divergence of maize from teosinte.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Doebley, J (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA.
NR 14
TC 1193
Z9 1452
U1 7
U2 343
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 485
EP 488
DI 10.1038/386485a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600049
PM 9087405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI The dos and don'ts of grant writing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 658
EP 659
DI 10.1038/385658a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, DR
   Qin, KF
   Herms, JW
   Madlung, A
   Manson, J
   Strome, R
   Fraser, PE
   Kruck, T
   vonBohlen, A
   SchulzSchaeffer, W
   Giese, A
   Westaway, D
   Kretzschmar, H
AF Brown, DR
   Qin, KF
   Herms, JW
   Madlung, A
   Manson, J
   Strome, R
   Fraser, PE
   Kruck, T
   vonBohlen, A
   SchulzSchaeffer, W
   Giese, A
   Westaway, D
   Kretzschmar, H
TI The cellular prion protein binds copper in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID serum-albumin; high-affinity; complex; region; site; prp
AB The normal cellular form of prion protein (PrPC) is a precursor to the pathogenic protease-resistant forms (PrPSc) believed to cause scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(1). Its amino terminus contains the octapeptide PHGGGWGQ, which is repeated four times and is among the best-preserved regions of mammalian PrPC. Here we show that the amino-terminal domain of PrPC exhibits five to six sites that bind copper (Cu(II)) presented as a glycine chelate. At neutral pH, binding occurs with positive cooperativity, with binding affinity compatible with estimates for extracellular, labile copper. Two lines of independently derived PrPC gene-ablated (Prnp(0/0)) mice exhibit severe reductions in the copper content of membrane-enriched brain extracts and similar reductions in synaptosomal and endosome-enriched subcellular fractions. Prnp(0/0) mice also have altered cellular phenotypes, including a reduction in the activity of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and altered electrophysiological responses in the presence of excess copper. These findings indicate that PrPC can exist in a Cu-metalloprotein form in vivo.
C1 UNIV GOTTINGEN,DEPT NEUROPATHOL,D-37075 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV TORONTO,CTR RES NEURODEGENERAT DIS,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H2,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT LAB MED & PATHOBIOL,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H2,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H2,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT PHYSIOL,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H2,CANADA.
   NEUROPATHOGENESIS UNIT,EDINBURGH EA 3TF,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   INST SPEKTROCHEM & ANGEW SPEKTROSKOPIE,D-44013 DORTMUND,GERMANY.
C3 University of Gottingen; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
NR 27
TC 1143
Z9 1271
U1 0
U2 141
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 25
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6661
BP 684
EP 687
DI 10.1038/37783
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YM508
UT WOS:A1997YM50800031
PM 9414160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sutani, T
   Yanagida, M
AF Sutani, T
   Yanagida, M
TI DNA renaturation activity of the SMC complex implicated in chromosome condensation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitous protein family; dosage compensation; fission yeast; reca protein; gene; segregation; scaffold; defines; strands
AB Chromosome condensation occurs in mitosis before the separation of sister chromatids, and requires DNA topoisomerase II (refs 1, 2) and a group of proteins called SMCs3-5. The resulting condensed chromosomes in metaphase have a complex hierarchical structure(6,7). SMCs, the components of condensed chromosomes, are also required for the separation of sister chromatids and gene dosage compensation, and are found in a range of organisms from yeasts to mammals(8-13). However, the mechanisms by which the SMCs contribute to chromosome condensation are unknown. We have studied chromosomes in fission-yeast SMC mutants cut3-477 and cut14-208 (ref. 9), which remain largely non-condensed during mitosis at the restrictive temperature (36 degrees C)(9). To test their role in DNA condensation, we isolated the proteins Cut3 and Cut14 as an oligomeric complex, and tested their interactions with isolated DNA. The complex efficiently promoted the DNA renaturation reactions (the winding up of single-strand DNAs into double helical DNA) as much as similar to 70-fold more efficiently than RecA(14), which is a bacterial protein with similar activity. The activity of the mutant complex was heat sensitive. As DNA winding by renaturation is a potential cause of supercoiling, the SMC complex may be implicated in promoting the higher-order DNA coiling found in condensed chromosomes.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT BIOPHYS,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University
NR 23
TC 119
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 798
EP 801
DI 10.1038/42062
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700056
PM 9285594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Albillos, A
   Dernick, G
   Horstmann, H
   Almers, W
   deToledo, GA
   Lindau, M
AF Albillos, A
   Dernick, G
   Horstmann, H
   Almers, W
   deToledo, GA
   Lindau, M
TI The exocytotic event in chromaffin cells revealed by patch amperometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adrenal-medullary cells; fusion pore; transmitter release; time-course; secretory granules; single vesicles; catecholamines; forms
AB In mast cells and granulocytes, exocytosis starts with the formation of a fusion pore(1-3). It has been suggested that neurotransmitters may be released through such a narrow pore without full fusion(4,5). However, owing to the small size of the secretory vesicles containing neurotransmitter, the properties of the fusion pore formed during Ca2+-dependent exocytosis and its role in transmitter release are still unknown, Here we investigate exocytosis of individual chromaffin granules by using cell-attached capacitance measurements(3,6) combined,vith electrochemical detection of catecholamines(7,8), achieved by inserting a carbon-fibre electrode into the patch pipette. This allows the simultaneous determination of the opening of individual fusion pores and of the kinetics of catecholamine release from the same vesicle, We found that the fusion-pore diameter stays at <3 nm for a variable period, which can last for several seconds, before it expands, Transmitter is released much faster through this pore than in mast cells, generating a 'foot' signal(8) which precedes the amperometric spike. Occasionally, the narrow pore forms only transiently and does not expand, allowing complete transmitter release without full fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane.
C1 MPI MED RES,DEPT MOL & CELL RES,D-69128 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV SEVILLA,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,E-41009 SEVILLE,SPAIN.
C3 University of Sevilla
NR 30
TC 489
Z9 554
U1 0
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/39081
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900060
PM 9333242
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jost, CA
   Marin, MC
   Kaelin, WG
AF Jost, CA
   Marin, MC
   Kaelin, WG
TI p73 is a human p53-related protein that can induce apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p53 gene-mutations; transcriptional activation; growth suppression; dna-binding; neuroblastoma; identification; domain
AB The protein p53 is the most frequently mutated tumour suppressor to be identified so far in human cancers(1,2). The ability of p53 to inhibit cell growth is due, at least in part, to its ability to bind to specific DNA sequences and activate the transcription of target genes such as that encoding the cell-cycle inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1) (ref. 3), A gene has recently been identified that is predicted to encode a protein with significant amino-acid sequence similarity to p53 (ref, 4), In particular, each of the p53 amino-acid residues implicated in direct sequence-specific DNA binding is conserved in this protein(5). This gene, called p73, maps to the short arm of chromosome 1, and is found in a region that is frequently deleted in neuroblastomas(6). Here we show that p73 can, at least when overproduced, activate the transcription of p53-responsive genes and inhibit cell growth in a p53-like manner by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death).
C1 DANA FARBER CANC INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 25
TC 891
Z9 990
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 191
EP 194
DI 10.1038/38298
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700051
PM 9296498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU deAngelis, MH
   McIntyre, J
   Gossler, A
AF deAngelis, MH
   McIntyre, J
   Gossler, A
TI Maintenance of somite borders in mice requires the Delta homologue DII1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick-embryo; cells; segmentation; neurogenesis; mechanisms; expression; growth
AB During vertebrate embryonic development, the paraxial mesoderm is subdivided into metameric subunits called somites. The arrangement and cranio-caudal polarity of the somites governs the metamerism of all somite-derived tissues and spinal ganglia. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying somite formation, segment polarity, maintenance of segment borders, and the interdependency of these processes. The mouse Delta homologue Dll1, a member of the DSL gene family, is expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and posterior halves of somites(1). Here we report that, in Dll1-deficient mouse embryos, a primary metameric pattern is established in mesoderm, and cytodifferentiation is apparently normal, but the segments have no cranio-caudal polarity, and no epithelial somites form. Caudal sclerotome halves do not condense, and the pattern of spinal ganglia and nerves is perturbed, indicating loss of segment polarity. Myoblasts span segment borders, demonstrating that these borders are not maintained. These results show that Dll1 is involved in compartmentalization of somites, that dermomyotome and sclerotome differentiation are independent of formation of epithelia and subdivision of somites in cranial and caudal halves, and that compartmentalization is essential for the maintenance of s0egment borders in paraxial mesoderm-derived structures.
C1 JACKSON LAB,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609.
C3 Jackson Laboratory
NR 24
TC 539
Z9 628
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 717
EP 721
DI 10.1038/386717a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700056
PM 9109488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brunner, E
   Peter, O
   Schweizer, L
   Basler, K
AF Brunner, E
   Peter, O
   Schweizer, L
   Basler, K
TI pangolin encodes a Lef-1 homologue that acts downstream of Armadillo to transduce the Wingless signal in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; expression; protein; melanogaster; mutations; embryos; pathway; pattern; margin
AB Members of the Wnt/Wingless (Wg) family of signalling proteins organize many aspects of animal development by regulating the expression of particular target genes in responding cells(1-6). Recent biochemical studies(7-9) indicate that the vertebrate HMG-domain proteins Lef-1 and XTcf-3 can physically interact with beta-catenin, a homologue of Drosophila Armadillo (Arm), the most downstream component known in the Wnt signal transduction pathway(10,11). However, these studies do not address whether the endogenous Lef/Tcf family members are required in vivo to transduce Wnt signals. Using genetic methods in Drosophila, we define a new segment polarity gene, pangolin (pan), and show that its product is required in vivo for Wg signal transduction in embryos and in developing adult tissues. In addition, we show that pan encodes a Lef/Tcf homologue and provide evidence that its protein product binds to the beta-catenin homologue Armadillo in vivo, Finally, we demonstrate that Pan functions downstream of Arm to transduce the Wg signal. Thus, our results indicate that Pan is an essential component of the Wg transduction pathway and suggest that it acts directly to regulate gene transcription in response to Wg signalling.
C1 UNIV ZURICH,INST ZOOL,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich
NR 35
TC 449
Z9 531
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 829
EP 833
DI 10.1038/385829a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000057
PM 9039917
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Asamitsu, A
   Tomioka, Y
   Kuwahara, H
   Tokura, Y
AF Asamitsu, A
   Tomioka, Y
   Kuwahara, H
   Tokura, Y
TI Current switching of resistive states in magnetoresistive manganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-field; pr1-xcaxmno3; films
AB Magnetoresistive devices (based on, for example, magnetic multilayers(1)) exhibit large changes in electrical resistance in response to a magnetic field, which has led to dramatic improvements in the data density and reading speed of magnetic recording systems. Manganese oxides having a perovskite structure (the so-called manganites) can exhibit a magnetoresistive response that is many orders of magnitude larger than that found for other materials, and there is therefore hope that these compounds might similarly be exploited for recording applications(2-11). Here we show that the switching of resistive states in the manganites can be achieved not only by a magnetic field, but also by an electric field. For manganites of the form Pr1-xCaxMnO3, we find that an electrical current (and by implication a static electric field) triggers the collapse of the low-temperature, electrically insulating charge-ordered state to a metallic ferromagnetic state. We suggest that such a phenomenon could be exploited to pattern conducting ferromagnetic domains within an insulating antiferromagnetic matrix, and so provide a route for fabricating micrometre- or nanometre-scale electromagnets.
C1 UNIV TOKYO, DEPT APPL PHYS, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Asamitsu, A (corresponding author), JRCAT, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
NR 17
TC 1002
Z9 1097
U1 0
U2 306
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/40363
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elena, SF
   Lenski, RE
AF Elena, SF
   Lenski, RE
TI Test of synergistic interactions among deleterious mutations in bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; evolution; fitness; sex; adaptation; advantage
AB Identifying the forces responsible for the origin and maintenance of sexuality remains one of the greatest unsolved problems in biology(1-6). The mutational deterministic hypothesis postulates that sex is an adaptation that allows deleterious mutations to be purged from the genome; it requires synergistic interactions, which means that two mutations would be more harmful together than expected from their separate effects(4,5), We generated 225 genotypes of Escherichia coli carrying one, two or three successive mutations and measured their fitness relative to an unmutated competitor. The relationship between mutation number and average fitness is nearly log-linear, We also constructed 27 recombinant genotypes having pairs of mutations whose separate and combined effects on fitness were determined. Several pairs exhibit significant interactions for fitness, but they are antagonistic as often as they are synergistic These results do not support the mutational deterministic hypothesis for the evolution of sex.
RP Elena, SF (corresponding author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, CTR MICROBIAL ECOL, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA.
NR 30
TC 325
Z9 392
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 395
EP 398
DI 10.1038/37108
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900061
PM 9389477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Misteli, T
   Caceres, JF
   Spector, DL
AF Misteli, T
   Caceres, JF
   Spector, DL
TI The dynamics of a pre-mRNA splicing factor in living cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nascent transcripts; protein; regulators; expression; inhibition; nucleus
AB Pre-mRNA splicing is a predominantly co-transcriptional event which involves a large number of essential splicing factors(1,2). Within the mammalian cell nucleus, most splicing factors are concentrated in 20-40 distinct domains called speckles(3). The function of speckles and the organization of cellular transcription and pre-mRNA splicing in vivo are not well understood. We have investigated the dynamic properties of splicing factors in nuclei of living cells. Here we show that speckles are highly dynamic structures that respond specifically to activation of nearby genes. These dynamic events are dependent on RNA polymerase II transcription, and are sensitive to inhibitors of protein kinases and Ser/Thr phosphatases. When single genes are transcriptionally activated in living cells, splicing factors leave speckles in peripheral extensions and accumulate at the new sites of transcription, We conclude that one function of speckles is to supply splicing factors to active genes. Our observations demonstrate that the interphase nucleus is far more dynamic in nature than previously assumed.
C1 COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM042694] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 528
Z9 598
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/387523a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900054
PM 9168118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeTeresa, JM
   Ibarra, MR
   Algarabel, PA
   Ritter, C
   Marquina, C
   Blasco, J
   Garcia, J
   delMoral, A
   Arnold, Z
AF DeTeresa, JM
   Ibarra, MR
   Algarabel, PA
   Ritter, C
   Marquina, C
   Blasco, J
   Garcia, J
   delMoral, A
   Arnold, Z
TI Evidence for magnetic polarons in the magnetoresistive perovskites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID semiconductor
AB Manganese perovskites based on the compound LaMnO3 are attracting considerable theoretical and technological interest by virtue of their unusual magnetic and electronic properties(1-4). Most notable of these properties is the extremely large change in resistivity that accompanies the application of a magnetic field, an effect known as 'colossal' magnetoresistance. The origin of this effect has been attributed(5-7) to the presence of magnetic polarons-charge carriers accompanied by a localized (and magnetically polarized) distortion of the surrounding crystal lattice(8,9)-but their existence and properties remains a matter of speculation, Here, using a combination of volume thermal expansion (with and without an applied field), magnetic susceptibility and small-angle neutron scattering measurements, we present evidence for the existence of magnetic polarons above the ferromagnetic ordering temperature, T-c. We detect the spontaneous formation of localized similar to 12-Angstrom magnetic clusters above T-c which, on application of a magnetic field, grow in size but decrease in number. We argue that the response of these magnetic polarons to an applied magnetic field underlies the pronounced magnetoresistive properties in the compounds (La(1-x)A(x))(2/3)Ca1/3MnO3 (where A is Y or Tb).
C1 UNIV ZARAGOZA,DEPT FIS MAT CONDENSADA,E-50009 ZARAGOZA,SPAIN.
   UNIV ZARAGOZA,INST CIENCIA MAT ARAGON,E-50009 ZARAGOZA,SPAIN.
   UNIV ZARAGOZA,CSIC,E-50009 ZARAGOZA,SPAIN.
   INST LAUNE LANGEVIN,F-38042 GRENOBLE 9,FRANCE.
C3 University of Zaragoza; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Quimica y Materiales de Aragon (CEQMA); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon (ICMA); University of Zaragoza; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); University of Zaragoza; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
NR 21
TC 932
Z9 960
U1 1
U2 120
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 256
EP 259
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Altar, CA
   Cai, N
   Bliven, T
   Juhasz, M
   Conner, JM
   Acheson, AL
   Lindsay, RM
   Wiegand, SJ
AF Altar, CA
   Cai, N
   Bliven, T
   Juhasz, M
   Conner, JM
   Acheson, AL
   Lindsay, RM
   Wiegand, SJ
TI Anterograde transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its role in the brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons; nervous-system; messenger-rna; bdnf; rat; nt-3; differentiation; expression; forebrain; nt-4/5
AB The role of neurotrophins as target-derived proteins that promote neuron survival following their retrograde transport from the terminals to the cell bodies of neurons has been firmly established in the developing peripheral nervous system. However, neurotrophins appear to have more diverse functions, particularly in the adult central nervous system. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), for example, produces a variety of neuromodulatory effects in the brain that are more consistent with local actions than with long-distance retrograde signalling. Here we show that BDNF is widely distributed in nerve terminals, even in brain areas such as the striatum that lack BDNF messenger RNA, and that inhibition of axonal transport or deafferentation depletes BDNF. The number of striatal neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin was decreased in BDNF+/- and BDNF-/- mice in direct proportion to the loss of BDNF protein, which is consistent with anterogradely supplied BDNF having a functional role in development or maintenance. Thus the anterograde transport of BDNF from neuron cell bodies to their terminals may be important for the trafficking of BDNF in the brain.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Altar, CA (corresponding author), REGENERON PHARMACEUT INC,777 OLD SAW MILL RIVER RD,TARRYTOWN,NY 10591, USA.
NR 28
TC 761
Z9 886
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 856
EP 860
DI 10.1038/39885
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800059
PM 9349818
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, BL
   Gallegos, M
   Puoti, A
   Durkin, E
   Fields, S
   Kimble, J
   Wickens, MP
AF Zhang, BL
   Gallegos, M
   Puoti, A
   Durkin, E
   Fields, S
   Kimble, J
   Wickens, MP
TI A conserved RNA-binding protein that regulates sexual fates in the C-elegans hermaphrodite germ line
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3' untranslated region; caenorhabditis-elegans; messenger-rna; translational regulation; drosophila embryo; splicing factors; gene; nanos; pattern; pumilio
AB The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has two sexes, males and hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites initially produce sperm but switch to producing oocytes. This switch appears to be controlled by the 3' untranslated region of fem-3 messenger RNA. We have now identified a binding factor (FBF) which is a cytoplasmic protein that binds specifically to the regulatory region of fem-3 3'UTR and mediates the sperm/oocyte switch. The RNA-binding domain of FBF consists of a stretch of eight tandem repeats and two short flanking regions. This structural element is conserved in several proteins Including Drosophila Pumilio, a regulatory protein that controls pattern formation in the fly by binding to a 3'UTR. We propose that FBF and Pumilio are members of a widespread family of sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BIOCHEM,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT GENET,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MED,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MED GENET,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,LAB CELL & MOL BIOL,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 46
TC 440
Z9 556
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 477
EP 484
DI 10.1038/37297
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500041
PM 9393998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sutton, RT
   Allen, MR
AF Sutton, RT
   Allen, MR
TI Decadal predictability of North Atlantic sea surface temperature and climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variability; ocean; circulation; anomaly
AB The weather at middle latitudes is largely unpredictable more than a week or so in advance, whereas fluctuations in the ocean may be predictable over much longer timescales. If decadal fluctuations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature(1-6) could be predicted, it might be possible to exploit their influence on the atmosphere(7-10) to forecast decadal fluctuations in climate(11). Here we report analyses of shipboard observations that indicate significant decadal predictability of North Atlantic sea surface temperature, arising from the advective propagation of sea-surface-temperature anomalies(4) and the existence of a regular period of 12-14 years in the propagating signals. The same timescale can be identified in a dipole-like pattern of North Atlantic sea-level pressure variability(1,7,12). We propose a mechanism which may connect these oceanic and atmospheric fluctuations, possibly as part of a coupled ocean-atmosphere mode of variability(7). Our results are encouraging for the prospects of forecasting natural fluctuations in the climate of the North Atlantic region several years in advance.
C1 UNIV READING,DEPT METEOROL,CTR GLOBAL ATMOSPHER MODELLING,READING RG6 6BB,BERKS,ENGLAND.
   RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB,DEPT SPACE SCI,CHILTON OX11 0QX,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC National Centre for Atmospheric Science; NERC National Centre for Earth Observation; Met Office - UK; University of Reading; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Sutton, RT (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,CLARENDON LAB,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PU,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 563
EP 567
DI 10.1038/41523
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kozlov, VG
   Bulovic, V
   Burrows, PE
   Forrest, SR
AF Kozlov, VG
   Bulovic, V
   Burrows, PE
   Forrest, SR
TI Laser action in organic semiconductor waveguide and double-heterostructure devices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emitting-diodes; thin-films; efficiency; emission; polymers
AB Stimulated emission by optical pumping of solid-state organic materials has been well known since the late 1960s following the first demonstrations of laser action in dye-doped gels and molecular crystals(1-4). Interest in this field has been revived by the demonstration of efficient, long-lived and intense electroluminescence in both polymeric(5) and small-molecular-weight(6) organic thin films, which indicates the possibility of laser action in these materials. Several recent studies of optically pumped polymers have reported emission phenomena suggestive of laser action(7-9). Here we present clear evidence for laser action from optically pumped, vacuum-deposited thin films of organic molecules, in both slab-waveguide and double-heterostructure configurations. This realization of laser action in conducting organic thin films should open the way to the development of a new class of electrically pumped laser diodes.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,PRINCETON MAT INST,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Princeton University
RP Kozlov, VG (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,CTR PHOTON & OPTOELECT MAT,DEPT ELECT ENGN,PRINCETON,NJ 08544, USA.
NR 16
TC 465
Z9 503
U1 1
U2 169
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 362
EP 364
DI 10.1038/38693
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, SA
   Palmiter, RD
AF Thomas, SA
   Palmiter, RD
TI Thermoregulatory and metabolic phenotypes of mice lacking noradrenaline and adrenaline
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brown adipose-tissue; diet-induced thermogenesis; norepinephrine; protein; obesity; stimulation; rats; gene
AB Adrenaline and noradrenaline, the main effecters of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla, respectively, are thought to control adiposity and energy balance through several mechanisms, They promote catabolism of triglycerides and glycogen(1), stimulate food intake when injected into the central nervous system(2), activate thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue(3,4), and regulate heat loss through modulation of peripheral vasoconstriction and piloerection(1), Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue occurs in response to cold and overeating (diet induced)(5-7), and there is an inverse relationship between diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity bath in humans(8) and in animal models(9-12). As a potential model for obesity, we generated mice that cannot synthesize noradrenaline or adrenaline by inactivating the gene that encodes dopamine beta-hydroxylase. These mice are cold intolerant because they have impaired peripheral vasoconstriction and are unable to induce thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue through uncoupling protein (UCP1), The mutants have increased food intake but do not become obese because their basal metabolic rate is also elevated, The unexpected increase in basal metabolic rate is not due to hyperthyroidism, compensation by the widely expressed uncoupling protein UCP2, or shivering.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT BIOCHEM, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 25
TC 226
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 94
EP 97
DI 10.1038/387094a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800054
PM 9139828
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vignes, M
   Collingridge, GL
AF Vignes, M
   Collingridge, GL
TI The synaptic activation of kainate receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; glutamate receptors; hippocampal-neurons; nervous-system; expression; subunit; cloning; cells; ampa; cyclothiazide
AB L-Glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, acts on three classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, named after the agonists AMPA, NMDA and kainate(1). AMPA receptors are known to mediate fast synaptic responses and NMDA receptors to mediate slow synaptic responses at most excitatory synapses in the brain(2). Kainate receptors are formed from a separate set of genes (GluR5-7, KA-1 and KA-2) and are widely distributed throughout the brain(3-8). They are implicated in epileptogenesis and cell death(9). However, the physiological functions of kainate receptors are not known. The development of 2,3-benzodiazepine antagonists that are selective for AMPA receptors(10) enables kainate receptors to be specifically activated by exogenous ligands, such as kainate(11-16). Here we demonstrate that high-frequency stimulation of messy fibres in rat hippocampal slices, in the presence of the highly selective AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 53655 (refs 13-15) plus NMDA- and GABA-receptor antagonists, activates an inward current in CA3 neurons that has a pharmacology typical of kainate receptors. The finding that kainate receptors can be activated synaptically adds to the diversity of information transfer at glutamatergic synapses.
C1 UNIV BRISTOL, SCH MED SCI, DEPT ANAT, BRISTOL BS8 1TD, AVON, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Bristol
NR 30
TC 365
Z9 412
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 179
EP 182
DI 10.1038/40639
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900051
PM 9217158
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hager, KM
   Hajduk, SL
AF Hager, KM
   Hajduk, SL
TI Mechanism of resistance of African trypanosomes to cytotoxic human HDL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-density-lipoprotein; human serum-resistant; brucei-rhodesiense; identification; haptoglobin; protein; clones; lysis; gene
AB Trypanosoma brucei brucei the causative agent of ngana in cattle, is non-infectious to humans because of its sensitivity to the cytolytic activity of normal human serum(1). The toxin in normal human serum is human haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr)(2-5) which is found either as an apolipoprotein associated with a minor subclass of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), named trypanosome lytic factor (TLF1)(6-8), or as an unstable, high-molecular-mass protein complex known as TLF2 (refs 5, 9-12). TLF-mediated lysis of T. b. brucei requires binding, internalization and lysosomal targeting(13). The human sleeping-sickness trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is resistant to TLF. Our studies reveal that resistant trypanosomes fail to endocytose TLF yet continue to bind TLF through cell-surface receptors. On the basis of these results, we conclude that one mechanism of resistance of human sleeping-sickness trypanosomes to human serum is decreased internalization of receptor-bound TLF.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL GENET,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
   UNIV ALABAMA,SCH DENT,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL GENET,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
NR 27
TC 50
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 823
EP 826
DI 10.1038/385823a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000055
PM 9039915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mihic, SJ
   Ye, Q
   Wick, MJ
   Koltchine, VV
   Krasowski, MD
   Finn, SE
   Mascia, MP
   Valenzuela, CF
   Hanson, KK
   Greenblatt, EP
   Harris, RA
   Harrison, NL
AF Mihic, SJ
   Ye, Q
   Wick, MJ
   Koltchine, VV
   Krasowski, MD
   Finn, SE
   Mascia, MP
   Valenzuela, CF
   Hanson, KK
   Greenblatt, EP
   Harris, RA
   Harrison, NL
TI Sites of alcohol and volatile anaesthetic action on GABA(A) and glycine receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acid type-a; long-chain alcohols; general-anesthetics; currents; propofol; inhibition; modulation
AB Volatile anaesthetics have historically been considered to act in a nonspecific manner on the central nervous system(1,2). More recent studies, however, have revealed that the receptors for inhibitory neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are sensitive to clinically relevant concentrations of inhaled anaesthetics(3). The function of GABAA and glycine receptors is enhanced by a number of anaesthetics(4-9) and alcohols(10-12), whereas activity of the related(13) GABA rho 1 receptor is reduced(14). We have used this difference in pharmacology to investigate the molecular basis for modulation of these receptors by anaesthetics and alcohols. By using chimaeric receptor constructs, we have identified a region of 45 amino-acid residues that is both necessary and sufficient for the enhancement of receptor function. Within this region, two specific amino-acid residues in transmembrane domains 2 and 3 are critical for allosteric modulation of both GABA(A) and glycine receptors by alcohols and two volatile anaesthetics. These observations support the idea that anaesthetics exert a specific effect on these ion-channel proteins, and allow fbr the future testing of specific hypotheses of the action of anaesthetics.
C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Alcohol Res Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Anesthesia & Crit Care, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Pharmacol & Physiol Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Denver Veteran Adm Med Ctr, Alcoholism Res Ctr, Denver, CO 80220 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Anesthesia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Pennsylvania
RP Mihic, SJ (corresponding author), Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, 300 S Hawthorne Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
NR 27
TC 1060
Z9 1174
U1 0
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 385
EP 389
DI 10.1038/38738
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500053
PM 9311780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fan, QR
   Mosyak, L
   Winter, CC
   Wagtmann, N
   Long, EO
   Wiley, DC
AF Fan, QR
   Mosyak, L
   Winter, CC
   Wagtmann, N
   Long, EO
   Wiley, DC
TI Structure of the inhibitory receptor for human natural killer cells resembles haematopoietic receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin-like domains; human growth-hormone; human tissue factor; crystal-structure; extracellular domain; human cd4; complex; binding; 2.8-angstrom; molecule
AB Abnormal cells deficient in class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression are lysed by a class of lymphocytes called natural killer (NK) cells(1). This lysis provides a defence against pathogens and tumour cells that downregulate MHC expression to avoid an MHC-restricted, T-cell immune response. Normal cells escape lysis because their MHC molecules are recognized by NK-cell inhibitory receptors, which inhibit lysis(2). Several such inhibitory receptor families have been described in humans and mice (reviewed in Ief. 2). In the human killer-cell inhibitory receptor family, individual p58 members are specific for a subset of class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C molecules. The human p58 natural killer-cell inhibitory receptor done 42 recognizes HLA-Cw4, -Cw2 and -Cw6, but not HLA-Cw3, -Cw2, -Cw7 or -Cw8, which are recognized by p58 killer-cell inhibitor receptor clone 43 (ref. 3). We have determined the X-ray structure of the p58 NK-cell inhibitory receptor clone 42 at 1.7-Angstrom resolution. The structure has tandem immunoglobulin-like domains positioned at an acute, 60-degree angle. Loops on the outside of the elbow between the domains form a binding site projected away from the NK-cell surface. The topology of the domains and their arrangement relative to each other reveal a relationship to the haematopoietic receptor family, with implications for the signalling mechanism in NK cells.
C1 NIAID, IMMUNOGENET LAB, NIH, ROCKVILLE, MD 20852 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 31
TC 151
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 96
EP 100
DI 10.1038/38028
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600053
PM 9288975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buffett, BA
AF Buffett, BA
TI Geodynamic estimates of the viscosity of the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anisotropy
AB Recent seismological studies(1,2) have suggested that the inner core is rotating relative to the bulk of the Earth, a situation which (according to numerical simulations(3)) may be sustained by convective flow in the liquid outer core. On the other hand, large gravitational forces due to the heterogeneous distribution of mass in the Earth's mantle should be sufficient to keep the inner core aligned with the mantle(4). Here I show that the differential rotation of the inner core can be reconciled with these strong gravitational forces by allowing the shape of the inner core to adjust as it rotates, so permitting an estimate of the effective viscosity of this innermost region of the Earth. The inferred rotation rate constrains the viscosity of the inner core to be less than 10(16) Pa s or greater than 10(20) Pa s, as two different dynamical regimes are possible. The viscosity estimates for these two regimes have very different implications for the origin of seismic anisotropy in the inner core.
RP Buffett, BA (corresponding author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT EARTH & OCEAN SCI,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA.
NR 21
TC 150
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 571
EP 573
DI 10.1038/41534
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitlock, C
   Bartlein, PJ
AF Whitlock, C
   Bartlein, PJ
TI Vegetation and climate change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calibration; washington; records; ages; ice
AB Vegetation records spanning the past 21 kyr in western North America display spatial patterns of change that reflect the influence of variations in the large-scale controls of climate(1). Among these controls are millennial-scale variations in the seasonal cycle of insolation and the size of the ice sheet, which affect regional climates directly through changes in temperature and net radiation, and indirectly by shifting atmospheric circulation. Longer vegetation records provide an opportunity to examine the regional response to different combinations of these large-scale controls, and whether non-climatic controls are important. But most of the longer North American records(2,3) are of insufficient quality to allow a robust test, and the Long European records(4-9) are in regions where the vegetation response to climate is often difficult to separate from the response to ecological and anthropogenic controls. Here we present a 125-kyr record of vegetation and climate change for the forest/steppe border of the eastern Cascade Range, northwest America. Pollen data disclose alternations of forest and steppe that are consistent with variations in summer insolation and global ice-volume, and vegetational transitions correlate well with the marine isotope-stage boundaries. The close relationship between vegetation and climate beyond the Last Glacial Maximum provides evidence that climate variations are the primary cause of regional vegetation change on millennial timescales, and that non-climatic controls are secondary.
RP Whitlock, C (corresponding author), UNIV OREGON,DEPT GEOG,EUGENE,OR 97403, USA.
NR 30
TC 174
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 57
EP 61
DI 10.1038/40380
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dial, KP
   Biewener, AA
   Tobalske, BW
   Warrick, DR
AF Dial, KP
   Biewener, AA
   Tobalske, BW
   Warrick, DR
TI Mechanical power output of bird flight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pectoralis-muscle force; pigeons columba-livia; oxygen-consumption; different modes; gas-exchange; metabolism; kinematics; wings; cost
AB Aerodynamic theory predicts that the power required for an animal to fly over a range of speeds is represented by a 'U'-shaped curve, with the greatest power required at the slowest and fastest speeds, and minimum power at an intermediate speed(1-6) Tests of these predictions, based on oxygen consumption measurements of-metabolic power in birds(7-12) and insects(13), support a different interpretation, generating either flat or 'J'-shaped power profiles, implying little additional demand between hovering and intermediate flight speeds(14). However, respirometric techniques represent only an indirect assessment of the mechanical power requirements of flight and no previous avian study has investigated an animal's full range of attainable level flight speeds. Here we present data from in vivo bone-strain measurements of pectoralis muscle force coupled with wing kinematics in blackballed magpies (Pica pica), which we use to calculate mechanical power directly. As these birds flew over their full range of speeds, we offer a complete profile of mechanical power output during level flapping flight for this species, Values of mechanical power output are statistically indistinguishable (that is, the power curve is flat) over most forward-flight speeds but are significantly higher during hovering and night at very low speeds.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT ORGANISMAL BIOL & ANAT, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Dial, KP (corresponding author), UNIV MONTANA, DIV BIOL SCI, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA.
NR 26
TC 122
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/36330
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
AF Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
TI Genetic instability in colorectal cancers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wild-type p53; insitu hybridization; genomic instability; cell-lines; mutations; tumorigenicity; amplification; fluorescence; defects; tumors
AB It has long been considered that genetic instability is an integral component of human neoplasia(1-3), In a small fraction of tumours, mismatch repair deficiency leads to a microsatellite instability at the nucleotide sequence level(4,5), In other tumours, an abnormal chromosome number (aneuploidy) has suggested an instability, but the nature and magnitude of the postulated instability is a matter of conjecture. We show here that colorectal tumours without microsatellite instability exhibit a striking defect in chromosome segregation, resulting in gains or losses in excess of 10(-2) per chromosome per generation. This form of chromosomal instability reflected a continuing cellular defect that persisted throughout the lifetime of the tumour cell and was not simply related to chromosome number. While microsatellite instability is a recessive trait(6,7), chromosomal instability appeared to be dominant, These data indicate that persistent genetic instability may be critical for the development of all colorectal cancers, and that such instability can arise through two distinct pathways.
C1 HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21231.
   JOHNS HOPKINS ONCOL CTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21231.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine
NR 29
TC 1635
Z9 1876
U1 2
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 623
EP 627
DI 10.1038/386623a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300063
PM 9121588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levitt, JB
   Lund, JS
AF Levitt, JB
   Lund, JS
TI Contrast dependence of contextual effects in primate visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neocortical pyramidal neurons; classical receptive-field; cat striate cortex; intrinsic connections; macaque monkey; orientation selectivity; functional architecture; responses; mechanisms; circuits
AB The responses of neurons in the visual cortex to stimuli presented within their receptive fields can be markedly modulated by stimuli presented in surrounding regions that do not themselves evoke responses(1-7). This modulation depends on the relative orientation and direction of motion of the centre and surround stimuli, and it has been suggested that local cortical circuits linking cells with similar stimulus selectivities underlie these phenomena(8-16). However, the functional relevance and nature of these integrative processes remain unclear. Here we investigate how such integration depends on the relative activity levels of neurons at different points across the cortex by varying the relative contrast of stimuli over the receptive field and surrounding regions. We show that simply altering the balance of the excitation driving centre and surround regions can dramatically change the sign and stimulus selectivity of these contextual effects. Thus, the way that single neurons integrate information across the visual field depends not only on the precise form of stimuli at different locations, but also crucially on their relative contrasts. We suggest that these effects reflect a complex gain-control mechanism that regulates cortical neuron responsiveness, which permits dynamic modification of response properties of cortical neurons.
RP Levitt, JB (corresponding author), UCL, INST OPHTHALMOL, DEPT VISUAL SCI, BATH ST, LONDON EC1V 9EL, ENGLAND.
NR 26
TC 429
Z9 494
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 73
EP 76
DI 10.1038/387073a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800049
PM 9139823
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kempermann, G
   Kuhn, HG
   Gage, FH
AF Kempermann, G
   Kuhn, HG
   Gage, FH
TI More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dentate gyrus; rat; brain; neurogenesis
AB Neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus throughout the life of a rodent(1-4), but the function of these new neurons and the mechanisms that regulate their birth are unknown, Here we show that significantly more new neurons exist in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to an enriched environment compared with littermates housed in standard cages. We also show, using unbiased stereology, that the enriched mice have a larger hippocampal granule cell layer and 15 per cent more granule cell neurons in the dentate gyrus.
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,GENET LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Salk Institute
NR 28
TC 2802
Z9 3291
U1 5
U2 210
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 493
EP 495
DI 10.1038/386493a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600051
PM 9087407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jerome, B
   Commandeur, J
AF Jerome, B
   Commandeur, J
TI Dynamics of glasses below the glass transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercooled liquids; size; temperature; relaxation; simulation; polymers; surface; models; films; time
AB A wide variety of materials ranging from metals to polymers can solidify as glasses rather than crystals, The glass transition is associated with a slowing down of molecular motion: a liquid becomes a glass when structural relaxation no longer occurs on experimentally accessible timescales, Most of our current knowledge about collective molecular motion in glass-forming materials is based on observations of the supercooled liquid state above the glass transition(1,2), The lack of direct information about molecular dynamics in the glass state itself leaves room for conflicting models of the glass transition(2-9). Here we show that, by taking advantage of confinement effects in thin films, molecular dynamics can also be probed experimentally below the glass transition. We use second-harmonic generation to study the relaxation behaviour of molecules of a glass-forming liquid crystal confined in a thin film on a silica plate. Our measurements provide direct evidence that the collective character of molecular motion is responsible for the slowing down of mobility in glasses.
RP Jerome, B (corresponding author), FOM,INST ATOM & MOL PHYS,KRUISLAAN 407,NL-1098 SJ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
NR 30
TC 117
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 589
EP 592
DI 10.1038/386589a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruff, CB
   Trinkaus, E
   Holliday, TW
AF Ruff, CB
   Trinkaus, E
   Holliday, TW
TI Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID postcranial robusticity; brain size; evolution; erectus; femur
AB Many dramatic changes in morphology within the genus Homo have occurred over the past 2 million years or more, including large increases in absolute brain size and decreases in postcanine dental size and skeletal robusticity. Body mass, as the 'size' variable against which other morphological features are usually judged, has been important for assessing these changes(1-5). Yet past body mass estimates for Pleistocene Homo have varied greatly, sometimes by as much as 50% for the same individuals(2,3,6-12). Here we show that two independent methods of body-mass estimation yield concordant results when applied to Pleistocene Homo specimens. On the basis of an analysis of 163 individuals, body mass in Pleistocene Homo averaged significantly (about 10%) larger than a representative sample of living humans. Relative to body mass, brain mass in late archaic H. sapiens (Neanderthals) was slightly smaller than in early 'anatomically modern' humans, but the major increase in encephalization within Homo occurred earlier during the Middle Pleistocene (600-150 thousand years before present (kyr BP)), preceded by a long period of stasis extending through the Early Pleistocene (1,800 kyr BP).
C1 UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT ANTHROPOL,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131.
   UNIV BORDEAUX 1,CNRS,F-33405 TALENCE,FRANCE.
   COLL WILLIAM & MARY,DEPT ANTHROPOL,WILLIAMSBURG,VA 23187.
C3 University of New Mexico; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux; William & Mary
RP Ruff, CB (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,725 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA.
NR 30
TC 593
Z9 686
U1 1
U2 116
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 173
EP 176
DI 10.1038/387173a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500052
PM 9144286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, HP
   Xie, XS
AF Lu, HP
   Xie, XS
TI Single-molecule spectral fluctuations at room temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pentacene molecules; optical microscopy; impurity molecules; terphenyl crystal; fluorescence; spectroscopy; diffusion; dynamics
AB RECENT advances in near-field(1) and far-field(2,3) fluorescence microscopy have made it possible to image single molecules and measure their emission(3,4) and excitation(5) spectra and fluorescence lifetimes(3,6-8) at room temperature. These studies have revealed spectral shifts(4) and intensity fluctuations(6,7), the origins of which are not clear. Here we show that spontaneous fluctuations in the spectra of immobilized single dye molecules occur on two different timescales: hundreds of milliseconds and lens of seconds, indicating that these fluctuations have two distinct activation energies, In addition, we see photoinduced spectral fluctuations on repealed photoexcitation of single molecules. We suggest that ail of these fluctuations can be understood as transitions between metastable minima in the molecular potential-energy surface.
C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
NR 18
TC 338
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 143
EP 146
DI 10.1038/385143a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, DH
   Severin, K
   Yokobayashi, Y
   Ghadiri, MR
AF Lee, DH
   Severin, K
   Yokobayashi, Y
   Ghadiri, MR
TI Emergence of symbiosis in peptide self-replication through a hypercyclic network
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coiled-coils; organization; principle; evolution; system; rna
AB Symbiosis is an association between different organisms that leads to a reciprocal enhancement of their ability to survive, Similar mutually beneficial relationships can operate at the molecular level in the form of a hypercycle, a collective of two or more self-replicating species interlinked through a cyclic catalytic network(1-5). The superposition of cross-catalysis onto autocatalytic replication integrates the members of the hypercycle into a single system that reproduces through a second-order (or higher) form of nonlinear autocatalysis. The hypercycle population as a whole is therefore able to compete more efficiently for existing resources than any one member on its own. In addition, the effects of beneficial mutations of any one member are spread over the entire population, The formation of hypercycles has been suggested as an important step in the transition from inanimate to living chemistry(6), and a large number of hypercycles are expected to be embedded within the complex networks of living systems(7). But only one naturally occurring hypercycle has been well documented(8), while two autocatalytic chemical systems may contain vestiges of hypercyclic organization(9,10). Here we report a chemical system that constitutes a dear example of a minimal hypercyclic network, in which two otherwise competitive self-replicating peptides symbiotically catalyse each others' production.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, SKAGGS INST CHEM BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 20
TC 210
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 591
EP 594
DI 10.1038/37569
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300043
PM 9403686
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wellsbury, P
   Goodman, K
   Barth, T
   Cragg, BA
   Barnes, SP
   Parkes, RJ
AF Wellsbury, P
   Goodman, K
   Barth, T
   Cragg, BA
   Barnes, SP
   Parkes, RJ
TI Deep marine biosphere fuelled by increasing organic matter availability during burial and heating
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID volatile fatty-acids; sulfate reduction; sediments; waters; co2
AB Deep-sea sediments become apparently more hostile to life with increasing depth as temperature and pressure rise, and organic matter becomes increasingly recalcitrant. Demonstrations of high bacterial populations in deep sediments(1,2) may thus appear enigmatic. How, then, can the continued presence of active bacterial populations in deep sediments that are over 10 million years old be explained? Although volatile fatty acids, particularly acetate, are important intermediates in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter(3,4), their concentrations are kept very low in sediments (< 15 mu M) by rapid bacterial consumption(5,6). Here we show that heating surface coastal marine sediments to simulate increasing temperature during burial produces an increase of over three orders of magnitude in acetate concentration and increases bacterial activity. We found that pore-water acetate concentration at two sites in the Atlantic Ocean increased at depths below about 150 m and was associated with a significant stimulation in bacterial activity, Comparing these acetate concentrations to in situ temperatures confirmed that there was a notable generation of acetate associated with temperature increases during burial, This was supported by heating experiments with deep sediments. Thus, acetate generation from organic matter during burial may explain the presence of a deep bacterial biosphere in marine sediments, and could underpin an even deeper and hotter biosphere than has previously been considered.
C1 UNIV BRISTOL,DEPT GEOL,BRISTOL BS8 1RJ,AVON,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BERGEN,DEPT CHEM,N-5007 BERGEN,NORWAY.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Bergen
NR 29
TC 190
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 573
EP 576
DI 10.1038/41544
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dujon, B
   Albermann, K
   Aldea, M
   Alexandraki, D
   Ansorge, W
   Arino, J
   Benes, V
   Bohn, C
   BolotinFukuhara, M
   Bordonne, R
   Boyer, J
   Camasses, A
   Casamayor, A
   Casas, C
   Cheret, G
   Cziepluch, C
   DaignanFornier, B
   Dang, DV
   deHaan, M
   Delius, H
   Durand, P
   Fairhead, C
   Feldmann, H
   Gaillon, L
   Galisson, F
   Gamo, FJ
   Gancedo, C
   Goffeau, A
   Goulding, SE
   Grivell, LA
   Habbig, B
   Hand, NJ
   Hani, J
   Hattenhorst, U
   Hebling, U
   Hernando, Y
   Herrero, E
   Heumann, K
   Hiesel, R
   Hilger, F
   Hofmann, B
   Hollenberg, CP
   Hughes, B
   Jauniaux, JC
   Kalogeropoulos, A
   Katsoulou, C
   Kordes, E
   Lafuente, MJ
   Landt, O
   Louis, EJ
   Maarse, AC
   Madania, A
   Mannhaupt, G
   Marck, C
   Martin, RP
   Mewes, HW
   Michaux, G
   Paces, V
   ParleMcDermott, AG
   Pearson, BM
   Perrin, A
   Pettersson, B
   Poch, O
   Pohl, TM
   Poirey, R
   Portetelle, D
   Pujol, A
   Purnelle, B
   Rad, MR
   Rechmann, S
   Schwager, C
   Schweizer, M
   Sor, F
   Sterky, F
   Tarassov, IA
   Teodoru, C
   Tettelin, H
   Thierry, A
   Tobiasch, E
   Tzermia, M
   Uhlen, M
   Unseld, M
   Valens, M
   Vandenbol, M
   Vetter, I
   Vicek, C
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Voss, H
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, H
   Wiemann, S
   Winsor, B
   Wolfe, KH
   Zollner, A
   Zumstein, E
   Kleine, K
AF Dujon, B
   Albermann, K
   Aldea, M
   Alexandraki, D
   Ansorge, W
   Arino, J
   Benes, V
   Bohn, C
   BolotinFukuhara, M
   Bordonne, R
   Boyer, J
   Camasses, A
   Casamayor, A
   Casas, C
   Cheret, G
   Cziepluch, C
   DaignanFornier, B
   Dang, DV
   deHaan, M
   Delius, H
   Durand, P
   Fairhead, C
   Feldmann, H
   Gaillon, L
   Galisson, F
   Gamo, FJ
   Gancedo, C
   Goffeau, A
   Goulding, SE
   Grivell, LA
   Habbig, B
   Hand, NJ
   Hani, J
   Hattenhorst, U
   Hebling, U
   Hernando, Y
   Herrero, E
   Heumann, K
   Hiesel, R
   Hilger, F
   Hofmann, B
   Hollenberg, CP
   Hughes, B
   Jauniaux, JC
   Kalogeropoulos, A
   Katsoulou, C
   Kordes, E
   Lafuente, MJ
   Landt, O
   Louis, EJ
   Maarse, AC
   Madania, A
   Mannhaupt, G
   Marck, C
   Martin, RP
   Mewes, HW
   Michaux, G
   Paces, V
   ParleMcDermott, AG
   Pearson, BM
   Perrin, A
   Pettersson, B
   Poch, O
   Pohl, TM
   Poirey, R
   Portetelle, D
   Pujol, A
   Purnelle, B
   Rad, MR
   Rechmann, S
   Schwager, C
   Schweizer, M
   Sor, F
   Sterky, F
   Tarassov, IA
   Teodoru, C
   Tettelin, H
   Thierry, A
   Tobiasch, E
   Tzermia, M
   Uhlen, M
   Unseld, M
   Valens, M
   Vandenbol, M
   Vetter, I
   Vicek, C
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Voss, H
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, H
   Wiemann, S
   Winsor, B
   Wolfe, KH
   Zollner, A
   Zumstein, E
   Kleine, K
TI The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID open reading frames; complete dna-sequence; left arm; fragment; gene; contains; segment
AB Chromosome XV was one of the last two chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to be discovered(1). It is the third-largest yeast chromosome after chromosomes XII and IV, and is very similar in size to chromosome VII. It alone represents 9% of the yeast genome (8% if ribosomal DNA is included). When systematic sequencing of chromosome XV was started, 93 genes or markers were identified, and most of them were mapped(2). However, very little else was known about chromosome XV which, in contrast to shorter chromosomes, had not been the object of comprehensive genetic or molecular analysis. It was therefore decided to start sequencing chromosome XV only in the third phase of the European Yeast Genome Sequencing Programme, after experience was gained on chromosomes III, XI and II (refs 3-5). The sequence of chromosome XV has been determined from a set of partly overlapping cosmid clones derived from a unique yeast strain, and physically mapped at 3.3-kilobase resolution before sequencing. As well as numerous new open reading frames (ORFs) and genes encoding tRNA or small RNA molecules, the sequence of 1,091,283 base pairs confirms the high proportion of orphan genes and reveals a number of ancestral and successive duplications with other yeast chromosomes.
C1 UNIV PARIS 06, INST PASTEUR, UFR 927, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM, MARTINSRIEDER INST PROT SEQUENZEN, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   UNIV LLEIDA, FAC MED, DEPT BASIC MED SCI, E-25006 LLEIDA, SPAIN.
   FDN RES & TECHNOL HELLAS, IMBB, IRAKLION 71110, CRETE, GREECE.
   UNIV CRETE, DEPT BIOL, IRAKLION 71110, CRETE, GREECE.
   EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB, BIOCHEM INSTRUMENTAT PROGRAM, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   UNIV AUTONOMA BARCELONA, DEPT BIOQUIM & BIOL MOL, E-08193 BELLATERRA, SPAIN.
   UNIV PARIS 11, INST GENET & MICROBIOL, F-91405 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   CNRS, UPR 9005 MMDCD, F-67084 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
   INST CURIE, F-91405 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, TUMORVIROL ABT 0610, D-69009 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, INSERM, U375, D-69009 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM, DEPT MOL CELL BIOL, MOL BIOL SECT, NL-1098 SM AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, ABT ANGEW TUMORVIROL, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   FAC UNIV SCI AGRON, UNITE MICROBIOL, B-5030 GEMBLOUX, BELGIUM.
   UNIV MUNICH, INST PHYSIOL CHEM PHYS BIOCHEM & ZELLBIOL, D-80336 MUNICH, GERMANY.
   CSIC, INST INVEST BIOMED, E-28029 MADRID, SPAIN.
   UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN, UNITE BIOCHIM PHYSIOL, B-1348 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   UNIV DUBLIN TRINITY COLL, DEPT GENET, DUBLIN 2, IRELAND.
   UNIV DUSSELDORF, INST MIKROBIOL, D-40225 DUSSELDORF, GERMANY.
   INST FOOD RES, DEPT GENET & MICROBIOL, NORWICH NR4 7UA, NORFOLK, ENGLAND.
   INST GENBIOL FORSCH, D-14195 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   GATC GESELL ANAL TECH & CONSULTING MBH, D-78467 CONSTANCE, GERMANY.
   TIB MOLBIOL, D-10829 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP, INST MOL MED, OXFORD OX3 9DU, ENGLAND.
   CEA SACLAY, DSV, DEPT BIOL CELLULAIRE & MOL, SERV BIOCHIM & GENET MOL, F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   ROYAL INST TECHNOL, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOTECHNOL, S-10044 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.
   KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, LAB GENE TECHNOL, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   AGON GMBH, D-12489 BERLIN, GERMANY.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Max Planck Society; Universitat de Lleida; Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH); University of Crete; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Autonomous University of Barcelona; Universite Paris Saclay; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Amsterdam; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Liege; University of Munich; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols (IIBM); Universite Catholique Louvain; Trinity College Dublin; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Quadram Institute; University of East Anglia; University of Oxford; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Royal Institute of Technology; KU Leuven
RP Dujon, B (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR, UNITE GENET MOL LEVURES, CNRS, URA 1149, 25 RUE DR ROUX, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 43
Z9 656
U1 0
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 98
EP 102
DI 10.1038/387s098
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600014
PM 9169874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, JP
   Nimmo, ER
   Allshire, RC
   Cech, TR
AF Cooper, JP
   Nimmo, ER
   Allshire, RC
   Cech, TR
TI Regulation of telomere length and function by a Myb-domain protein in fission yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; rap1; cells; end; elongation; component; stability; pombe
AB Telomeres, the specialized nucleoprotein structures that comprise the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes(1,2), are essential for complete replication(3-5), and regulation of their length has been a focus of research on tumorigenesis(6-8). In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein Rap1p binds to telomeric DNA and functions in the regulation of telomere length(9-12). A human telomere protein, hTRF (human TTAGGG repeat factor) binds the telomere sequence in vitro(13) and localizes to telomeres cytologically(14), but its functions are not yet known. Here we use a genetic screen to identify a telomere protein in fission yeast, Taz1p (telomere-associated in Schizosaccharomycesrces pombe), that shares homology to the Myb proto-oncogene DNA-binding domain with hTRF. Disruption or deletion of the taz1(+) gene causes a massive increase in telomere length. Taz1p is required for the repression of telomere-adjacent gene expression and for normal meiosis or sporulation. It may be a negative regulator of the telomere-replicating enzyme, telomerase(1,3), or may protect against activation of telomerase-independent pathways of telomere elongation(8).
C1 UNIV COLORADO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
   WESTERN GEN HOSP, MRC, HUMAN GENET UNIT, EDINBURGH EH4 2XU, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Edinburgh
NR 30
TC 453
Z9 512
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 744
EP 747
DI 10.1038/385744a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300052
PM 9034194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Evans, DA
   Beukes, NJ
   Kirschvink, JL
AF Evans, DA
   Beukes, NJ
   Kirschvink, JL
TI Low-latitude glaciation in the Palaeoproterozoic era
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleomagnetic data; low paleolatitude; bushveld complex; south-australia; path
AB One of the most fundamental enigmas of the Earth's palaeo-climate concerns the temporal and spatial distributions of Precambrian glaciations. Through four billion years of Precambrian history, unequivocally glacial deposits have been found only in the Palaeoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic record(1). Nonetheless, some of these deposits are closely associated with tropical- rather than just polar-palaeolatitudinal indicators such as carbonate rocks, red beds, and evaporites(1,2). These observations are quantitatively supported by palaeomagnetic results indicating a similar to 5 degrees latitude for Neoproterozoic glaciogenic rocks in Australia(3-5). Similarly reliable palaeolatitudes for the older, Palaeoproterozoic glaciogenic rocks have not yet been obtained, as such deposits commonly suffer from poor preservation and secondary magnetic overprinting. The Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic 'Transvaal Supergroup' on the Kaapvaal craton in South Africa is, however, exceptionally well preserved, and is thus amenable to the palaeomagnetic determination of depositional palaeolatitudes. Within this supergroup the similar to 2.2 billion-year old Ongeluk lavas are a regionally extensive, largely undeformed and unmetamorphosed, extrusive volcanic succession(6), which conformably overlies glaciogenic deposits (the Makganyene diamictite). Here we report a palaeomagnetic estimate of 11 +/- 5 degrees depositional latitude for the lavas, and hence for the underlying contemporaneous glacial rocks. The palaeoclimate enigma is thus deepened; a largely ice-free Precambrian world was apparently punctuated by two long ice ages, both yielding glacial deposits well within tropical latitudes.
C1 RAND AFRIKAANS UNIV,DEPT GEOL,ZA-2000 JOHANNESBURG,SOUTH AFRICA.
C3 University of Johannesburg
RP Evans, DA (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI 17025,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 34
TC 272
Z9 309
U1 1
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 262
EP 266
DI 10.1038/386262a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, T
   Ying, JY
AF Sun, T
   Ying, JY
TI Synthesis of microporous transition-metal-oxide molecular sieves by a supramolecular templating mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoporous silica; films
AB Mesoporous bulk(1-4) and thin-film(5-7) silicates with pore sizes of 20-100 Angstrom can be synthesized by using micellar aggregates of long-chain organic surfactant molecules as templates to direct the structure of the silicate network. Because of the potential applications of these molecular-sieve materials as catalysts, separation membranes and components of sensors, it is desirable to extend the range of accessible pore sizes and material compositions. Mesoporous oxides in which transition metals partially(8) and fully(9-13) substitute for silicon have been made by similar means, in the latter case by ensuring strong interactions between the surfactants and the transition-metal alkoxide precursors. Templating with organic molecules has also been long used for the synthesis of microporous materials-synthetic zeolites-which have smaller pore sizes (4-15 Angstrom), but here the organic molecules are shorter-chain amphiphiles which are too small to be considered true surfactants and so act as discrete entities around which the framework crystallizes(14-16). Here we show that even such short-chain molecules can aggregate into supramolecular templates when they form bonds with transition-metal (niobium) alkoxides, and that in this way they can direct the formation of transition-metal oxides with pore sizes of less than 20 Angstrom. These pore sizes, which result from the smaller diameter of micellar structures of the short-chain amines relative to the longer-chain surfactants used for the synthesis of mesoporous materials, qualify the resulting molecular sieves as microporous, even though the supramolecular templating mechanism is similar to that used to make the mesoporous materials. Thus our approach extends the supramolecular templating method to afford microporous transition-metal oxides.
C1 MIT,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 18
TC 149
Z9 169
U1 1
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 704
EP 706
DI 10.1038/39549
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, GW
   Komatsu, K
   Murata, Y
   Shiro, M
AF Wang, GW
   Komatsu, K
   Murata, Y
   Shiro, M
TI Synthesis and x-ray structure of dumb-bell-shaped C-120
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; polymerized c-60; fullerenes; dimers
AB The discovery and large-scale synthesis of fullerenes have aroused interdisciplinary interest in these closed-cage molecules(1-6). C-60 can be photopolymerized into a form in which the cages are thought to be linked by cyclic C-4 units in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition(7), provoking theoretical studies of the C-60 dimer(8-15), the smallest subunit of such a polymer. The C-60 dimers C120O (refs 16, 17), C121H2 (ref. 17) and C120O2 (ref. 18) have been reported, in which the two C-60 molecules are linked by, respectively, a furan group, a cyclopentane ring and a cyclobutane ring plus two oxygen bridges; but the simplest dimer, C-120 linked by a cyclobutane ring alone, has not so far been observed, We now report that this dumb-bell-shaped molecule can be synthesized by a solid-state mechanochemical reaction of C-60 with potassium cyanide. Our X-ray structural analysis shows that the C-4 ring connecting the cages is square rather than rectangular-the latter is predicted theoretically(8,9,13-15). The dimer dissociates cleanly into two C-60 molecules on heating or one-electron reduction, but in the gas phase during mass-spectrometric measurements it undergoes successive loss of C-2 units, shrinking to even-numbered fullerenes such as C-118 and C-116 in a sequence similar to that seen for other large fullerenes(19,20).
C1 KYOTO UNIV,INST CHEM RES,UJI,KYOTO 611,JAPAN.
   RIGAKU CORP,AKISHIMA,TOKYO 196,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University; Rigaku Corporation
NR 32
TC 545
Z9 571
U1 3
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 583
EP 586
DI 10.1038/42439
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bershitsky, SY
   Tsaturyan, AK
   Bershitskaya, ON
   Mashanov, GI
   Brown, P
   Burns, R
   Ferenczi, MA
AF Bershitsky, SY
   Tsaturyan, AK
   Bershitskaya, ON
   Mashanov, GI
   Brown, P
   Burns, R
   Ferenczi, MA
TI Muscle force is generated by myosin heads stereospecifically attached to actin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; skeletal-muscle; cross-bridges; contracting muscle; structural-changes; striated-muscle; fibers; reflections; movements; states
AB Muscle force is generated by myosin crossbridges interacting with actin. As estimated from stiffness(1,2) and equatorial X-ray diffraction(3) of muscle and muscle fibres, most myosin cross-bridges are attached to actin during isometric contraction, but a much smaller fraction is bound stereospecifically(4-7). To determine the fraction of crossbridges contributing to tension and the structural changes that attached crossbridges undergo when generating force, we monitored the X-ray diffraction pattern during temperature-induced tension rise in fully activated permeabilized frog muscle fibres. Temperature jumps(8) from 5-6 degrees C to 16-19 degrees C initiated a 1.7-fold increase in tension without significantly changing fibre stiffness or the intensities of the (1,1) equatorial and (14.5 nm)(-1) meridional X-ray reflections. However, tension rise was accompanied by a 20% decrease in the intensity of the (1,0) equatorial reflection and an increase in the intensity of the first actin layer line by similar to 13% of that in rigor. Our results show that muscle force is associated with a transition of the crossbridges from a state in which they are nonspecifically attached to actin to one in which stereospecifically bound myosin crossbridges label the actin helix.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST PHYSIOL,URALS BRANCH,EKATERINBURG 620219,RUSSIA.
   MOSCOW MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV,INST MECH,MOSCOW 119899,RUSSIA.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Russian Academy of Sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State University
NR 29
TC 86
Z9 93
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 186
EP 190
DI 10.1038/40651
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900053
PM 9217160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DelRio, JA
   Heimrich, B
   Borrell, V
   Forster, E
   Drakew, A
   Alcantara, S
   Nakajima, K
   Miyata, T
   Ogawa, M
   Mikoshiba, K
   Derer, P
   Frotscher, M
   Soriano, E
AF DelRio, JA
   Heimrich, B
   Borrell, V
   Forster, E
   Drakew, A
   Alcantara, S
   Nakajima, K
   Miyata, T
   Ogawa, M
   Mikoshiba, K
   Derer, P
   Frotscher, M
   Soriano, E
TI A role for Cajal-Retzius cells and reelin in the development of hippocampal connections
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID postnatal murine hippocampus; subplate neurons; in-vitro; organization; protein; axons; projections; guidance; tissue
AB DURING development ache nervous system, specific recognition molecules provide the cues necessary for the formation of neural connections, In some regions, guiding cues for axonal pathfinding and target selection are provided by specific cells that exist only transiently during development, such as the floorplate or the cortical subplate(1-4). In the hippocampus, distinct groups of fibres innervate different layers(5). We have tested the hypothesis that transient neurons in the hippocampus(6,7) provide positional information for the targeting of these fibres, Here we report that ablation of Cajal-Retzius cells in organotypic slice cultures of hippocampus prevented the ingrowth of entorhinal but not of commissural afferents. Experiments Inhibiting ReeIin (an extracellular matrix protein expressed by Cajal-Retzius cells) and analysis of reeler mutant mice showed dramatic abnormalities in the development of entorhinal afferents, Thus Cajal-Retzius cells and reelin are essential for the formation of layer-specific hippocampal connections.
C1 UNIV BARCELONA,FAC BIOL,DEPT ANIM & PLANT CELL BIOL,BARCELONA 08028,SPAIN.
   UNIV FREIBURG,INST ANAT 1,D-79001 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   INST PHYS & CHEM RES,TSUKUBA LIFE SCI CTR,MOL NEUROBIOL LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   KOCHI MED SCH,DEPT PHYSIOL,NANKO KU,KOCHI 783,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,DEPT MOL NEUROBIOL,MINATO KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
   UNIV PARIS 06,DEV NEUROBIOL LAB,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 University of Barcelona; University of Freiburg; RIKEN; Kochi University; University of Tokyo; Sorbonne Universite
NR 29
TC 392
Z9 447
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/385070a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100051
PM 8985248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, N
   Zhang, JP
   Purcell, KJ
   Cheng, Y
   Howard, K
AF Zhang, N
   Zhang, JP
   Purcell, KJ
   Cheng, Y
   Howard, K
TI The Drosophila protein Wunen repels migrating germ cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID axon migrations; phenotypes; receptor; elegans
AB IN Drosophila, germ cells migrate in embryonic development from the lumen of the developing gut towards the overlying mesoderm, where they enter the gonads(1,2). The gene wunen is responsible for guiding the germ cells early in this process(3). Here we report that the protein Wunen has two properties that allow it to use repulsion to guide the germ cells. Wunen can transform a permissive cellular environment into a repulsive one, and is expressed in the gut in a pattern that guides germ cells towards the mesoderm. Wunen shows strong similarity to the enzyme type 2 phosphatidic acid phophatase (PAP2)(4), suggesting that it is involved in lipid metabolism.
C1 ROCHE INST MOL BIOL, ROCHE RES CTR, NUTLEY, NJ 07110 USA.
   JACKSON LAB, BAR HARBOR, ME 04609 USA.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME RES LABS, DEPT VIRUS & CELL BIOL, W POINT, PA 19486 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, BOYER CTR MOL MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06536 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, BOYER CTR MOL MED, DEPT BIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06536 USA.
   UNIV NOTRE DAME, DEPT BIOL SCI, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA.
   UCL, MOL CELL BIOL LAB, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Jackson Laboratory; Merck & Company; Yale University; Yale University; University of Notre Dame; University of London; University College London
NR 23
TC 176
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/385064a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100049
PM 8985246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCammon, C
AF McCammon, C
TI Perovskite as a possible sink for ferric iron in the lower mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths lower mantle; phase-relations; (mg,fe)sio3 perovskite; high-temperature; high-pressure; mgo-feo-sio2; conductivity; chemistry; spectra; system
AB The lower mantle constitutes more than half the Earth's interior by volume, and is believed to consist predominantly of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite with up to approximately 20% (Mg,Fe)O. In the system FeO-MgO-SiO2, iron partitions preferentially into (Mg,Fe)O relative to the perovskite phase and has been believed to be nearly all in the form of Fe2+ on the basis of experiments in the MgO-FeO-SiO2 system(1-4). Here, however, we present a Mossbauer study of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite containing 3.3 mol% Al2O3, which shows that approximately 50% of the iron is Fe3+. These results, combined with evidence from other experiments, suggest that the proportion of iron present as Fe3+ in the lower-mantle perovskite phase is probably much higher than is currently believed. Because the oxidation state of iron in the perovskite phase affects the electrostatic charge balance and equilibrium defect concentration, the presence of Fe3+ is Likely to significantly affect physical and chemical properties of the lower mantle such as sub- and super-solidus phase relations, transport properties, mechanical behaviour, trace-element partitioning and the concentration of species such as hydroxide ions.
RP McCammon, C (corresponding author), UNIV BAYREUTH,BAYER GEOINST,POB 101251,D-95440 BAYREUTH,GERMANY.
NR 20
TC 268
Z9 287
U1 1
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 694
EP 696
DI 10.1038/42685
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saetre, GP
   Moum, T
   Bures, S
   Kral, M
   Adamjan, M
   Moreno, J
AF Saetre, GP
   Moum, T
   Bures, S
   Kral, M
   Adamjan, M
   Moreno, J
TI A sexually selected character displacement in flycatchers reinforces premating isolation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pied flycatchers; plumage-color; speciation; evolution; ficedula; males
AB Theory suggests that natural selection against the production of unfit hybrids may reinforce barriers to gene flow, eventually leading to reproductive isolation of differentiated populations(1-4). This mode of speciation may be achieved by female choice selecting for a divergence in male secondary sexual traits that facilitates species recognition. Although intuitively appealing, conclusive evidence for such reinforcement is generally lacking(5-8), and serious doubts have been raised about its validity(9-11). We have tested key predictions of the reinforcement hypothesis on the European, black-and-white, Ficedula flycatchers, using molecular techniques, field observations and mate choice experiments. In populations where two species coexist, we show that female choice selects for a divergence in male plumage colour and that the resulting character displacement reduces the frequency of hybridization.
C1 UNIV TROMSO, INST MED BIOL, DEPT MOL CELL BIOL, N-9037 TROMSO, NORWAY.
   PALACKY UNIV, ORNITHOL LAB, OLOMOUC 77146, CZECH REPUBLIC.
   FORSTRY COMMISS, DLOUHA VES 78386, CZECH REPUBLIC.
   ZOOL MUSEUM, YEREVAN 44, ARMENIA.
   CSIC, MUSEO NACL CIENCIAS NAT, E-28006 MADRID, SPAIN.
C3 UiT The Arctic University of Tromso; Palacky University Olomouc; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)
RP Saetre, GP (corresponding author), UNIV OSLO, DEPT BIOL, POB 1050 BLINDERN, N-0316 OSLO, NORWAY.
NR 30
TC 417
Z9 465
U1 2
U2 157
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 589
EP 592
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanamori, H
   Hauksson, E
   Heaton, T
AF Kanamori, H
   Hauksson, E
   Heaton, T
TI Real-time seismology and earthquake hazard mitigation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Recent advances in seismic sensor technology, data acquisition systems, digital communications, and computer hardware and software make it possible to build reliable real-time earthquake information systems. Such systems provide a means for modern urban regions to cope effectively with the aftermath of major earthquakes and, in some cases, they may even provide warning, seconds before the arrival of seismic waves. In the long term these systems also provide basic data for mitigation strategies such as improved building codes.
RP Kanamori, H (corresponding author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 23
TC 111
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 461
EP 464
DI 10.1038/37280
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trenberth, KE
AF Trenberth, KE
TI The use and abuse of climate models
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Projections of future climate change depend largely on the results of computer models. Such models are becoming increasingly sophisticated, but they do not offer the certainties that policy-makers would like.
RP Trenberth, KE (corresponding author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,CLIMATE ANAL SECT,POB 3000,BOULDER,CO 80307, USA.
NR 12
TC 31
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 131
EP 133
DI 10.1038/386131a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schreuder, H
   Tardif, C
   TrumpKallmeyer, S
   Soffientini, A
   Sarubbi, E
   Akeson, A
   Bowlin, T
   Yanofsky, S
   Barrett, RW
AF Schreuder, H
   Tardif, C
   TrumpKallmeyer, S
   Soffientini, A
   Sarubbi, E
   Akeson, A
   Bowlin, T
   Yanofsky, S
   Barrett, RW
TI A new cytokine-receptor binding mode revealed by the crystal structure of the IL-1 receptor with an antagonist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin superfamily; complex; mutagenesis; refinement; cloning; domains; site
AB Inflammation, regardless of whether it is provoked by infection or by tissue damage, starts with the activation of macrophages which initiate a cascade of inflammatory responses by producing the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (ref. 1). Three naturally occurring ligands for the IL-1 receptor (IL1R) exist: the agonists IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta and the IL-1-receptor antagonist IL1RA. (ref. 2). IL-1 is the only cytokine for which a naturally occurring antagonist is known. Here we describe the crystal structure at 2.7 Angstrom resolution of the soluble extracellular part of type-I IL1R complexed with IL1RA. The receptor consists of three immunoglobulin-like domains. Domains 1 and 2 are tightly - linked, but domain three is completely separate and connected by a flexible linker. Residues of all three domains contact the antagonist and include the five critical IL1RA residues which were identified by site-directed mutagenesis(3). A region that is important for biological function in IL-1 beta, the 'receptor trigger site' is not in direct contact with the receptor in the IL1RA complex. Modelling studies suggest that this IL-1 beta trigger site might induce a movement of domain 3.
C1 MARION MERRELL DOW RES INST, F-67080 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
   LEPETIT RES CTR, I-21040 GERENZANO, ITALY.
   HOECHST MARION ROUSSEL INC, CINCINNATI, OH 45215 USA.
   AFFYMAX, PALO ALTO, CA 94304 USA.
NR 30
TC 194
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 194
EP 200
DI 10.1038/386194a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300067
PM 9062194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramsden, DA
   Paull, TT
   Gellert, M
AF Ramsden, DA
   Paull, TT
   Gellert, M
TI Cell-free V(D)J recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-ligase-i; mouse thymocytes; mammalian-cells; rearrangement; repair
AB V(D)J recombination generates diversity in the immune system through the lymphoid-specific assembly of multiple gene segments into functional immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes (for reviews, see refs 1, 2). The first step in V(D)J recombination is cleavage of DNA at recombination signal sequences. Cleavage produces a blunt DNA end on each signal sequence and a hairpin end on adjacent coding gene segments(3,4), and can be reproduced in vitro by using purified RAG1 and RAG2 proteins(5,6). The later steps involve processing and joining of the cleaved DNA ends, and until now have been studied only in cells, Here we reconstitute the complete V(D)J recombination reaction in a cell-free system, We find that the RAG proteins are not only involved in cleavage, but are also needed in the later steps for efficient joining of coding ends. Joining is largely directed by short pieces of identical sequence in the coding flanks, but addition of human DNA ligase I results in greater diversity. Coding junctions contain short deletions as well as additions complementary to a coding flank (P nucleotides). Addition of non-templated nucleotides into coding junctions is mediated by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase. The cell-free reaction can therefore reproduce the complete set of processing events that occur in cells.
C1 NIDDKD,MOL BIOL LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
NR 22
TC 114
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 488
EP 491
DI 10.1038/41351
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300052
PM 9242409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irmler, M
   Thome, M
   Hahne, M
   Schneider, P
   Hofmann, B
   Steiner, V
   Bodmer, JL
   Schroter, M
   Burns, K
   Mattmann, C
   Rimoldi, D
   French, LE
   Tschopp, J
AF Irmler, M
   Thome, M
   Hahne, M
   Schneider, P
   Hofmann, B
   Steiner, V
   Bodmer, JL
   Schroter, M
   Burns, K
   Mattmann, C
   Rimoldi, D
   French, LE
   Tschopp, J
TI Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interleukin-1-beta converting-enzyme; protein; fas; cytotoxicity; interacts; domain; site; p35
AB The widely expressed protein Fas is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family which fan trigger apoptosis(1). However, Fas surface expression does not necessarily render cells susceptible to Fas ligand-induced death signals(1,2), indicating that inhibitors of the apoptosis-signalling pathway must exist. Here we report the characterization of an inhibitor of apoptosis, designated FLIP (for FLICE-inhibitory protein), which is predominantly expressed in muscle and lymphoid tissues. The short form, FLIPS, contains two death effector domains and is structurally related to the viral FLIP inhibitors of apoptosis(3), whereas the long form, FLIPL, contains in addition a caspase-like domain in which the active-centre cysteine residue is substituted by a tyrosine residue. FLIPS and FLIPL interact with the adaptor protein FADD(4,5) and the protease FLICE6,7, and potently inhibit apoptosis induced by all known human death receptors(1). FLIPL is expressed during the early stage of T-cell activation, but disappears when T cells become susceptible to Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis. High levels of FLIPL protein are also detectable in melanoma cell lines and malignant melanoma tumours. Thus FLIP may be implicated in tissue homeostasis as an important regulator of apoptosis.
C1 UNIV LAUSANNE,INST BIOCHEM,CH-1066 EPALINGES,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV LAUSANNE,LUDWIG INST CANC RES,LAUSANNE BRANCH,CH-1066 EPALINGES,SWITZERLAND.
   SWISS INST EXPT CANC RES,BIL BIOMED RES CTR,CH-1066 EPALINGES,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV GENEVA,SCH MED,DEPT DERMATOL,CH-1211 GENEVA 4,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Lausanne; University of Lausanne; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Swiss Institute Experimental Cancer Research; University of Geneva
NR 30
TC 2138
Z9 2435
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 190
EP 195
DI 10.1038/40657
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900054
PM 9217161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thompson, PA
   Troian, SM
AF Thompson, PA
   Troian, SM
TI A general boundary condition for liquid flow at solid surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stick-slip motion; molecular-dynamics; contact-line; model
AB Modelling fluid flows past a surface is a general problem in science and engineering, and requires some assumption about the nature of the fluid motion (the boundary condition) at the solid interface, One of the simplest boundary conditions is the no-slip condition(1,2), which dictates that a liquid element adjacent to the surface assumes the velocity of the surface, Although this condition has been remarkably successful in reproducing the characteristics of many types of flow there exist situations in which it leads to singular or unrealistic behaviour-for example, the spreading of a liquid on a solid substrate(3-8), corner flow(9,10) and the extrusion of polymer melts from a capillary tube(11-13). Numerous boundary conditions that allow for finite slip at the solid interface have been used to rectify these difficulties(4,5,11,13,14). But these phenomenological models fail to provide a universal picture of the momentum transport that occurs at liquid/solid interfaces, Here we present results from molecular dynamics simulations of newtonian liquids under shear which indicate that there exists a general nonlinear relationship between the amount of slip and the local shear rate at a solid surface, The boundary condition is controlled by the extent to which the liquid 'feels' corrugations in the surface energy of the solid (owing in the present case to the atomic close-packing), Our generalized boundary condition allows us to relate the degree of slip to the underlying static properties and dynamic interactions of the walls and the fluid.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   CELER GRP,PRINCETON,NJ 08542.
C3 Princeton University
NR 23
TC 1186
Z9 1322
U1 4
U2 359
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 360
EP 362
DI 10.1038/38686
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Groll, M
   Ditzel, L
   Lowe, J
   Stock, D
   Bochtler, M
   Bartunik, HD
   Huber, R
AF Groll, M
   Ditzel, L
   Lowe, J
   Stock, D
   Bochtler, M
   Bartunik, HD
   Huber, R
TI Structure of 20S proteasome from yeast at 2.4 angstrom resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; protein-degradation; subunit; peptides; products; cell; lmp2; gene; proteolysis; acidophilum
AB The crystal structure of the 20S proteasome from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows that its 28 protein subunits are arranged as an (alpha 1...alpha 7, beta 1...beta 7)(2) complex in four stacked rings and occupy unique locations. The interior of the particle, which harbours the active sites, is only accessible by some very narrow side entrances, The beta-type subunits are synthesized as proproteins before being proteolytically processed for assembly into the particle, The proforms of three of the seven different beta-type subunits, beta 1/PRE3, beta 2/PUP1 and beta 5/PRE2, are cleaved between the threonlne at position 1 and the last glycine of the pro-sequence, with release of the active-site residue Thr 1. These three beta-type subunlts have inhibitor-binding sites, indicating that PRE2 has a chymotrypsin-like and a trypsin-like activity and that PRE3 has peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolytlc specificity, Other beta-type subunits are processed to an intermediate form, indicating that an additional nonspecific endopeptidase activity may exist which is important for peptide hydrolysis and for the generation of ligands for class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK GESELL,ARBEITSGRP STRUKTURELLE MOL BIOL,D-22603 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
NR 55
TC 1971
Z9 2322
U1 1
U2 116
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 463
EP 471
DI 10.1038/386463a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600043
PM 9087403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manzanares, M
   Cordes, S
   Kwan, CT
   Sham, MH
   Barsh, GS
   Krumlauf, R
AF Manzanares, M
   Cordes, S
   Kwan, CT
   Sham, MH
   Barsh, GS
   Krumlauf, R
TI Segmental regulation of Hoxb-3 by kreisler
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; 2 rhombomeres; ets domain; hindbrain; mutant; mouse; jun; fos; protooncogenes; krox-20
AB Hox genes control regional identity during segmentation of the vertebrate hindbrain into rhombomeres(1-3). Here we use transgenic analysis to investigate the upstream mechanisms for regulation of Hoxb-3 in rhombomere(r)5. We identified enhancers from the mouse and chick genes sufficient for r5-restricted expression. Sequence comparisons revealed two blocks of similarity (of 19 and 45 base pairs), which each contain in vitro binding sites for the kreisler protein (Kmrl1), a Maf/b-Zip protein expressed in r5 and r6 (ref. 4). Both sites are required for r5 activity, suggesting that Hoxb-3 is a direct target of kreisler. Multimers of the 19-base-pair (bp) block recreate a Krml1-like pattern in r5/r6, but the 45-bp block mediates expression only in r5. Therefore elements within the 45-bp block restrict the response to Krml1. We identified additional sequences that contain an Ets-related activation site, required for both the activation and restriction to r5. These studies demonstrate that Krml1 directly activates expression of Hoxb-3 in r5 in combination with an Ets-related activation site, and suggest that kreisler plays a primary role in regulating segmental identity through Hox genes.
C1 NATL INST MED RES, MRC, DIV DEV NEUROBIOL, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
   STANFORD UNIV, MED CTR, BECKMAN CTR MOL & GENET MED, DEPT PEDIAT, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, MED CTR, BECKMAN CTR MOL & GENET MED, DEPT GENET, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, MED CTR, BECKMAN CTR MOL & GENET MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   UNIV HONG KONG, DEPT BIOCHEM, HONG KONG, HONG KONG SAR.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Hong Kong
NR 26
TC 128
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 191
EP 195
DI 10.1038/387191a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500057
PM 9144291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jenkins, FA
   Gatesy, SM
   Shubin, NH
   Amaral, WW
AF Jenkins, FA
   Gatesy, SM
   Shubin, NH
   Amaral, WW
TI Haramiyids and Triassic mammalian evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Isolated teeth referred to the family Haramiyidae are among the earliest known fossil evidence of mammals. First discovered in European Late Triassic deposits a century and a half ago(1), haramiyids have been interpreted as related to multituberculates(2-7), a diverse and widespread lineage that occupied a rodent-like niche from the Late Jurassic to the Early Tertiary. Nonetheless, haramiyid relationships have remained enigmatic(8,9) because the orientation and position of the teeth in the upper or lower jaw could not be determined with certainty; even their mammalian status has been questioned(10). The discovery of haramiyid dentaries, a maxilla and other skeletal remains in the Upper Triassic of East Greenland reveals haramiyids as highly specialized mammals with a novel pattern of puncture-crushing occlusion that differs dramatically from the grinding or shearing mechanisms of other Early Mesozoic mammals.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,MUSEUM COMPARAT ZOOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   BROWN UNIV,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
   UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 Harvard University; Brown University; University of Pennsylvania
RP Jenkins, FA (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT ORGANISM & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 26
TC 90
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/385715a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300044
PM 9034187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luh, FY
   Archer, SJ
   Domaille, PJ
   Smith, BO
   Owen, D
   Brotherton, DH
   Raine, ARC
   Xu, X
   Brizuela, L
   Brenner, SL
   Laue, ED
AF Luh, FY
   Archer, SJ
   Domaille, PJ
   Smith, BO
   Owen, D
   Brotherton, DH
   Raine, ARC
   Xu, X
   Brizuela, L
   Brenner, SL
   Laue, ED
TI Structure of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p19(Ink4d)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial melanoma; larger proteins; tumor; cdk4; p16(ink4); nmr; spectroscopy; alleles; ankyrin; p19
AB In cancer, the biochemical pathways that are dominated by the two tumour-suppressor proteins, p53 and Rb, are the most frequently disrupted. Cyclin D-dependent kinases phosphorylate Rb to control its activity and they are, in turn, specifically inhibited by the Ink4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) which cause arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Mutations in Rb, cyclin D1, its catalytic subunit Cdk4, and the CDKI p16(Ink4a), which alter the protein or its level of expression, are all strongly implicated in cancer. This suggests that the Rb 'pathway' is of particular importance(1). Here we report the structure of the p19(Ink4d) protein, determined by NMR spectroscopy(2-4). The structure indicates that most mutations to the p16(Ink4a) gene, which result in loss of function, are due to incorrectly folded and/or insoluble protein(5). We propose a model for the interaction of Ink4 proteins with D-type cyclin-Cdk4/6 complexes that might provide a basis for the design of therapeutics against cancer.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT BIOCHEM, CAMBRIDGE CTR MOL RECOGNIT, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QW, ENGLAND.
   DUPONT MERCK PHARMACEUT CO, WILMINGTON, DE 19880 USA.
   MITOTIX INC, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; DuPont; DuPont USA
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 89
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 999
EP 1003
DI 10.1038/40202
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900063
PM 9353127
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Antz, C
   Geyer, M
   Fakler, B
   Schott, MK
   Guy, HR
   Frank, R
   Ruppersberg, JP
   Kalbitzer, HR
AF Antz, C
   Geyer, M
   Fakler, B
   Schott, MK
   Guy, HR
   Frank, R
   Ruppersberg, JP
   Kalbitzer, HR
TI NMR structure of inactivation gates from mammalian voltage-dependent potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker k-channels; ik(a) channels; ball peptide; spectroscopy; proteins; spectra; brain
AB The electrical signalling properties of neurons originate largely from the gating properties of their ion channels, N-type inactivation of voltage-gated potassium (K-v) channels is the best-understood gating transition in ion channels, and occurs by a 'ball-and-chain' type mechanism. In this mechanism an N-terminal domain (inactivation gate), which is tethered to the cytoplasmic side of the channel protein by a protease-cleavable chain, binds to its receptor at the inner vestibule of the channel, thereby physically blocking the pore(1,2). Even when synthesized as a peptide, ball domains restore inactivation in K-v channels whose inactivation domains have been deleted(2,3), Using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we analysed the three-dimensional structure of the ball peptides from two rapidly inactivating mammalian K-v channels (Raw3 (K(v)3.4) and RCK4 (K(v)1.4)). The inactivation peptide of Raw3 (Raw3-IP) has a compact structure that exposes two phosphorylation sites and allows the formation of an intramolecular disulphide bridge between two spatially close cysteine residues. Raw3-IP exhibits a characteristic surface charge pattern with a positively charged, a hydrophobic, and a negatively charged region, The RCK4 inactivation peptide (RCK4-IP) shows a similar spatial distribution of charged and uncharged regions, but is more flexible and less ordered in its amino-terminal part.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MED RES,DEPT BIOPHYS,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   NIH,MATH BIOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   ZENTRUM MOL BIOL,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV TUBINGEN,INST PHYSIOL,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
NR 24
TC 100
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 272
EP 275
DI 10.1038/385272a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100053
PM 9000078
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McPherron, AC
   Lawler, AM
   Lee, SJ
AF McPherron, AC
   Lawler, AM
   Lee, SJ
TI Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells
AB The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily encompasses a large group of growth and differentiation factors playing important roles in regulating embryonic development and in maintaining tissue homeostasis in adult animals(1). Using degenerate polymerase chain reaction, we have identified a new murine TGF-beta family member, growth/differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8), which is expressed specifically in developing and adult skeletal muscle, During early stages of embryogenesis, GDF-8 expression is restricted to the myotome compartment of developing somites. At later stages and in adult animals, GDF-8 is expressed in many different muscles throughout the body, To determine the biological function of GDF-8, we disrupted the GDF-8 gene by gene targeting in mice. GDF-8 null animals are significantly larger than wild-type animals and show a large and widespread increase in skeletal muscle mass. Individual muscles of mutant animals weigh 2-3 times more than those of wild-type animals, and the increase in mass appears to result from a combination of muscle cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. These results suggest that GDF-8 functions specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOL BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
NR 10
TC 3345
Z9 4179
U1 7
U2 294
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 83
EP 90
DI 10.1038/387083a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800052
PM 9139826
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hasen, J
   Pfeiffer, LN
   Pinczuk, A
   He, S
   West, KW
   Dennis, BS
AF Hasen, J
   Pfeiffer, LN
   Pinczuk, A
   He, S
   West, KW
   Dennis, BS
TI Metamorphosis of a quantum wire into quantum dots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gaas; excitons
AB Bound states of electron-hole pairs (excitons) in semiconductors possess desirable properties-such as an enhanced oscillator strength for radiative recombination-that hold promise for the next generation of optical devices, However, at typical device operating conditions (room temperature and moderate charge densities), excitons dissociate to form an electron-hole plasma, Dissociation may be prevented by confining excitons to lower dimensions, where their binding energy is expected to increase significantly(1). But such confinement may in turn influence the dynamical properties of the excitons. Here we report spatially resolved photoluminescence images of excitons confined. to an isolated gallium arsenide quantum wire. As the temperature of the structure is lowered, we observe a striking transition from broad and fairly continuous photoluminescence to an intense set of emission peaks which are both energetically sharp and spatially localized, Such behaviour indicates that, at sufficiently low temperatures, the quantum wire acts like a sparse set of quantum dots. Furthermore, at the site of an isolated quantum dot, we observe an unusual decrease in the relaxation rate of excitons, such that they radiate (via recombination) ham higher energy states before relaxing to their ground state, We argue that this is the manifestation of an exciton relaxation 'bottleneck', the existence of which could pose problems for the development of optical devices based on quantum dots.
RP Hasen, J (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,600 MT AVE,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974, USA.
NR 14
TC 87
Z9 90
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/36299
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winter, MC
   Welsh, MJ
AF Winter, MC
   Welsh, MJ
TI Stimulation of CFTR activity by its phosphorylated R domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane conductance regulator; dependent protein-kinase; cystic-fibrosis; chloride channel; cl channels; atp hydrolysis; pyrophosphate; inactivation
AB Phosphorylation controls the activity of ion channels in many tissues. In epithelia, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel is activated by phosphorylation of serine residues in its regulatory (R) domain and then gated by binding and hydrolysis of ATP by the nucleotide-binding domains(1-3). Current models propose that the unphosphorylated R domain serves as an inhibitory particle that occludes the pore(1,2,4-6), much like the inhibitory 'ball' in Shaker K+ channels(7,8); presumably, phosphorylation relieves this inhibition. Here we test this by adding an R-domain peptide to a CFTR variant in which much of the R domain had been deleted (CFTR-Delta R/S660A): in contrast to predictions, we found that adding an unphosphorylated R domain to CFTR-Delta R/S660A did not inhibit activity, whereas a phosphorylated R-domain peptide stimulated activity. To investigate how phosphorylation controls activity, we studied channel gating and found that phosphorylation of the R domain increases the rate of channel opening by enhancing the sensitivity to ATP. Our results indicate that CFTR is regulated by a new mechanism in which phosphorylation of one domain stimulates the interaction of ATP with another domain, thereby increasing activity.
C1 UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT INTERNAL MED,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
   UNIV IOWA,COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,IOWA CITY,IA 52242.
C3 University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 24
TC 126
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 294
EP 296
DI 10.1038/38514
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200050
PM 9305845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU KauffmanZeh, A
   RodriguezViciana, P
   Ulrich, E
   Gilbert, C
   Coffer, P
   Downward, J
   Evan, G
AF KauffmanZeh, A
   RodriguezViciana, P
   Ulrich, E
   Gilbert, C
   Coffer, P
   Downward, J
   Evan, G
TI Suppression of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by Ras signalling through PI(3)K and PKB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide dissociation stimulator; protein-kinase-b; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; phosphoinositide 3-kinase; plasma-membrane; activation; domain; gtpase; localization; akt
AB The viability of vertebrate cells depends on survival factors which activate signal transduction pathways that suppress apoptosis. Defects in anti-apoptotic signalling pathways are implicated in many pathologies including cancer, in which apoptosis induced by deregulated oncogenes must be forestalled for a tumour to become established. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI(3)K) is involved in the intracellular signal transduction of many receptors and has been implicated in the transduction of survival signals in neuronal cells(1). We therefore examined the role of PI(3)K, its upstream effector Ras(2), and its putative downstream protein kinase effecters PKB/Akt(3,4) and p70(S6K) (ref. 5) in the modulation of apoptosis induced in fibroblasts by the oncoprotein c-Myc. Here we show that Ras activation of PI(3)K suppresses c-Myc-induced apoptosis through the activation of PKB/Akt but not p70(S6K). However, we also found that Ras is an effective promoter of apoptosis, through the Raf pathway. Thus Ras activates contradictory intracellular pathways that modulate cell viability. Induction of apoptosis by Ras may be an important factor in limiting the expansion of somatic cells that sustain oncogenic ras mutations.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
   UNIV UTRECHT HOSP,DEPT PULM DIS,NL-3584 CX UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center
NR 30
TC 1047
Z9 1169
U1 1
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 544
EP 548
DI 10.1038/385544a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500050
PM 9020362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flatau, G
   Lemichez, E
   Gauthier, M
   Chardin, P
   Paris, S
   Fiorentini, C
   Boquet, P
AF Flatau, G
   Lemichez, E
   Gauthier, M
   Chardin, P
   Paris, S
   Fiorentini, C
   Boquet, P
TI Toxin-induced activation of the G protein p21 Rho by deamidation of glutamine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytotoxic necrotizing factor; actin stress fibers; escherichia-coli; nucleotide-sequence; focal adhesions; factor-i; gtp; cells; rac; purification
AB Pathogenic Escherichia coli are responsible for a variety of diseases, including diarrhoea, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, kidney infection, septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis. Toxins called cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNFs) are among the virulence factors produced by uropathogenic (CNF1)(1) or enteropathogenic (CNF2)(2) E. coli strains that cause diseases in humans and animals, respectively. CNFs induce an increase in the content of actin stress fibres and focal contacts in cultured cells(3,4). Effects of CNFs on the actin cytoskeleton correlated with a decrease in the electrophoretic mobility of the GTP-binding protein Rho(4,5) and indirect evidence indicates that CNF1 might constitutively activate Rho(6). Here we show that CNF1 catalyses the deamidation of a glutamine residue at position 63 of Rho, turning it into glutamic acid, which inhibits both intrinsic GTP hydrolysis and that stimulated by its GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Thus, this deamidation of glutamine 63 by CNF1 leads to the constitutive activation of Rho, and induces the reorganization of actin stress fibres. To our knowledge, CNF1 is the first example of a bacterial toxin acting by deamidation of a specific target protein.
C1 FAC MED,INSERM,U452,F-06107 NICE 2,FRANCE.
   CNRS,INST PHARMACOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,ROUTE LUCIOLES,SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS,F-06560 VALBONNE,FRANCE.
   IST SUPER SANITA,DEPT ULTRASTRUCT,I-00161 ROME,ITALY.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Cote d'Azur; Universite Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS)
NR 27
TC 426
Z9 453
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 729
EP 733
DI 10.1038/42743
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900060
PM 9192901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Danielson, E
   Golden, JH
   McFarland, EW
   Reaves, CM
   Weinberg, WH
   Wu, XD
AF Danielson, E
   Golden, JH
   McFarland, EW
   Reaves, CM
   Weinberg, WH
   Wu, XD
TI A combinatorial approach to the discovery and optimization of luminescent materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Combinatorial synthesis and screening of very large numbers of organic compounds has been widely applied in the pharmaceutical industry for drug discovery(1). Recently, combinatorial arrays of inorganic materials with known or potential superconductivity(2) and giant magnetoresistance(3) have been synthesized and screened. The combinatorial approach is particularly well suited to ternary and higher-order inorganic materials, for which efforts to predict basic properties have been unsuccessful(4). Here we describe an automated combinatorial method for synthesizing and characterizing thin-film libraries of up to 25,000 different materials, on a three-inch-diameter substrate, as candidates for new phosphors. The discovery and development of new compounds for ultraviolet-excited phosphors is of great importance for the development of flat-panel displays(5) and lighting(6). As there are no reliable theories to predict the relation between composition and phosphor colour and efficiency, the less than 100 useful commercial phosphor materials have been discovered through one-by-one serial synthesis and testing(7,8). Our approach, in contrast, offers rapid screening of many compositions, and it has enabled us to identify a new red phosphor, Y0.845Al0.070La0.060Eu0.025VO4, which has a quantum efficiency comparable or superior to those of existing commercial red phosphors.
C1 SYMYX TECHNOL, SANTA CLARA, CA 95051 USA.
C3 Symyx Technologies, Inc.
NR 17
TC 369
Z9 422
U1 2
U2 128
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 944
EP 948
DI 10.1038/40099
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, DF
AF Gray, DF
TI Absence of a planetary signature in the spectra of the star 51 Pegasi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID line asymmetry; companion; dwarf
AB 51 Pegasi, one of many nearby Sun-like stars, was undistinguished until the recent detections of apparent variations in its radial velocity, which have been attributed to reflex motion caused by a planetary companion(1,2). The velocity variation inferred from variations in the spectral lines of 51 Peg has an amplitude of 56-59 ms(-1) and a period of 4.23 days, implying a planet of at least half the mass of Jupiter moving in an embarrassingly small orbit of 0.05 astronomical units. But the techniques currently used to identify these exceedingly small radial velocity variations do not allow for the possibility that changes of comparable size might be occurring in the intrinsic shapes of the spectral lines; such variations are expected when a star pulsates or has spots on its surface, and could be mistaken for radial velocity variations. Here I present high-spectral-resolution observations of 51 Peg that show that its spectral lines exhibit intrinsic shape variations with a period of 4.23 days, and an amplitude comparable to that previously attributed(1,2) to radial velocity variations. As the presence of a planet will not influence the shapes of spectral lines, these variations are likely to reflect a hitherto unknown mode of stellar oscillation. The presence of a planet is not required to explain the data.
RP Gray, DF (corresponding author), UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LONDON,ON N6A 3K7,CANADA.
NR 27
TC 74
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 795
EP 796
DI 10.1038/385795a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kubbutat, MHG
   Jones, SN
   Vousden, KH
AF Kubbutat, MHG
   Jones, SN
   Vousden, KH
TI Regulation of p53 stability by Mdm2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic lethality; mdm2-deficient mice; oncoprotein mdm2; protein; domain; transactivation; degradation; expression; activation; binding
AB The tumour-suppressor p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Stabilization of the protein in response to an activating signal, such as DNA damage, results in a rapid rise in p53 levels and subsequent inhibition of cell growth(1). Tight regulation of p53 function is critical for normal cell growth and development, and one mechanism by which p53 function is controlled is through interaction with the Mdm2 protein(2-4). Mdm2 inhibits p53 cell-cycle arrest and apoptic functions(5,6) and we show here that interaction with Mdm2 can also result in a large reduction in p53 protein levels through enhanced proteasome-dependent degradation. Endogenous levels of Mdm2 are sufficient to regulate p53 stability, and overexpression of Mdm2 can reduce the amount of endogenous p53. Because mdm2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 (refs 7, 8), this degradative pathway may contribute to the maintenance of low p53 concentrations in normal cells. Furthermore, mechanisms regulating the Mdm2-induced degradation of p53 may play a role in controlling the extent and duration of the p53 response.
C1 NCI,ABL BASIC RES PROGRAM,FCRDC,FREDERICK,MD 21701.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Baylor College of Medicine
NR 30
TC 2903
Z9 3383
U1 3
U2 202
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 299
EP 303
DI 10.1038/387299a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700057
PM 9153396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herzing, LBK
   Romer, JT
   Horn, JM
   Ashworth, A
AF Herzing, LBK
   Romer, JT
   Horn, JM
   Ashworth, A
TI Xist has properties of the X-chromosome inactivation centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; expression; mice; recombination; conservation; promoter; embryo; cells
AB X-chromosome inactivation is the process by which female mammals (with two X chromosomes) achieve expression of X-chromosomal genes equivalent to that of males (one X and one Y chromosome)(1,2). This results in the transcriptional silencing of virtually all genes on one of the X chromosomes in female somatic cells, X-chromosome inactivation has been shown to act in cis and to initiate and spread from a single site on the X chromosome known as the X-inactivation centre (Xic)(2,3). The Xic has been localized to a 450-kilobase region of the mouse X chromosome(4). The Xist gene also maps to this region and is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome(3-7). Xist is unusual in that it appears not to code for a protein but produces a nuclear RNA which colocalizes with the inactive X chromosome(4,8). The creation of a null allele of Xist in embryonic stem cells has demonstrated that this gene is required for X inactivation to occur in cis(9). Here we show that Xist, introduced onto an autosome, is sufficient by itself far inactivation in cis and that Xist RNA becomes localized close to the autosome into which the gene is integrated. In addition, the presence of autosomal Xist copies leads to activation of the endogeneous Xist gene in some cells, suggesting that elements required for some aspects of chromosome counting are contained within the construct, Thus the Xist gene exhibits properties of the X-inactivation centre.
C1 INST CANC RES, CHESTER BEATTY LABS, CRC, CTR CELL & MOL BIOL, LONDON SW3 6JB, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust
NR 23
TC 220
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 272
EP 275
DI 10.1038/386272a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300049
PM 9069284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tziperman, E
AF Tziperman, E
TI Inherently unstable climate behaviour due to weak thermohaline ocean circulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mixed boundary-conditions; north-atlantic ocean; atmosphere system; water; variability; model; temperature; driven; co2
AB The oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC) carries Light, warm surface water polewards and dense, cold deep water equator-wards, thereby transporting a large amount of heat towards the poles and significantly affecting high latitude climate. The THC has been remarkably stable, and its variability quite low over the Holocene period (the past 10,000 years). The much greater climate instability and high-frequency variability recorded in ice(1) and deep-sea(31) cores throughout the preceding 150,000 years has been linked to greater THC variability(2,3). Here we argue, using a global coupled ocean-atmosphere-ice general circulation model with realistic geography, that there is a wide range of weak mean states of the THC that Cannot be stably sustained by the climate system. When the model THC is forced into a state in the unstable range, the THC may rapidly strengthen, collapse or display strong oscillations. The existence of this unstable regime may account for the greater variability of the THC and climate before the Holocene period.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI PROGRAM,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Princeton University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Tziperman, E (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
NR 31
TC 90
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 592
EP 595
DI 10.1038/386592a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niu, YL
   Hekinian, R
AF Niu, YL
   Hekinian, R
TI Spreading-rate dependence of the extent of mantle melting beneath ocean ridges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; garrett transform-fault; mid-atlantic ridge; crustal thickness; midocean ridges; magma migration; flow beneath; basalt; peridotites; chemistry
AB Abyssal peridotites and mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) are complementary products of the mantle melting and melt-extraction processes that create the ocean crust Studies of abyssal peridotites(1-4) and MORBs(2) have showed that the extent of mantle melting is high beneath hotspot-influenced shallow ridges, and is low beneath deep ridges away from hotspots. These results have led to the recognition of a global correlation of MORB composition with ridge depth(5), and to the notion that mantle temperature variation exerts the primary control on the extent of melting beneath ocean ridges(2,5-8). This conclusion is, however, based largely on data from slow-spreading ridges in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. At the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR), there is little correlation between MORB chemistry and ridge depth(9,10), an observation that has proved puzzling(8-12), Here we show that abyssal peridotites from the EPR(13-21) are extremely depleted in basaltic major-element components-significantly more so than peridotites from ridges away from hotspots in the Atlantic and Indian oceans-indicating that the EPR peridotites are residues of the highest extents of melting. These abyssal peridotite data and existing MORB major-element data(12) both suggest that the extent of mantle melting beneath normal ocean ridges increases with increasing spreading rate.
C1 IFREMER, CTR BREST, DEPT MARINE GEOSCI, F-29287 PLOUZANE, FRANCE.
C3 Ifremer; Universite Paris Cite
RP Niu, YL (corresponding author), UNIV QUEENSLAND, DEPT EARTH SCI, BRISBANE, QLD 4072, AUSTRALIA.
NR 49
TC 210
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 326
EP 329
DI 10.1038/385326a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitchell, M
   Segev, M
AF Mitchell, M
   Segev, M
TI Self-trapping of incoherent white light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial optical solitons; photorefractive media; solitary waves; fibers
AB Optical pulses-wave-packets-propagating in a linear medium have a natural tendency to broaden in time (dispersion) and space (diffraction), Such broadening can be eliminated in a nonlinear medium that modifies its refractive index in the presence of light in such a way that dispersion or diffraction effects are counteracted by light-induced lensing(1,2). This can allow short pulses to propagate without changing their shape(2,3), and the 'self-trapping' of narrow optical beams' whereby a beam of light induces a waveguide in the host medium and guides itself in this waveguide, thus propagating without diffraction(4). Self-trapped pulses in space and time have been investigated extensively in many physical systems and, as a consequence of their particle-like behaviour, are known as 'solitons' (ref, 5). Previous studies of this phenomenon in various nonlinear media(6-12) have involved coherent light, the one exception being our demonstration(13) of self-trapping of an optical beam that exhibited partial spatial incoherence. Here we report the observation of self-trapping of a white-light beam from an incandescent source, Self-trapping occurs in both dimensions transverse to the beam when diffraction effects are balanced exactly by self-focusing in the host photorefractive medium, To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of self-trapping for any wave-packet that is both temporally and spatially incoherent.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT ELECT ENGN, CTR PHOTON & OPTOELECT MAT, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
   PRINCETON UNIV, PRINCETON MAT INST, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
NR 21
TC 370
Z9 391
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 880
EP 883
DI 10.1038/43136
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shenton, W
   Pum, D
   Sleytr, UB
   Mann, S
AF Shenton, W
   Pum, D
   Sleytr, UB
   Mann, S
TI Synthesis of cadmium sulphide superlattices using self-assembled bacterial S-layers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cdse nanocrystallites; gold nanoparticles; organization; films; clusters; size; dna
AB Methods for organizing materials at the nanometre scale have advanced tremendously in recent years(1,2). One important objective is the synthesis of patterned arrays of inorganic nanocrystals(3-6), whose optical, electronic and magnetic properties might ind technological uses, for example as memory elements. Techniques such as colloidal crystallization(7-9), monolayer deposition(10-12), multilayer casting(13), molecular crosslinking(14,15), the use of complementary interactions(16,17) and the synthesis of nanoparticles in patterned etch pits(18) have been used to organize nanocrystals into superlattices. Here we describe the use of bacterial S-layers-self-assembled, two-dimensionally ordered films of proteins that feature in many bacterial cell walls-as templates for the in situ nucleation of ordered two-dimensional arrays of cadmium sulphide nanocrystals about 5 nm in size. Nucleation of the inorganic phase is confined to the pores between subunits in the S-layers. Two-tier stacks of nanoparticles can be formed in the presence of double-layered protein crystals. The structural diversity of S-layers(19,20), their ease of self-assembly on a nide range of substrates and the potential for surface chemical modification suggest that this approach could be exploited to offer a wide range of ordered nanoparticle arrays.
C1 UNIV BATH,SCH CHEM,BATH BA2 7AY,AVON,ENGLAND.
   AGR UNIV VIENNA,CTR ULTRASTRUCT RES,A-1180 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
   AGR UNIV VIENNA,LUDWIG BOLTZMANN INST MOL NANOTECHNOL,A-1180 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
C3 University of Bath; BOKU University; BOKU University; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology
NR 30
TC 443
Z9 478
U1 0
U2 136
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 585
EP 587
DI 10.1038/39287
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vinson, M
   Mironov, S
   Mulvey, S
   Pertsov, A
AF Vinson, M
   Mironov, S
   Mulvey, S
   Pertsov, A
TI Control of spatial orientation and lifetime of scroll rings in excitable media
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID belousov-zhabotinskii reaction; 3-dimensional chemical waves; spiral waves; active medium; organizing centers; dynamics; annihilation; propagation; filaments; vortices
AB Excitable media, which range from autocatalytic chemical systems(1-3) to biological cells and tissues(4-7), can maintain organized structures in the form of rotating spiral waves of excitation(8-11). The dynamics of spiral waves in two-dimensional systems have been shown to be susceptible to control by external fields (such as electric, thermal and optical)(12-14). In three dimensions, the analogues of spiral waves are scroll waves(9,15,16), Here we show that an external held-a temperature gradient-can be used to control a particular class of scroll waves called scroll rings. The gradient allows scroll rings to be precisely oriented in space, and their spontaneous shrinkage to be accelerated, decelerated or even reversed (so that the ring expands). The temperature gradient also influences the lifetimes of the scroll rings. We suggest that these dynamics are likely to be generic to other types of field gradients and other excitable media.
C1 SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,SYRACUSE,NY 13210.
   SHIPPENSBURG UNIV,DEPT PHYS,SHIPPENSBURG,PA 17257.
   INST CELLULAR BIOPHYS,PUSHCHINO 142292,MOSCOW REGION,RUSSIA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE); Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research (PSCBI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS
NR 27
TC 71
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 477
EP 480
DI 10.1038/386477a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600046
PM 9087404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arvanitakis, L
   GerasRaaka, E
   Varma, A
   Gershengorn, MC
   Cesarman, E
AF Arvanitakis, L
   GerasRaaka, E
   Varma, A
   Gershengorn, MC
   Cesarman, E
TI Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human interleukin-8 receptor; kaposis-sarcoma; dna-sequences; gene-expression; chemokines; cytokines; saimiri; cloning
AB Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8, or HHV 8) is a virus that is consistently present in Kaposi's sarcoma(1,2) and in primary-effusion (body-cavity-based) lymphomas(3), malignancies that occur frequently, but not exclusively in AIDS patients. KSHV is a gamma herpesvirus with homology to herpesvirus Saimiri and Epstein-Barr virus(1,4), both of which can transform lymphocytes(5). Cloning of a KSHV genome fragment revealed the presence of an open reading frame encoding a putative G-protein-coupled receptor(6) that is homologous to a G-protein-coupled receptor encoded by herpesvirus Saimiri(7,8) and to human interleukin-8 receptors(9,10). Here we show that the KSHV G-protein-coupled receptor is a bona fide signalling receptor which has constitutive (agonist-independent) activity in the phosphoinositide-inositoltrisphosphate-protein kinase C pathway. Furthermore, the KSHV G-protein-coupled receptor stimulates cellular proliferation, making it a candidate viral oncogene.
C1 CORNELL UNIV MED COLL,DEPT MED,DIV MOL MED,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   CORNELL UNIV MED COLL,DEPT PATHOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University
NR 28
TC 539
Z9 620
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 347
EP 350
DI 10.1038/385347a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400052
PM 9002520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shoham, D
   Hubener, M
   Schulze, S
   Grinvald, A
   Bonhoeffer, T
AF Shoham, D
   Hubener, M
   Schulze, S
   Grinvald, A
   Bonhoeffer, T
TI Spatio-temporal frequency domains and their relation to cytochrome oxidase staining in cat visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iso-orientation domains; striate cortex; functional architecture; contrast sensitivity; intrinsic signals; neurons; organization; area-17; blobs
AB Spatial and temporal frequencies are important attributes of the visual scene. It is a long-standing question whether these attributes are represented in a spatially organized way in cat primary visual cortex(1-4). Using optical imaging of intrinsic signals(5-10), we show here that grating stimuli of different spatial frequencies drifting at various speeds produce distinct activity patterns. Rather than observing a map of continuously changing spatial frequency preference across the cortical surface, we found only two distinct sets of domains, one preferring low spatial frequency and high speed, and the other high spatial frequency and low speed. We compared the arrangement of these spatio-temporal frequency domains with the cytochrome oxidase staining pattern, which, based on work in primate striate cortex, is thought to reflect the partition of the visual cortex into different processing streams. We found that the cytochrome oxidase blobs in cat striate cortex coincide with domains engaged in the processing of low spatial and high temporal frequency contents of the visual scene. Together with other recent results(11), our data suggest that spatiotemporal frequency domains are a manifestation of parallel streams in cat visual cortex, with distinct patterns of thalamic inputs and extrastriate projections.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT,D-82152 MUNICH,GERMANY.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 Max Planck Society; Weizmann Institute of Science
NR 33
TC 122
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 529
EP 533
DI 10.1038/385529a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500046
PM 9020358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gu, W
   Shi, XL
   Roeder, RG
AF Gu, W
   Shi, XL
   Roeder, RG
TI Synergistic activation of transcription by CBP and p53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-protein cbp; factor creb; coactivator; binding; suppression; domain; mdm-2; camp
AB The tumour suppressor p53 is a transcriptional regulator whose ability to inhibit cell growth is dependent upon its transactivation function(1-3). Here we demonstrate that the transcription factor CBP, which is also implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation(4-14), acts as a p53 coactivator and potentiates its transcriptional activity. The amino-terminal activation domain of p53 interacts with the carboxy-terminal portion of the CBP protein both in vitro and in vivo. In transfected SaoS-2 cells, CBP potentiates activation of the mdm-2 gene by p53 and, reciprocally, p53 potentiates activation of a Gal4-responsive target gene by a Gal4(1-147)-CBP(1678-2441) fusion protein. A double point mutation that destroys the transactivation function of p53 also abolishes its binding to CBP and its synergistic function with CBP The ability of p53 to interact physically and functionally with a coactivator (CBP) that has histone acetyltransferase activity(15,16) and with components (TAFs)(17,18) of the general transcription machinery indicates that it may have different functions in a multistep activation pathway.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University
NR 30
TC 528
Z9 618
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 819
EP 823
DI 10.1038/42972
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400054
PM 9194564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levison, HF
   Shoemaker, EM
   Shoemaker, CS
AF Levison, HF
   Shoemaker, EM
   Shoemaker, CS
TI Dynamical evolution of Jupiter's Trojan asteroids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-period comets; behavior; origin
AB TROJAN asteroids, which may outnumber the asteroids in the asteriod belt, are objects that orbit the Sun with the same mean semi-major ads as Jupiter, but lead or trail the position of Jupiter in its orbit by similar to 60 degrees, One very interesting aspect of the Trojan swarms is that a significant number of asteroids are on orbits that analytic theory suggests should be unstable(1). Here we present the results of long-term dynamical integrations of the Trojan asteroids, that enable us to investigate the stability of the swarm population, We find that the orbits of the swarm asteroids are not stable indefinitely-the gravitational effects of the giant planets have reduced the swarms' outer boundaries over time, We estimate that there are over 200 escaped Trojan asteroids with diameters >1 km currently roaming the Solar System, a few of which may be on Earth-crossing orbits.
C1 LOWELL OBSERV,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001.
   NO ARIZONA UNIV,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011.
C3 Northern Arizona University
RP Levison, HF (corresponding author), SW RES INST,DEPT SPACE SCI,BOULDER,CO 80302, USA.
NR 21
TC 143
Z9 147
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 42
EP 44
DI 10.1038/385042a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krumholz, LR
   McKinley, JP
   Ulrich, FA
   Suflita, JM
AF Krumholz, LR
   McKinley, JP
   Ulrich, FA
   Suflita, JM
TI Confined subsurface microbial communities in Cretaceous rock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sediments; water
AB Deep subsurface microbial communities(1) are believed to be supported by organic matter that was either deposited with the formation sediments or which migrated from the surface along groundwater flowpaths. Investigation has therefore focused on the existence of microorganisms in recently deposited or highly permeable sediments(2,3). Fewer reports have focused on consolidated rocks(4-7). These findings have often been limited by inadequate tracer methodology or non-sterile sampling techniques. Here we present evidence for the presence of spatially discrete microbial communities in Cretaceous rocks and advance a mechanism for the long-term survival of these subterranean communities. Samples were collected using aseptic methods and sensitive tracers(8). Our results indicate that the main energy source for these communities is organic material trapped within shales. Microbial activity in shales appears to be greatly reduced, presumably because of their restrictive pore size(9). However, organic material or its fermentation products could diffuse into adjacent, more permeable sandstones, where microbial activity was much more abundant, This process resulted in the presence of microbial communities at sandstone-shale interfaces. These microorganisms presumably ferment organic matter and carry out sulphate reduction and acetogenesis.
C1 PACIFIC NW LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RP Krumholz, LR (corresponding author), UNIV OKLAHOMA, DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL, 770 VAN VLEET OVAL, NORMAN, OK 73019 USA.
NR 19
TC 205
Z9 224
U1 1
U2 91
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 64
EP 66
DI 10.1038/386064a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicholls, KW
AF Nicholls, KW
TI Predicted reduction in basal melt rates of an Antarctic ice shelf in a warmer climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circulation; beneath; water
AB Floating ice shelves are vulnerable to climate change at both their upper and lower surfaces. The extent to which the apparently air-temperature-related retreat of some northerly Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves(1) presages the demise of their much larger, more southerly, counterparts is not known, but air-temperature effects are unlikely to be important in the near future. Oceanographic measurements from beneath the most massive of these southerly ice shelves-the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf(2-4)-have confirmed that dense sea water resulting from sea-ice formation north of the ice shelf flows into the sub-ice-shelf cavity. This relatively warm so-called High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) is responsible for the net melting at the ice shelf's base. Here I present temperature measurements, from the same sub-ice-shelf cavity, which show a strong seasonality in the inflow of HSSW. This seasonality results from intense wintertime production of sea ice, and I argue that the seasonal springtime warming can be used as an analogue for climate warming. For the present mode of oceanographic circulation, the implication is that warmer winters (a climate warming, leading to lower rates of sea-ice formation, would cause a reduction in the flux of HSSW beneath the ice shelf. The resultant cooling in the sub-ice cavity would lead, in turn, to a reduction in the total melting at the ice shelf's base. A moderate warming of the climate could thus lead to a basal thickening of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, perhaps increasing its longevity.
RP Nicholls, KW (corresponding author), BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY,NERC,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0ET,ENGLAND.
NR 15
TC 50
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 460
EP 462
DI 10.1038/41302
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hess, RA
   Bunick, D
   Lee, KH
   Bahr, J
   Taylor, JA
   Korach, KS
   Lubahn, DB
AF Hess, RA
   Bunick, D
   Lee, KH
   Bahr, J
   Taylor, JA
   Korach, KS
   Lubahn, DB
TI A role for oestrogens in the male reproductive system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID estrogen-receptor gene; ductuli-efferentes; sperm counts; epididymis; testis; mouse; rat; disruption; secretion; estradiol
AB Oestrogen is considered to be the 'female' hormone, whereas testosterone is considered the 'male' hormone. However,both hormones are present in both sexes. Thus sexual distinctions are not qualitative differences, but rather result from quantitative divergence in hormone concentrations and differential expressions of steroid hormone receptors. In males, oestrogen is present in low concentrations in blood, but can be extraordinarily high in semen, and as high as 250 pg ml(-1) in rete testis fluids(1,2), which is higher than serum oestradiol in the female(3). It is well known that male reproductive tissues express oestrogen receptors(4-7), but the role of oestrogen in male reproduction has remained unclear. Here we provide evidence of a physiological role for oestrogen in male reproductive organs. We show that oestrogen regulates the reabsorption of luminal fluid in the head of the epididymis. Disruption of this essential function causes sperm to enter the epididymis diluted, rather than concentrated, resulting in infertility. This finding raises further concern over the potential direct effects of environmental oestrogens on male reproduction and reported declines in human sperm counts(8,9).
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ANIM SCI,URBANA,IL 61801.
   UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT BIOCHEM,COLUMBIA,MO 65211.
   UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT CHILD HLTH,COLUMBIA,MO 65211.
   NIEHS,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
RP Hess, RA (corresponding author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET BIOSCI,2001 S LINCOLN AVE,URBANA,IL 61802, USA.
FU FIC NIH HHS [F06 TW002317] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 756
Z9 845
U1 1
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/37352
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500051
PM 9393999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webb, JK
   Carswell, RF
   Lanzetta, KM
   Ferlet, R
   Lemoine, M
   VidalMadjar, A
   Bowen, DV
AF Webb, JK
   Carswell, RF
   Lanzetta, KM
   Ferlet, R
   Lemoine, M
   VidalMadjar, A
   Bowen, DV
TI A high deuterium abundance at redshift z=0.7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleosynthesis
AB Of the light elements, the primordial abundance of deuterium relative to hydrogen, (D/H)(p), provides the most sensitive diagnostic(1) for the cosmological mass density parameter, Omega(B). Recent high-redshift D/H measurements are highly discrepant(2-6), although this may reflect observational uncertainties(7,8). The larger primordial D/H values imply a low Omega(B) (requiring the Universe to be. dominated by non-baryonic matter), and cause problems for galactic chemical evolution models, which have difficulty in reproducing the steep decline in D/H to the present-day values, Conversely, the lower D/H values measured at high redshift imply an Omega(B) greater than that derived from Li-7 and He-4 abundance measurements, and may require a deuterium-abundance evolution that is too low to easily explain. Here we report the first measurement of D/H at intermediate redshift (z = 0.7010), in a gas cloud selected to minimize observational uncertainties, Our analysis yields a value of D/H ((2.0 +/- 0.5) x 10(-4)) which is at the upper end of the range of values measured at high redshifts. This finding, together with other independent observations, suggests that there may be inhomogeneity in (D/H)(p) of at least a factor of ten.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   UNIV SUSSEX,CTR ASTRON,BRIGHTON BN1 9QH,E SUSSEX,ENGLAND.
   INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
   INST ASTROPHYS,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE.
   UNIV CHICAGO,ENRICO FERMI INST,DEPT ASTRON & ASTROPHYS,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   ROYAL OBSERV,EDINBURGH EH9 3HJ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV NEW S WALES,SCH PHYS,SYDNEY,NSW 2052,AUSTRALIA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of Sussex; University of Cambridge; Sorbonne Universite; University of Chicago; University of Edinburgh; University of New South Wales Sydney
NR 24
TC 142
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 250
EP 252
DI 10.1038/40814
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100042
PM 9230433
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faist, J
   Capasso, F
   Sirtori, C
   Sivco, DL
   Hutchinson, AL
   Cho, AY
AF Faist, J
   Capasso, F
   Sirtori, C
   Sivco, DL
   Hutchinson, AL
   Cho, AY
TI Laser action by tuning the oscillator strength
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum cascade laser; wells; inversion
AB The threshold condition for laser action is usually achieved when the population difference between the initial and final energy levels of the laser transition reaches a critical value, determined by the equality between optical gain and losses. But the threshold condition can also be achieved by increasing the oscillator strength of the laser transition itself, while the population difference is held constant. This forms the basis of a new class of semiconductor lasers, a notable feature of which is broad wavelength tunability (on application of an electric field) in the technologically important mid-infrared region of the spectrum.
C1 AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
C3 Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
NR 24
TC 112
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 777
EP 782
DI 10.1038/42872
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hungate, BA
   Holland, EA
   Jackson, RB
   Chapin, FS
   Mooney, HA
   Field, CB
AF Hungate, BA
   Holland, EA
   Jackson, RB
   Chapin, FS
   Mooney, HA
   Field, CB
TI The fate of carbon in grasslands under carbon dioxide enrichment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2 enrichment; terrestrial ecosystems; responses; root; growth; water; photosynthesis; nitrogen; budget; impact
AB The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth's atmosphere is rising rapidly(1), with the potential to alter many ecosystem processes. Elevated CO2 often stimulates photosynthesis(2), creating the possibility that the terrestrial biosphere will sequester carbon in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, partly offsetting emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, cement manufacture, and deforestation(3,4). However, the responses of intact ecosystems to elevated CO2 concentration, particularly the below-ground responses, are not well understood. Here we present an annual budget focusing on below-ground carbon cycling for two grassland ecosystems exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations. Three years of experimental CO2 doubling increased ecosystem carbon uptake, but greatly increased carbon partitioning to rapidly cycling carbon pools below ground, This provides an explanation for the imbalance observed in numerous CO2 experiments, where the carbon increment from increased photosynthesis is greater than the increments in ecosystem carbon stocks. The shift in ecosystem carbon partitioning suggests that elevated CO2 concentration causes a greater increase in carbon cycling than in carbon storage in grasslands.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT INTEGRAT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,DIV ATMOSPHER CHEM,BOULDER,CO 80307.
   STANFORD UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   UNIV TEXAS,DEPT BOT,AUSTIN,TX 78713.
   CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT PLANT BIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; Stanford University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Carnegie Institution for Science
NR 30
TC 382
Z9 465
U1 3
U2 208
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 576
EP 579
DI 10.1038/41550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huisman, WJ
   Peters, JF
   Zwanenburg, MJ
   deVries, SA
   Derry, TE
   Abernathy, D
   vanderVeen, JF
AF Huisman, WJ
   Peters, JF
   Zwanenburg, MJ
   deVries, SA
   Derry, TE
   Abernathy, D
   vanderVeen, JF
TI Layering of a liquid metal in contact with a hard wall
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray reflectivity; molecular-dynamics; surface; gallium; interface; density; mercury
AB When a liquid makes contact with a solid wall, theoretical studies(1-4) indicate that the atoms or molecules will become layered adjacent to the wall, giving rise to an oscillatory density profile. This expectation has not, however, been directly verified, although an oscillatory force curve is seen for liquids compressed between solid surfaces(5), Here we present the results of an X-ray scattering study of liquid gallium metal in contact with a (111) diamond surface. We see pronounced layering in the liquid density profile which decays exponentially with increasing distance from the wall. The layer spacing is about 3.8 Angstrom, which is equal to the repeat distance of (001) planes of upright gallium dimers in solid alpha-gallium. Thus it appears that the liquid near the wall assumes a solid-like structure similar to the alpha-phase, which is nucleated on freezing at lower. temperatures. This kind of ordering should significantly influence flow, capillary osmosis, lubrication and wetting properties(5,6), and is likely to trigger heterogeneous nucleation of the solid.
C1 UNIV AMSTERDAM,VAN DER WAALS ZEEMAN INST,NL-1018 XE AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIAT FACIL,F-38043 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   UNIV WITWATERSRAND,SCHONLAND RES CTR NUCL SCI,ZA-2050 JOHANNESBURG,SOUTH AFRICA.
   FOM,INST ATOM & MOL PHYS,NL-1098 SJ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 University of Amsterdam; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); University of Witwatersrand; AMOLF
NR 27
TC 234
Z9 252
U1 1
U2 104
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 379
EP 381
DI 10.1038/37069
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ross, MN
   Benbrook, JR
   Sheldon, WR
   Zittel, PF
   McKenzie, DL
AF Ross, MN
   Benbrook, JR
   Sheldon, WR
   Zittel, PF
   McKenzie, DL
TI Observation of stratospheric ozone depletion in rocket exhaust plumes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solid-fueled rocket; motor exhaust; spectrometer
AB Although modelling studies have predicted(1-7) that particulate and reactive gas-phase species in the exhaust plume of large rockets might cause significant local ozone depletion, the actual response of the stratosphere after rocket launches has never been directly determined. Here we report comprehensive measurements that follow the evolution of stratospheric ozone in the wake of two Titan IV rockets launched on 12 May and 20 December 1996. In both cases, ozone concentrations dropped to near-zero values in the plume wake, across regions four to eight kilometres wide, within 30 minutes after launch; intense ozone lass persisted for 30 minutes after which time concentrations recovered to ambient levels. Our data indicate that the number of ozone molecules lost in the plume regions significantly exceed the number of chlorine molecules deposited by the two rockets, This suggests that a catalytic cycle based on Cl2O2, other than Cl-2, and unique to solid rocket motor (SPM) plumes might be responsible for our observations. However, the limited spatial and temporal extent of the observed ozone losses implies that neither the catalytic Cl2O2 cycle nor other reactions involving exhaust compounds from large solid-fuelled rockets have a globally significant impact on stratospheric chemistry.
C1 UNIV HOUSTON,ATMOSPHER & SPACE PHYS GRP,HOUSTON,TX 77204.
   AEROSP CORP,SPACE & ENVIRONM TECHNOL CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90009.
C3 University of Houston System; University of Houston; Aerospace Corporation - USA
RP Ross, MN (corresponding author), AEROSP CORP,ENVIRONM SYST DIRECTORATE,POB 92957,LOS ANGELES,CA 90009, USA.
NR 19
TC 31
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 62
EP 64
DI 10.1038/36318
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toker, A
   Cantley, LC
AF Toker, A
   Cantley, LC
TI Signalling through the lipid products of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; activation; 3-kinase
AB When a stimulatory agonist molecule binds at the exterior of the cell membrane, a second messenger transduces the signal to the interior of the cell. Second messengers can be derived from phospholipids in the membrane by the action of the enzymes phospholipase C or phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K). PI(3)K is a key player in many cellular responses, including the movement of organelle membranes, shape alteration through rearrangement of cytoskeletal actin, transformation and chemotaxis. But how PI(3)K mediates these responses is only now becoming clear.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MED CTR, DIV SIGNAL TRANSDUCT, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
RP Toker, A (corresponding author), BOSTON BIOMED RES INST, 20 STANIFORD ST, BOSTON, MA 02114 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM041890] Funding Source: Medline
NR 47
TC 1202
Z9 1325
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 673
EP 676
DI 10.1038/42648
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900044
PM 9192891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fitzsimonds, RM
   Song, HJ
   Poo, MM
AF Fitzsimonds, RM
   Song, HJ
   Poo, MM
TI Propagation of activity-dependent synaptic depression in simple neural networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term depression; neuromuscular synapses; hippocampal-neurons; area ca1; potentiation; induction; transmission; stimulation; mechanisms; plasticity
AB Triple whole-cell recordings from simple networks of cultured hippocampal neurons show that induction of long-term depression at glutamatergic synapses is accompanied by a back propagation of depression to input synapses on the dendrite of the presynaptic neuron. The depression also propagates laterally to divergent outputs of the presynaptic neuron and to convergent inputs on the postsynaptic neuron. There is no forward propagation of depression to the output of the postsynaptic neuron and no presynaptic propagation accompanying long-term depression at GABAergic synapses. Activity-induced synaptic modification is therefore not restricted to the activated synapse, but selectively propagates throughout the neural network.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 51
TC 151
Z9 171
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 439
EP 448
DI 10.1038/41267
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300039
PM 9242402
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonsall, MB
   Hassell, MP
AF Bonsall, MB
   Hassell, MP
TI Apparent competition structures ecological assemblages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID community; prey
AB Competition is a major force in structuring ecological communities(1). It acts directly(2) or indirectly, in which case it maybe mediated by shared natural enemies and is known as 'apparent competition'(3-6). The effects of apparent competition on species coexistence are well known theoretically(7,8) but have not previously been demonstrated empirically in controlled multigenerational experiments. Here we report on the population dynamic consequences of apparent competition in a laboratory insect system with two host species and a common parasitoid attacking them. We find that whereas the two separate, single host-single parasitoid interactions are persistent, the three-species system with the parasitoid attacking both hosts species (which are not allowed to compete directly) is unstable, and that one of the host species is eliminated from the interaction owing to the effects of apparent competition.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,NERC,CTR POPULAT BIOL,ASCOT SL5 7PY,BERKS,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Imperial College London
RP Bonsall, MB (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT BIOL,SILWOOD PK,ASCOT SL5 7PY,BERKS,ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 239
Z9 292
U1 1
U2 138
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 371
EP 373
DI 10.1038/41084
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sirovich, L
   Karlsson, S
AF Sirovich, L
   Karlsson, S
TI Turbulent drag reduction by passive mechanisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID direct numerical-simulation; boundary-layer; channel flow; wall; streak; waves
AB In many situations involving flows of high Reynolds number (where inertial forces dominate over viscous forces), such as aircraft flight and the pipeline transportation of fuels, turbulent drag is an important factor limiting performance. This has led to an extensive search for both active and passive methods for drag reduction(1). Here we report the results of a series of wind-tunnel experiments that demonstrate a passive means of effectively controlling turbulence in channel now Our approach involves the introduction of specified patterns of protrusions on the confining walls, which interact with the coherent, energy-bearing eddy structures in the wall region, and so influence the rate at which energy is dissipated in the turbulent how We show that relatively small changes in the arrangement of these protrusions can alter the response of the system from one of drag decrease to increased mixing (drag enhancement).
C1 ORLEV SCI ORMAT IND, IL-70650 YAVNE, ISRAEL.
   BROWN UNIV, DIV ENGN, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
NR 38
TC 127
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 753
EP 755
DI 10.1038/41966
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnston, M
   Hillier, L
   Riles, L
   Albermann, K
   Andre, B
   Ansorge, W
   Benes, V
   Bruckner, M
   Delius, H
   Dubois, E
   Dusterhoft, A
   Entian, KD
   Floeth, M
   Goffeau, A
   Hebling, U
   Heumann, K
   HeussNeitzel, D
   Hilbert, H
   Hilger, F
   Kleine, K
   Kotter, P
   Louis, EJ
   Messenguy, F
   Mewes, HW
   Miosga, T
   Mostl, D
   MullerAuer, S
   Nentwich, U
   Obermaier, B
   Piravandi, E
   Pohl, TM
   Portetelle, D
   Purnelle, B
   Rechmann, S
   Rieger, M
   Rinke, M
   Rose, M
   Scharfe, M
   Scherens, B
   Scholler, P
   Schwager, C
   Schwarz, S
   Underwood, AP
   Urrestarazu, LA
   Vandenbol, M
   Verhasselt, P
   Vierendeels, F
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Voss, H
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, E
   Wedler, H
   Zimmermann, FK
   Zollner, A
   Hani, J
   Hoheisel, JD
AF Johnston, M
   Hillier, L
   Riles, L
   Albermann, K
   Andre, B
   Ansorge, W
   Benes, V
   Bruckner, M
   Delius, H
   Dubois, E
   Dusterhoft, A
   Entian, KD
   Floeth, M
   Goffeau, A
   Hebling, U
   Heumann, K
   HeussNeitzel, D
   Hilbert, H
   Hilger, F
   Kleine, K
   Kotter, P
   Louis, EJ
   Messenguy, F
   Mewes, HW
   Miosga, T
   Mostl, D
   MullerAuer, S
   Nentwich, U
   Obermaier, B
   Piravandi, E
   Pohl, TM
   Portetelle, D
   Purnelle, B
   Rechmann, S
   Rieger, M
   Rinke, M
   Rose, M
   Scharfe, M
   Scherens, B
   Scholler, P
   Schwager, C
   Schwarz, S
   Underwood, AP
   Urrestarazu, LA
   Vandenbol, M
   Verhasselt, P
   Vierendeels, F
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Voss, H
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, E
   Wedler, H
   Zimmermann, FK
   Zollner, A
   Hani, J
   Hoheisel, JD
TI The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XII
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna genes; complete dna-sequence; size-variation; yeast; resolution
AB The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the pre-eminent organism for the study of basic functions of eukaryotic cells(1). All of the genes of this simple eukaryotic cell have recently been revealed by an international collaborative effort to determine the complete DNA sequence of its nuclear genome. Here we describe some of the features of chromosome XII.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM, MARTINSRIEDER INST PROT SEQUENZEN, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, LAB PHYSIOL CELLULAIRE & GENET LEVURES, B-1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   GENOTYPE, D-69434 HIRSCHHORN, GERMANY.
   DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, MICROBIOL LAB, B-1070 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   QIAGEN GMBH, D-40724 HILDEN, GERMANY.
   UNIV FRANKFURT, INST MIKROBIOL, D-60439 FRANKFURT, GERMANY.
   UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN, FAC SCI AGRON, UNITE BIOCHIM PHYSIOL, B-1348 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   FAC UNIV SCI AGRON, UNITE MICROBIOL, B-5030 GEMBLOUX, BELGIUM.
   JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP, INST MOL MED, DEPT YEAST GENET, OXFORD OX3 9DU, ENGLAND.
   CERIA COOVI, RES INST, B-1070 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   INST MIKROBIOL & GENET, D-64287 DARMSTADT, GERMANY.
   MEDIGENE GMBH, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   GATC GESELL ANAL TECH & CONSULTING MBH, D-78467 CONSTANCE, GERMANY.
   AGON GMBH, D-12489 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS VIB, DEPT MICROBIOL, B-1070 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, LAB GENE TECHNOL, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Universite Libre de Bruxelles; QIAGEN GmbH; Goethe University Frankfurt; Universite Catholique Louvain; University of Liege; University of Oxford; Technical University of Darmstadt; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); KU Leuven; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
RP Johnston, M (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, GENOME SEQUENCING CTR, 630 EUCLID AVE, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [P01 HG000956] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 97
Z9 714
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 87
EP 90
DI 10.1038/387s087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600011
PM 9169871
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Skuse, DH
   James, RS
   Bishop, DVM
   Coppin, B
   Dalton, P
   AamodtLeeper, G
   BacareseHamilton, M
   Creswell, C
   McGurk, R
   Jacobs, PA
AF Skuse, DH
   James, RS
   Bishop, DVM
   Coppin, B
   Dalton, P
   AamodtLeeper, G
   BacareseHamilton, M
   Creswell, C
   McGurk, R
   Jacobs, PA
TI Evidence from Turner's syndrome of an imprinted X-linked locus affecting cognitive function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behavior problems; inactivation; diagnosis; mouse
AB Turner's syndrome is a sporadic disorder of human females in which all or part of one X chromosome is deleted(1). Intelligence is usually normal(2) but social adjustment problems are common(3). Here we report a study of 80 females with Turner's syndrome and a single X chromosome, in 55 of which the X was maternally derived (45,X-m) and in 25 it was of paternal origin (45,X-p). Members of the 45,XP group were significantly better adjusted, with superior verbal and higher-order executive function skills, which mediate social interactions(4). Our observations suggest that there is a genetic locus for social cognition, which is imprinted(5) and is not expressed from the maternally derived X chromosome. Neuropsychological and molecular investigations of eight females with partial deletions of the short arm of the X chromosome(6) indicate that the putative imprinted locus escapes inactivation(7), and probably lies on Xq or close to the centromere on Xp. If expressed only from the X chromosome of paternal origin, the existence of this locus could explain why 46,XY males (whose single X chromosome is maternal) are more vulnerable to developmental disorders of language and social cognition, such as autism, than are 46,XX females(8).
C1 SALISBURY DIST HOSP,WESSEX REG GENET LAB,SALISBURY SP2 8BJ,WILTS,ENGLAND.
   MRC,APPL PSYCHOL UNIT,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2EF,ENGLAND.
   PRINCESS ANNE HOSP,WESSEX REG GENET SERV,SOUTHAMPTON SO16 5YA,HANTS,ENGLAND.
C3 Salisbury District Hospital; University of Cambridge
RP Skuse, DH (corresponding author), INST CHILD HLTH,BEHAV SCI UNIT,30 GUILFORD ST,LONDON WC1N 1EH,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 523
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 705
EP 708
DI 10.1038/42706
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900054
PM 9192895
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Losey, JE
   Ives, AR
   Harmon, J
   Ballantyne, F
   Brown, C
AF Losey, JE
   Ives, AR
   Harmon, J
   Ballantyne, F
   Brown, C
TI A polymorphism maintained by opposite patterns of parasitism and predation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prey; coccinellidae; populations; coleoptera; cues
AB Although polymorphism is a widespread phenomenon that has been recognized for nearly two centuries, the basic mechanisms maintaining most polymorphisms in nature are unknown(1,2). We present evidence that a polymorphism can be maintained exclusively by balanced selection from two predatory species. For field and laboratory experiments, we used the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, which occurs as 'green' and 'red' colour morphs, and two species that attack pea aphids, the parasitoid Aphidius ervi and the predator Coccinella septempunctata. We found that when parasitism rates in the field were high relative to predation rates, the proportion of red morphs increased relative to green morphs, whereas the converse Tvas true when predation rates were high relative to parasitism rates. Detailed laboratory and field studies confirmed that green morphs suffer higher rate's of parasitism than red morphs, whereas red morphs are more likely to be preyed on by predators than green morphs are. We present a mathematical model that demonstrates that biased density-dependent parasitism and/or predation on different morphs is sufficient to maintain the colour polymorphism in the population. Our findings support an important role for predation in the maintenance of genetic diversity.
RP Losey, JE (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ZOOL,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 24
TC 197
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/40849
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, SJM
   Conticello, VP
   Zhang, GH
   Kayser, C
   Fournier, MJ
   Mason, TL
   Tirrell, DA
AF Yu, SJM
   Conticello, VP
   Zhang, GH
   Kayser, C
   Fournier, MJ
   Mason, TL
   Tirrell, DA
TI Smectic ordering in solutions and films of a rod-like polymer owing to monodispersity of chain length
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system; phases
AB Solutions and melts of stiff ('rod-like') macromolecules often exhibit nematic liquid crystalline phases characterized by orientational, but not positional, molecular order(1,2). Smectic phases, in which macromolecular rods are organized into layers roughly perpendicular to the direction of molecular orientation, are rare, owing at least in part to the polydisperse nature (distribution of chain lengths) of polymers prepared by conventional polymerization processes. Bacterial methods for polypeptide synthesis(3), in which artificial genes encoding the polymer are expressed in bacterial vectors, offer the opportunity to make macromolecules with very well defined chain lengths. Here we show that a monodisperse derivative of poly(gamma-benzyl alpha,L-glutamate) prepared in this way shows smectic ordering in solution and in films. This result suggests that methods for preparing monodisperse polymers might provide access to new smectic phases with layer spacings that are susceptible to precise control on the scale of tens of nanometres.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT POLYMER SCI & ENGN,AMHERST,MA 01003.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
NR 23
TC 193
Z9 220
U1 1
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/38254
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700044
PM 9296493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Owens, TJ
   Zandt, G
AF Owens, TJ
   Zandt, G
TI Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beneath southern tibet; mantle velocity; deep-structure; shear; constraints; propagation; anisotropy; himalayas; thickness; uplift
AB Shear-coupled teleseismic P waves sampling the interior of the Tibetan plateau provide evidence of systematic variations in crustal structure. The crust thins by up to 20 km from south to north with a concomitant increase in Poisson's ratio from normal values in the south to unusually high values in the north. This Suggests that the crust of the northern plateau is partially melted due to high temperatures. These changes imply spatial and perhaps temporal variations in the way the elevation of the high plateau is created and maintained.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT GEOSCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
C3 University of Arizona; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Owens, TJ (corresponding author), UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,SC 29208, USA.
NR 48
TC 604
Z9 750
U1 2
U2 133
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 37
EP 43
DI 10.1038/387037a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goni, MA
   Ruttenberg, KC
   Eglinton, TI
AF Goni, MA
   Ruttenberg, KC
   Eglinton, TI
TI Source and contribution of terrigenous organic carbon to surface sediments in the Gulf of Mexico
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine-sediments; plant-tissue; matter; lignin; decomposition; preservation; delta-c-13
AB The sources and burial professes of organic matter in marine sediments are not well understood, yet they are important if we are to have a better understanding of the global carbon cycle(1). In particular, the nature and fraction of the terrestrial organic carbon preserved in marine sediments is poorly constrained. Here we use the chemical and stable carbon isotope signatures of oxidation products from a macromolecular component (lignin)(2) of the terrigenous organic matter preserved in offshore surface sediments in the Gulf of Mexico to complement similar data from an existing onshore transect(3) in this region. The complete onshore-offshore data set, along with radiocarbon dates of the bulk organic material at the same sites, allows the differentiation of material originating from plants that photosynthesize using the C-4 mechanism from those that undergo C-3 photosynthesis. We conclude that the offshore lignins derive from erosion of the extensive grassland (C-4) soils Of the Mississippi River drainage basin, and that the nearshore lignins originate largely from C-3 plant detritus from coastal forests and swamps, This distribution is probably due to the hydrodynamic sorting of the different source materials(4) during their seaward transport, These results suggest that previous studies(3,5) have significantly underestimated the terrigenous fraction of organic matter in offshore sediments by not recognizing the contribution of C-4 vegetation to the carbon-isotope composition. Such an underestimate may force revisions in the assessment of past marine primary productivity and associated organic carbon fluxes(6), and of organic matter preservation/remineralization(7) and nutrient cycling(8) in marine sediments.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT MARINE CHEM & GEOCHEM,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Goni, MA (corresponding author), UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,SC 29208, USA.
NR 30
TC 298
Z9 371
U1 1
U2 162
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 275
EP 278
DI 10.1038/38477
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emerson, S
   Quay, P
   Karl, D
   Winn, C
   Tupas, L
   Landry, M
AF Emerson, S
   Quay, P
   Karl, D
   Winn, C
   Tupas, L
   Landry, M
TI Experimental determination of the organic carbon flux from open-ocean surface waters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas-exchange; sea; pacific; air; productivity; circulation; temperature; station; dioxide; bubbles
AB The flux of biologically produced organic carbon from the euphotic zone of the ocean to the deep waters below-the 'biological organic carbon pump'-is one of the main controls on the carbon dioxide partial pressure in the atmosphere(1). Accurate determination of this flux is therefore critically important for understanding the global carbon cycle and its response to climate change. Our goal is to assess how accurately the biological organic carbon pump can be determined at a single location and to constrain estimates of the global value. As there are no standards against which such environmental fluxes can be measured, we assess accuracy by comparing results from three independent experimental approaches for measuring the net annual export of organic carbon from the euphotic zone in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. Mass balances of dissolved oxygen, inorganic carbon and organic carbon yield estimates of the organic carbon export flux of 2.7 +/- 1.7, 1.6 +/- 0.9 and 2.0 +/- 0.9 mol C m(-2)yr(-1), respectively, These three estimates are not significantly different, and establish the present analytically attainable accuracy at this location to be about +/-50%. If 2.0 mol C m(-2)yr(-1) is typical of the organic carbon export flux in the subtropical ocean, then this vast region, often considered to be a biological desert, may be responsible for up to half of the global-ocean biological organic carbon pump.
C1 UNIV HAWAII, DEPT OCEANOG, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Emerson, S (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH OCEANOG, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
NR 28
TC 262
Z9 288
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 951
EP 954
DI 10.1038/40111
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsunoda, S
   Sierralta, J
   Sun, YM
   Bodner, R
   Suzuki, E
   Becker, A
   Socolich, M
   Zuker, CS
AF Tsunoda, S
   Sierralta, J
   Sun, YM
   Bodner, R
   Suzuki, E
   Becker, A
   Socolich, M
   Zuker, CS
TI A multivalent PDZ-domain protein assembles signalling complexes in a g-protein-coupled cascade
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling proteins; ptb domain; drosophila; transduction; junctions; homolog; septate; kinases; module; gene
AB How are signalling molecules organized into different pathways within the same cell? In Drosophila, the inaD gene encodes a protein consisting of five PDZ domains which serves as a scaffold to assemble different components of the phototransduction cascade, including the principal fight-activated ion channels, the effector phospholipase C-beta and protein kinase C, Null inaD mutants have a dramatically reorganized subcellular distribution of signalling molecules, and a total loss of transduction complexes. Also, mutants defective in a single PDZ domain produce signalling complexes that lack the target protein and display corresponding defects in their physiology. A picture emerges of a highly organized unit of signalling, a 'transducisome', with PDZ domains functioning as key elements in the organization of transduction complexes in vivo.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT NEUROSCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,TOKYO,JAPAN.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Tokyo
NR 50
TC 551
Z9 609
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 243
EP 249
DI 10.1038/40805
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100041
PM 9230432
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benson, L
   Burdett, J
   Lund, S
   Kashgarian, M
   Mensing, S
AF Benson, L
   Burdett, J
   Lund, S
   Kashgarian, M
   Mensing, S
TI Nearly synchronous climate change in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial termination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID younger-dryas; corals; ages; circulation; record
AB The climate of the North Atlantic region underwent a series of abrupt cold/warm oscillations when the ice sheets of the Northern Hemisphere retreated during the last glacial termination (17.7-11.5 kyr ago). Evidence for these oscillations, which are recorded in European terrestrial sediments as the Oldest Dryas/Bolling/ Older Dryas/Allerod/Younger Dryas vegetational sequence(1,2), has been found in Greenland ice cores(3,4). The geographical extent of many of these oscillations is not well known(5,6), but the last major cold event (the Younger Dryas) seems to have been global in extent(7-10). Here we present evidence of four major oscillations in the hydrological balance of the Owens basin, California, that occurred during the last glacial termination. Dry events in western North America occurred at approximately the same time as cold events recorded in Greenland ice, with transitions between climate regimes in the two regions taking place within a few hundred years of each other. Our observations thus support recent climate simulations which indicate that cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean results in cooling of the North Pacific Ocean(11) which, in turn, leads to a drier climate in western North America(12).
C1 CORNELL UNIV,BOYCE THOMPSON INST 125,CORNELL LAB STABLE ISOTOPE ANAL,ITHACA,NY 14853.
   UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT EARTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
   UNIV NEVADA,DEPT GEOG,RENO,NV 89557.
C3 Cornell University; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research; University of Southern California; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Benson, L (corresponding author), US GEOL SURVEY,3215 MARINE ST,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 34
TC 125
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 263
EP 265
DI 10.1038/40838
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ledent, C
   Vaugeois, JM
   Schiffmann, SN
   Pedrazzini, T
   ElYacoubi, M
   Vanderhaeghen, JJ
   Costentin, J
   Heath, JK
   Vassart, G
   Parmentier, M
AF Ledent, C
   Vaugeois, JM
   Schiffmann, SN
   Pedrazzini, T
   ElYacoubi, M
   Vanderhaeghen, JJ
   Costentin, J
   Heath, JK
   Vassart, G
   Parmentier, M
TI Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A(2a) receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; caffeine; rat; striatum; agonists; cloning; neurons; brain
AB Adenosine is released from metabolically active cells by facilitated diffusion, and is generated extracellularly by degradation of released ATP. It is a potent biological mediator that modulates the activity of numerous cell types, including various neuronal populations, platelets, neutrophils and mast cells, and smooth muscle cells in bronchi and vasculatue. Most of these effects help to protect cells and tissues during stress conditions such as ischaemia. Adenosine mediates its effects through four receptor subtypes: the A(1), A(2a), A(2b) and A(3) receptors(1). The A(2a) receptor (A(2a)R)(2,3) is abundant in basal ganglia, vasculature and platelets, and stimulates adenylyl cyclase. It is a major target of caffeine, the most widely used psychoactive drug(4). Here we investigate the role of the A(2a) receptor by disrupting the gene in mice. Here found that A(2a)R-knockout (A(2a)R(-/-)) mice were viable and bred normally. Their exploratory activity was reduced, whereas caffeine, which normally stimulates exploratory behaviour, became a depressant of exploratory activity. Knockout animals scored higher in anxiety tests, and male mice were much more aggressive towards intruders. The response of A(2a)R(-/-) mice to acute pain stimuli was slower. Blood pressure and heart rate were increased, as well as platelet aggregation. The specific A(2a) agonist CGS 21680 lost its biological activity in all systems tested.
C1 FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, IRIBHN, LAB RECH NEUROPEPTIDES, B-1070 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, SERV GENET MED, B-1070 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   FAC MED & PHARM, IFRMP,UNITE NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL EXPT,CNRS, UPRESA 6036, F-76803 ST ETIENNE DU ROUVRAY, FRANCE.
   UNIV LAUSANNE, SCH MED, DIV HYPERTENS, CH-1011 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, DEPT BIOCHEM, CRC GROWTH FACTORS, OXFORD OX1 3QU, ENGLAND.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Lausanne; University of Oxford
NR 28
TC 752
Z9 832
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 674
EP 678
DI 10.1038/41771
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300049
PM 9262401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowman, S
   Churcher, C
   Badcock, K
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Connor, R
   Dedman, K
   Devlin, K
   Gentles, S
   Hamlin, N
   Hunt, S
   Jagels, K
   Lye, G
   Moule, S
   Odell, C
   Pearson, D
   Rajandream, M
   Rice, P
   Skelton, J
   Walsh, S
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, B
AF Bowman, S
   Churcher, C
   Badcock, K
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Connor, R
   Dedman, K
   Devlin, K
   Gentles, S
   Hamlin, N
   Hunt, S
   Jagels, K
   Lye, G
   Moule, S
   Odell, C
   Pearson, D
   Rajandream, M
   Rice, P
   Skelton, J
   Walsh, S
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, B
TI The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIII
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complete dna-sequence; yeast; gene; homolog; interacts; recq; sgs1
AB Systematic sequencing of the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has revealed thousands of new predicted genes and allowed analysis of long-range features of chromosomal organization. Generally, genes and predicted genes seem to be distributed evenly throughout the genome, having no overall preference for DNA strand. Apart from the smaller chromosomes, which can have substantially lower gene density in their telomeric: regions(1-3), there is a consistent average of one open reading frame (ORF) approximately every two kilobases. However, one of the most surprising findings for a eukaryote with approximately 6,000 genes was the amount of apparent redundancy in its genome. This redundancy occurs both between individual ORFs and over more extensive chromosome regions, which have been duplicated preserving gene order and orientation(4-6). Here we report the entire nucleotide sequence of chromosome XIII, the sixth-largest S. cerevisiae chromosome, and demonstrate that its features and organization are consistent with those observed for other S. cerevisiae chromosomes. Analysis revealed 459 ORFs, 284 have not been identified previously. Both intra- and interchromosomal duplications of regions of this chromosome have occurred.
C1 SANGER CTR,CAMBRIDGE CB10 1SA,ENGLAND.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 39
Z9 568
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 90
EP 93
DI 10.1038/387s090
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600012
PM 9169872
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Batchelor, AM
   Garthwaite, J
AF Batchelor, AM
   Garthwaite, J
TI Frequency detection and temporally dispersed synaptic signal association through a metabotropic glutamate receptor pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar purkinje-cells; long-term depression; protein-kinase-c; calcium transients; climbing fiber; activation; invitro; slices; induction; dendrites
AB IN the classical view, a central neuron integrates incoming synaptic information by simple algebraic summation of the resultant bioelectrical signals that coincide in time, The voltage dependence of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) type of ionotropic glutamate receptor endows neurons with an additional tool that allows one synaptic input to influence another, providing again, that the two are active simultaneously(1). Here we identify a new mechanism by which non-coincident signals generated by different synaptic inputs are integrated, The device serves to regulate neuronal excitation through G-protein-coupled, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs)(2) in a powerful and specific manner. We show that, in cerebellar Purkinje cells, a single activation of the climbing-fibre input markedly potentiates mGluR-mediated excitation at parallel-fibre synapses(3). The potentiation results; from a transient rise in cytosolic Ca2+ which is 'memorized' in such a way that it promotes excitation through mGluRs for about two minutes. A Ca2+-transient is also effective if imposed up to two seconds after parallel-fibre stimulation. By allowing temporally and spatially dispersed synaptic signals to be assimilated, this mechanism adds a new element to the computational power of central neurons.
C1 UCL, CRUCIFORM PROJECT, LONDON W1P 9LN, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
NR 25
TC 168
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/385074a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100052
PM 8985249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shafman, T
   Khanna, KK
   Kedar, P
   Spring, K
   Kozlov, S
   Yen, T
   Hobson, K
   Gatei, M
   Zhang, N
   Watters, D
   Egerton, M
   Shiloh, Y
   Kharbanda, S
   Kufe, D
   Lavin, MF
AF Shafman, T
   Khanna, KK
   Kedar, P
   Spring, K
   Kozlov, S
   Yen, T
   Hobson, K
   Gatei, M
   Zhang, N
   Watters, D
   Egerton, M
   Shiloh, Y
   Kharbanda, S
   Kufe, D
   Lavin, MF
TI Interaction between ATM protein and c-Abl in response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ataxia-telangiectasia cells; ionizing-radiation; tyrosine kinase; radiosensitivity; induction; gene; p53
AB The gene mutated in the autosomal recessive disorder ataxia telangiectasia (AT), designated ATM (for 'AT mutated'), is a member of a family of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-like enzymes that are involved in cell-cycle control, meiotic recombination, telomere length monitoring and DNA-damage response(1-4). Previous results have demonstrated that AT cells are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation(5-7) and are defective at the G1/S checkpoint after radiation damage(8-10). Because cells lacking the protein tyrosine kinase c-Abl are also defective in radiation-induced G1 arrest(11), we investigated the possibility that ATM might interact with c-Abl in response to radiation damage. Here we show that ATM binds c-Abl constitutively in control cells but not in AT cells. Our results demonstrate that the SH3 domain of c-Abl interacts with a DPAPNPPHFP motif (residues 1,373-1,382) of ATM. The results also reveal that radiation-induction of c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity is diminished in AT cells. These findings indicate that ATM is involved in the activation of c-Abl by DNA damage and this interaction may in part mediate radiation-induced G1 arrest.
C1 QUEENSLAND INST MED RES,BRISBANE,QLD 4029,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV QUEENSLAND,ROYAL BRISBANE HOSP,DEPT SURG,BRISBANE,QLD 4029,AUSTRALIA.
   DANA FARBER CANC INST,JOINT CTR RADIAT THERAPY,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV CANC PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   FOX CHASE CANC CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19111.
   TEL AVIV UNIV,SACKLER SCH MED,DEPT HUMAN GENET,IL-69978 RAMAT AVIV,ISRAEL.
C3 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital; University of Queensland; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine
NR 26
TC 403
Z9 450
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 520
EP 523
DI 10.1038/387520a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900053
PM 9168117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, HL
   OBrien, RJ
   Fung, ET
   Lanahan, AA
   Worley, PF
   Huganir, RL
AF Dong, HL
   OBrien, RJ
   Fung, ET
   Lanahan, AA
   Worley, PF
   Huganir, RL
TI GRIP: A synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein that interacts with AMPA receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guanylate kinases; nmda receptor; glutamate; channels; subunit; synapses; cloning; system; brain; yeast
AB AMPA glutamate receptors mediate the majority of rapid excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system(1,2) and play a role in the synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory(3,4). AMPA receptors are heteromeric complexes of four homologous subunits (GluR1-4) that differentially combine to form a variety of AMPA receptor subtypes(1,2). These subunits are thought to have a large extracellular amino-terminal domain, three transmembrane domains and an intracellular carboxyterminal domain(5). AMPA receptors are localized at excitatory synapses and are not found on adjacent inhibitory synapses enriched in GABAA receptors(6). The targeting of neurotransmitter receptors, such as AMPA receptors, and ion channels to synapses is essential for efficient transmission(7,8). A protein motif called a PDZ domain is important in the targeting of a variety of membrane proteins to cell-cell junctions including synapses(8-10). Here we identify a synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein GRIP (glutamate receptor interacting protein) that specifically interacts with the C termini of AMPA receptors. GRIP is a new member of the PDZ domain-containing protein family which has seven PDZ domains and no catalytic domain. GRIP appears to serve as an adapter protein that links AMPA receptors to other proteins and may be critical for the clustering of AMPA receptors at excitatory synapses in the brain.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University
NR 30
TC 733
Z9 886
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 279
EP 284
DI 10.1038/386279a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300051
PM 9069286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kalas, P
   Jewitt, D
AF Kalas, P
   Jewitt, D
TI A candidate dust disk surrounding the binary stellar system BD+31 degrees 643
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-pictoris; circumstellar disk; young; planets; nebulae; ic-348; cloud
AB Planetesimals are thought to form within the dense dust disks that surround young stars(1), although this process has not been observed directly, In contrast, the presence of dust disks around older, main-sequence stars can be used to infer that planetesimal formation has indeed occurred; dust is rapidly depleted in circumstellar environments, so a continuous supply of dust by the sublimation and collisional erosion of pre-existing planetesimals(2,3) is required to maintain a disk over the lifetime of the central star. The composition of the dust in such disks should provide clues regarding the composition of the planetesimals, and the structure of the disks (for example, gaps in the dust distribution) could be linked to physical interactions with unseen planets, To date, only one main-sequence star-beta Pictoris-has been shown to have a dust disk that can be resolved optically(4). Here we report the optical image of a candidate dust disk surrounding a main-sequence binary stellar system, BD+31 degrees 643, If the existence of this dust disk is confirmed by future observations, it would imply that binary stars may possess stable environments for planetesimal formation.
C1 UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
C3 University of Hawaii System
NR 30
TC 39
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/386052a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawazoe, H
   Yasukawa, M
   Hyodo, H
   Kurita, M
   Yanagi, H
   Hosono, H
AF Kawazoe, H
   Yasukawa, M
   Hyodo, H
   Kurita, M
   Yanagi, H
   Hosono, H
TI P-type electrical conduction in transparent thin films of CuAlO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemistry; mgin2o4; oxide
AB Optically transparent oxides tend to be electrical insulators, by virtue of their large electronic bandgap (greater than or equal to 3.1 eV). The most notable exceptions are doped versions of the oxides In2O3, SnO2 and ZnO-all n-type (electron) conductors-which are widely used as the transparent electrodes in flat-panel displays(1,2). On the other hand, no transparent oxide exhibiting high p-type (hole) conductivity is known to exist, whereas such materials could open the way to a range of novel applications, For example, a combination of the two types of transparent conductor in the form of a pn junction could lead to a 'functional' window that transmits visible light yet generates electricity in response to the absorption of ultraviolet photons. Here we describe a strategy for identifying oxide materials that should combine p-type conductivity with good optical transparency. We illustrate the potential of this approach by reporting the properties of thin films of CuAlO2, a transparent oxide having room-temperature p-type conductivity up to 1 S cm(-1). Although the conductivity of our candidate material is significantly lower than that observed for the best n-type conducting oxides, it is sufficient for some applications, and demonstrates that the development of transparent p-type conductors is not an insurmountable goal.
RP Kawazoe, H (corresponding author), TOKYO INST TECHNOL,MAT & STRUCT LAB,MIDORI KU,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA 226,JAPAN.
NR 15
TC 1965
Z9 2158
U1 8
U2 700
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 939
EP 942
DI 10.1038/40087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caterina, MJ
   Schumacher, MA
   Tominaga, M
   Rosen, TA
   Levine, JD
   Julius, D
AF Caterina, MJ
   Schumacher, MA
   Tominaga, M
   Rosen, TA
   Levine, JD
   Julius, D
TI The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root ganglion-cells; sensory neurons; chemical-structure; cation channel; drosophila trp; ruthenium red; calcium-entry; rat; resiniferatoxin; acid
AB Capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in 'hot' chilli peppers, elicits a sensation of burning pain by selectively activating sensory neurons that convey information about noxious stimuli to the central nervous system. We have used an expression cloning strategy based on calcium influx to Isolate a functional cDNA encoding a capsaicin receptor from sensory neurons. This receptor is a non-selective cation channel that is structurally related to members of the TRP family of ion channels. The cloned capsaicin receptor Is also activated by increases in temperature In the noxious range, suggesting that it functions as a transducer of painful thermal stimuli in vivo.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT ANESTHESIA,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 49
TC 7373
Z9 8577
U1 27
U2 1269
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 816
EP 824
DI 10.1038/39807
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800048
PM 9349813
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Condic, ML
   Letourneau, PC
AF Condic, ML
   Letourneau, PC
TI Ligand-induced changes in integrin expression regulate neuronal adhesion and neurite outgrowth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extracellular-matrix; laminin receptors; sensory neurons; growth cones; in-vitro; fibronectin; subunit; chick; locomotion; migration
AB Receptors of the integrin family are expressed by every cell type and are the primary means by which cells interact with the extracellular matrix. The control of integrin expression affects a wide range of developmental and cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression, cell adhesion, cell morphogenesis and cell migration(1-3). Here we show that the concentration of substratum-bound ligand (laminin) post-translationally regulates the amount of receptor (alpha(6) beta(1) integrin) expressed on the surface of sensory neurons. When ligand availability is low, surface amounts of receptor increase, whereas integrin RNA and total integrin protein decrease. Ligand concentration determines surface levels of integrin by altering the rate at which receptor is removed from the cell surface. Furthermore, increased expression of integrin at the cell surface is associated with increased neuronal cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth, These results indicate that integrin regulation maintains neuronal growth-cone motility over a broad range of ligand concentrations, allowing axons to invade different tissues during development and regeneration.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT CELL BIOL & NEUROANAT, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Condic, ML (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH, SCH MED, DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL, 50 N MED DR, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84132 USA.
NR 29
TC 161
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 852
EP 856
DI 10.1038/39878
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800058
PM 9349817
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matilla, A
   Koshy, BT
   Cummings, C
   Isobe, T
   Orr, HT
   Zoghbi, HY
AF Matilla, A
   Koshy, BT
   Cummings, C
   Isobe, T
   Orr, HT
   Zoghbi, HY
TI The cerebellar leucine-rich acidic nuclear protein interacts with ataxin-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression analysis; type-1; gene; repeat; construction; cloning; matrix; yeast; sca1
AB Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by ataxia, progressive motor deterioration, and loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells(1). SCA1 belongs to a growing group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by expansion of CAG repeats, which encode glutamine(2). Although the proteins containing these repeats are widely expressed, the neurodegeneration in SCA1 and other polyglutamine diseases selectively involves a few neuronal subtypes. The mechanism(s) underlying this neuronal specificity is unknown. Here we show that the cerebellar leucine-rich acidic nuclear protein (LANP)(3) interacts with ataxin-1, the SCA1 gene product. LANP is expressed predominantly in Purkinje cells, the primary site of pathology in SCAT. The interaction between LANP and ataxin-1 is significantly stronger when the number of glutamines is increased. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrate that both LANP and ataxin-1 colocalize in nuclear matrix-associated subnuclear structures. The features of the interaction between ataxin-1 and LANP, their spatial and temporal patterns of expression, and the colocalization studies indicate that cerebellar LANP is involved in the pathogenesis of SCA1.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,CELL & MOL BIOL PROGRAM,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   TOKYO METROPOLITAN UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT CHEM,TOKYO 158,JAPAN.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT LAB MED & PATHOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT BIOCHEM,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,INST HUMAN GENET,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tokyo Metropolitan University; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
NR 22
TC 219
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 974
EP 978
DI 10.1038/40159
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900057
PM 9353121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, DM
   Kasting, JF
   Wade, RA
AF Williams, DM
   Kasting, JF
   Wade, RA
TI Habitable moons around extrasolar giant planets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mars; atmosphere; companion; constraints; titans
AB Possible planetary objects have now been discovered(1-9) orbiting nine different main-sequence stars. These companion objects (some of which might actually be brown dwarfs) all have a mass at least half that of Jupiter, and are therefore unlikely to be hospitable to Earth-like Life: jovian planets and brown dwarfs support neither a solid nor a liquid surface near which organisms might dwell. Here we argue that redry moons orbiting these companions could be habitable if the planet-moon system orbits the parent star within the so-called 'habitable zone'(10), where life- supporting liquid water(11) could be present. The companions to the stars 16 Cygni B and 47 Ursae Majoris might satisfy this criterion. Such a moon would, however, need to be large enough (>0.12 Earth masses) to retain a substantial and long-lived atmosphere, and would also need to possess a strong magnetic field in order to prevent its atmosphere from being sputtered away by the constant bombardment of energetic ions from the planet's magnetosphere.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOSCI, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Williams, DM (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT ASTRON & ASTROPHYS, 525 DAVEY LAB, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
NR 36
TC 177
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 234
EP 236
DI 10.1038/385234a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100040
PM 9000072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feng, PY
   Bu, XH
   Stucky, GD
AF Feng, PY
   Bu, XH
   Stucky, GD
TI Hydrothermal syntheses and structural characterization of zeolite analogue compounds based on cobalt phosphate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aluminophosphate molecular-sieves; topology
AB Zeolite analogues containing transition metals are highly desirable for industrial processes. A generalized synthesis method has been developed and demonstrated to have the potential to generate many transition-metal-rich zeolite-type structures. The method has been used to make zeolite analogues based on cobalt phosphate with diverse chemical compositions and structure types, including some analogues never previously synthesized and some zeolite-like structures only previously known theoretically. The concentrations of transition-metal atoms in the frameworks can be controlled by varying the charge and geometry of the structure-directing amine molecules.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, DEPT CHEM, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
NR 32
TC 525
Z9 565
U1 5
U2 178
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 735
EP 741
DI 10.1038/41937
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laufer, E
   Dahn, R
   Orozco, OE
   Yeo, CY
   Pisenti, J
   Henrique, D
   Abbott, UK
   Fallon, JF
   Tabin, C
AF Laufer, E
   Dahn, R
   Orozco, OE
   Yeo, CY
   Pisenti, J
   Henrique, D
   Abbott, UK
   Fallon, JF
   Tabin, C
TI Expression of radical fringe in limb-bud ectoderm regulates apical ectodermal ridge formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern-formation; wing development; vertebrate limb; ventral cells; chick-embryo; mutant; dorsal; drosophila; induction; mouse
AB The apical ectodermal ridge of the vertebrate limb bud lies at the junction of the dorsal and ventral ectoderm and directs patterning of the growing limb. Its formation is directed by the boundary between cells that do and cells that do not express the gene Radical fringe. This is similar to the establishment of the margin cells at the Drosophila wing dorsoventral border by fringe. Radical fringe expression in chick-limb dorsal ectoderm is established In part through repression by Engrailed-1 in the ventral ectoderm.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ANAT,MADISON,WI 53706.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,DEPT AVIAN SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,DEV GENET LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Cancer Research UK
NR 47
TC 229
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 366
EP 373
DI 10.1038/386366a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000056
PM 9121552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Su, WCS
   Kitagawa, M
   Xue, NR
   Xie, B
   Garofalo, S
   Cho, J
   Deng, CX
   Horton, WA
   Fu, XY
AF Su, WCS
   Kitagawa, M
   Xue, NR
   Xie, B
   Garofalo, S
   Cho, J
   Deng, CX
   Horton, WA
   Fu, XY
TI Activation of Stat1 by mutant fibroblast growth-factor receptor in thanatophoric dysplasia type II dwarfism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine phosphorylation; transcription factor; protein; specificity; mutations; kinase; gene
AB The achondroplasia class of chondrodysplasias comprises the most common genetic forms of dwarfism in humans and includes achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia types I and II (TDI and TDII), which are caused by different mutations in a fibroblast growth-factor receptor FGFR3 (ref, 1), The molecular mechanism and the mediators of these FGFR3-related growth abnormalities are not known, Here we show that mutant TDII FGFR3 has a constitutive tyrosine kinase activity which can specifically activate the transcription factor Stat1 (for signal transducer and activator of transcription)(2,3). Furthermore, expression of TDII FGFR3 induced nuclear translocation of Stat1, expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1), and growth arrest of the cell. Thus, TDII FGFR3 may use Stat1 as a mediator of growth retardation in bone development, Consistent with this, Stat1 activation and increased p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression was found in the cartilage cells from the TDII fetus, but not in those from the normal fetus, Thus, abnormal STAT activation and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression by the TDII mutant receptor may be responsible for this FGFR3-related bone disease.
C1 YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA.
   SHRINERS HOSP CRIPPLED CHILDRENS, RES DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97201 USA.
   NIDDKD, BIOCHEM & METAB LAB, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Yale University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
NR 30
TC 271
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 288
EP 292
DI 10.1038/386288a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300053
PM 9069288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKernan, MG
   ShinnickGallagher, P
AF McKernan, MG
   ShinnickGallagher, P
TI Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paired-pulse facilitation; long-term potentiation; medial geniculate-body; lateral nucleus; rat hippocampus; nmda receptors; patch-clamp; ca1 region; amygdala; transmission
AB The amygdala plays a critical role in the mediation of emotional responses, particularly fear, in both humans and animals(1-4). Fear conditioning, a conditioned learning paradigm, has served as a model for emotional learning in animals, and the neuroanatomical circuitry underlying the auditory fear-conditioning paradigm is well characterized(5). Synaptic transmission in the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) to lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) pathway, a key segment of the auditory fear conditioning circuit, is mediated largely through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA (such as alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)) glutamate receptors(6); the potential for neural plasticity in this pathway is suggested by its capacity to support long-term potentiation (LTP)(7,8). Here we report a long-lasting increase in the synaptic efficacy of the MGN-LA pathway attributable to fear-conditioning itself, rather than an electrically induced model of learning. Fear-conditioned animals show a presynaptic facilitation of AMPA-receptor-mediated transmission, directly measured in vitro with whole-cell recordings in lateral amygdala neurons. These findings represent one of the first in vitro measures of synaptic plasticity resulting from emotional learning by whole animals.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,GALVESTON,TX 77555.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston
NR 29
TC 641
Z9 763
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 607
EP 611
DI 10.1038/37605
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300049
PM 9403689
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Breitenbach, G
   Schiller, S
   Mlynek, J
AF Breitenbach, G
   Schiller, S
   Mlynek, J
TI Measurement of the quantum states of squeezed light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical homodyne tomography; density-matrix; probability-distributions; photon distribution; wigner function; phase; oscillator; conversion; vacuum; field
AB A state of a quantum-mechanical system is completely described by a density matrix or a phase-space distribution such as the Wigner function. The complete family of squeezed states of light (states that have less uncertainty in one observable than does the vacuum state) have been generated using an optical parametric amplifier, and their density matrices and Wigner functions have been reconstructed from measurements of the quantum statistics of their electric fields.
RP Breitenbach, G (corresponding author), UNIV KONSTANZ,FAK PHYS,D-78457 CONSTANCE,GERMANY.
NR 37
TC 473
Z9 506
U1 2
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 471
EP 475
DI 10.1038/387471a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaughan, CW
   Ingram, SL
   Connor, MA
   Christie, MJ
AF Vaughan, CW
   Ingram, SL
   Connor, MA
   Christie, MJ
TI How opioids inhibit GABA-mediated neurotransmission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arachidonic-acid metabolites; hippocampus in-vitro; lipoxygenase metabolites; presynaptic inhibition; protein-kinase; rat; cells; channels; nociception; activation
AB The midbrain region periaqueductal grey (FAG) is rich in opioid receptors and endogenous opioids and is a major target of analgesic action in the central nervous system(1). It has been proposed that the analgesic effect of opioids on the FAG works by suppressing the inhibitory influence of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) on neurons that form part of a descending antinociceptive pathway(2). Opioids inhibit GABA-mediated (GABAergic) synaptic transmission in the FAG and other brain regions by reducing the probability of presynaptic neurotransmitter release(3,4), but the mechanisms involved remain uncertain. Here we report that opioid inhibition of GABAergic synaptic currents in the FAG is controlled by a presynaptic voltage-dependent potassium conductance, Opioid receptors of the mu type in GABAergic presynaptic terminals are specifically coupled to this potassium conductance by a pathway involving phospholipase A(2), arachidonic acid and 12-lipoxygenase. Furthermore, opioid inhibition of GABAergic synaptic transmission is potentiated by inhibitors of the enzymes cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, presumably because more arachidonic acid is available for conversion to IZ-lipoxygenase products, These mechanisms account for the analgesic action of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in the PAG(5) and their synergism with opioids(6).
RP Vaughan, CW (corresponding author), UNIV SYDNEY,DEPT PHARMACOL,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
NR 22
TC 431
Z9 501
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 611
EP 614
DI 10.1038/37610
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300050
PM 9403690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fitzpatrick, DC
   Batra, R
   Stanford, TR
   Kuwada, S
AF Fitzpatrick, DC
   Batra, R
   Stanford, TR
   Kuwada, S
TI A neuronal population code for sound localization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior colliculus; unanesthetized rabbit; binaural interaction; changing frequency; interaural delays; information; direction; movement
AB The accuracy with which listeners can locate sounds is much greater than the spatial sensitivity of single neurons(1-3). The broad spatial tuning of auditory neurons indicates that a code based on the responses of ensembles of neurons, a population code, must be used to determine the position of a sound in space, Here we show that the tuning of neurons to the most potent localization cue, the interaural time difference in low-frequency signals (< similar to 2 kHz; refs 4, 5), becomes sharper as the information ascends through the auditory system, We also show that this sharper tuning increases the efficiency of the population code, in the sense that fewer neurons are required to achieve a given acuity.
RP Fitzpatrick, DC (corresponding author), UNIV CONNECTICUT, CTR HLTH, DEPT ANAT, FARMINGTON, CT 06030 USA.
NR 30
TC 138
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 871
EP 874
DI 10.1038/42246
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400048
PM 9278047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirkpatrick, DT
   Petes, TD
AF Kirkpatrick, DT
   Petes, TD
TI Repair of DNA loops involves DNA-mismatch and nucleotide-excision repair proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; meiotic recombination; yeast; mutants
AB A number of enzymes recognize and repair DNA lesions(1). The DNA-mismatch repair system corrects base-base mismatches and small loops, whereas the nucleotide-excision repair systems removes pyrimidine dimers and other helix-distorting lesions. DNA molecules with mismatches or loops can arise as a consequence of heteroduplex formation during meiotic recombination(2). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, repair of mismatches results in gene conversion or restoration, and failure to repair the mismatch results in post-meiotic segregation (PMS) (Fig. 1). The ratio of gene-conversion to PMS events reflects the efficiency of DNA repair(3,4). By examining the PMS patterns in yeast strains heterozygous for a mutant allele with a 26-base-pair insertion, we find that the repair of 26-base loops involves Msh2 (a DNA-mismatch repair protein) and Rad1 (a protein required for nucleotide-excision repair).
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOL,CURRICULUM GENET & MOL BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
NR 24
TC 128
Z9 141
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 929
EP 931
DI 10.1038/43225
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600058
PM 9202128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurahashi, T
   Menini, A
AF Kurahashi, T
   Menini, A
TI Mechanism of odorant adaptation in the olfactory receptor cell
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclic-gmp phosphodiesterase; nucleotide-gated channels; adaptive property; neurons; calcium; newt; phosphorylation; transduction; sensitivity; conductance
AB Adaptation to odorants begins at the level of sensory receptor cells(1-5), presumably through modulation of their transduction machinery, The olfactory signal transduction involves the activation of the adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP second messenger system which leads to the sequential opening of cAMP-gated channels and Ca2+-activated chloride ion channels(4-7). Several reports of results obtained from in vitro preparations describe the possible molecular mechanisms involved in odorant adaptation; namely, ordorant receptor phosphorylation(8,9), activation of phosphodiesterase(10), and ion channel regulation(11-14). However, it is still unknown whether these putative mechanisms work in the intact olfactory receptor cell. Here we investigate the nature of the adaptational mechanism in intact olfactory cells by using a combination of odorant stimulation and caged cAMP photolysis(15) which produces current responses that bypass the early stages of signal transduction (involving the receptor, G protein and adenylyl cyclase). Odorant- and cAMP-induced responses showed the same adaptation in a Ca2+-dependent manner, indicating that adaptation occurs entirely downstream of the cyclase. Moreover, we show that phosphodiesterase activity remains constant during adaptation and that an affinity change of the cAMP-gated channel for ligands accounts well for our results. We conclude that the principal mechanism underlying odorant adaptation is actually a modulation of the cAMP-gated channel by Ca2+ feedback.
C1 OSAKA UNIV, DEPT BIOL, TOYOAKE, AICHI 560, JAPAN.
   CNR, IST CIBERNET & BIOFIS, I-16149 GENOA, ITALY.
C3 University of Osaka; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Kurahashi, T (corresponding author), NATL INST PHYSIOL SCI, OKAZAKI, AICHI 444, JAPAN.
NR 30
TC 276
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 725
EP 729
DI 10.1038/385725a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300047
PM 9034189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wursch, C
   Stamm, C
   Egger, S
   Pescia, D
   Baltensperger, W
   Helman, JS
AF Wursch, C
   Stamm, C
   Egger, S
   Pescia, D
   Baltensperger, W
   Helman, JS
TI Quantum oscillations in a confined electron gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID well states; density; films
AB When metals are structured on nanometre length scales, their electrons are subject to confinement effects: the response of a confined electron gas is governed by Friedel oscillations(1) of the electron density and Rudermann-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida oscillations(2) of the spin density, Spatial oscillations of electron density have been observed directly at surfaces (in the vicinity of defects and steps) by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy(3,4). But it has proved more difficult to probe such oscillations in bulk materials and over large distances(5). Here we report the detection of quantum oscillations in a three-dimensional electron gas confined to a half space by a surface, To facilitate this detection, we have inserted an atomically thin ferromagnetic cobalt film at a variable distance tau from the surface of a copper single crystal. The cobalt film induces(5) a total spin polarization P in the conduction electrons of the copper and, by virtue of the confining effects of the copper-vacuum interface, P varies as a function of tau. Our measurements of P reveal both quantum oscillations (the wavelengths of which are governed by the extremal diameters of the copper Fermi surface) and a decay with tau that are consistent with theoretical expectations(2). These observations show that a consequence of improving the quality of nanostructured materials is that long-range quantum interactions can emerge more effectively, so that even distant boundaries and defects can become pivotal in determining physical properties.
C1 ETH ZURICH,FESTKORPERPHYS LAB,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   CTR BRASILEIRO PESQUISAS FIS,BR-22290 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas
NR 15
TC 33
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 937
EP 939
DI 10.1038/40081
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chaimanee, Y
   Suteethorn, V
   Jaeger, JJ
   Ducrocq, S
AF Chaimanee, Y
   Suteethorn, V
   Jaeger, JJ
   Ducrocq, S
TI A new Late Eocene anthropoid primate from Thailand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early oligocene; discovery; sultanate; province; origins; oman
AB The fossil record of anthropoid primates from the Middle Eocene of South Asia is so far restricted to two genera (Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim, 1937 and Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert, 1937 from the Eocene Pondaung deposits of Burma) whose anthropoid status and phylogenetic position have long been under debate(1-6) because they represent the oldest highly derived fossil primates of anthropoid grade. Moreover, several new African taxa(7-10), some of which are even older, have been recently included in the suborder Anthropoidea, suggesting an African origin for this group. Conversely, new fossil primates recently discovered in China (Eosimias) have been related to the most primitive representatives of Anthropoidea, alternatively suggesting an Asian origin and a probable Asian radiation centre(11). We report here the discovery of a new anthropoid from the Thai Late Eocene locality of Krabi(12,13), which displays several additional anthropoid characters with regard to those of the Eocene Burmese genera. This species, which is about the size of the Fayum Aegyptopithecus, can be related to the Burmese forms, and it further provides strong additional evidence for a southeast Asian evolutionary centre for anthropoids.
C1 UNIV MONTPELLIER 2,INST SCI EVOLUT,CNRS,UMR 5554,F-34095 MONTPELLIER 5,FRANCE.
   DEPT MINERAL RESOURCES,GEOL SURVEY DIV,PALEONTOL SECT,BANGKOK 10400,THAILAND.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Department of Mineral Resources - Thailand
NR 29
TC 86
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 429
EP 431
DI 10.1038/385429a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700050
PM 9009188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Severin, K
   Lee, DH
   Kennan, AJ
   Ghadiri, MR
AF Severin, K
   Lee, DH
   Kennan, AJ
   Ghadiri, MR
TI A synthetic peptide ligase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helical coiled-coils; gcn4 leucine-zipper; electrostatic interactions; catalysis; polypeptides; antibody; ligation; design
AB The preparation of synthetic molecules showing the remarkable efficiencies characteristic of natural biopolymer catalysts remains a formidable challenge for chemical biology, Although significant advances have been made in the understanding of protein structure and function, the ne novo construction of such systems remains elusive(1-5). Re-engineered natural enzymes and catalytic antibodies, possessing tailored binding pockets with appropriately positioned functional groups, have been successful in catalysing a number of chemical transformations, sometimes with impressive efficiencies(6-11). But efforts to produce wholly synthetic catalytic peptides have typically resulted in compounds with questionable structural stability, let alone reactivity(1). Here we describe a 33-residue synthetic peptide, based on the coiled-coil structural motif(12-14), which efficiently catalyses the condensation of two shorter peptide fragments with high sequence-and diastereoselectivity. Depending on the substrates used, we observe rate enhancements of tenfold to 4,100-fold over the background, with catalytic efficiencies in excess of 10(4). These results augur well for the rational design of functional peptides.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, SKAGGS INST CHEM BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 31
TC 130
Z9 139
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 706
EP 709
DI 10.1038/39556
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900048
PM 9338780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imhof, A
   Pine, DJ
AF Imhof, A
   Pine, DJ
TI Ordered macroporous materials by emulsion templating
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binary-mixtures
AB Ordered macroporous materials with pore diameters comparable to optical wavelengths are predicted to have unique and highly useful optical properties such as photonic bandgaps(1-3) and optical stop-bands(4). Tight control over the pore size distribution might also lead to improved macroporous materials (those with pores greater than approximately 50 nm) for application as catalytic surfaces and supports(5), adsorbents, chromatographic materials, filters(6), light-weight structural materials(7), and thermal, acoustic(8) and electrical insulators(9). Although methods exist for producing ordered porous materials with pore diameters less than 10 nm (refs 10, 11), there is no general method for producing such materials with uniform pore sizes at larger length scales. Here we report a new method for producing highly monodisperse macroporous materials with pore sizes ranging from 50 nm to several micrometres. Starting with an emulsion of equally sized droplets (produced through a repeated fractionation procedure(12)), we form macroporous materials of titania, silica and zirconia by using the emulsion droplets as templates around which material is deposited through a sol-gel process(13). Subsequent drying and heat treatment yields solid materials with spherical pores left behind by the emulsion droplets. These pores are highly ordered, reflecting the self-assembly of the original monodisperse emulsion droplets into a nearly crystalline array(14). We show that the pore size can be accurately controlled, and that the technique should be applicable to a wide variety of metal oxides and even organic polymer gels.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT CHEM ENGN,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MAT,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
NR 21
TC 1100
Z9 1216
U1 5
U2 543
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 948
EP 951
DI 10.1038/40105
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reppas, JB
   Niyogi, S
   Dale, AM
   Sereno, MI
   Tootell, RBH
AF Reppas, JB
   Niyogi, S
   Dale, AM
   Sereno, MI
   Tootell, RBH
TI Representation of motion boundaries in retinotopic human visual cortical areas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory stimulation; macaque monkey; human brain; mt; neurons; cortex; segregation; perception; lesions; fmri
AB Edges are important in the interpretation of the retinal image. Although luminance edges have been studied extensively, much less is known about how or where the primate visual system detects boundaries defined by differences in surface properties such as texture, motion or binocular disparity. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to localize human visual cortical activity related to the processing of one such higher-order edge type: motion boundaries. We describe a robust fMRI signal that is selective for motion segmentation. This boundary-specific signal is present, and retinotopically organized, within early visual areas, beginning in the primary visual cortex (area V1). Surprisingly, it is largely absent from the motion-selective area MT/V5 and far extrastriate visual areas. Changes in the surface velocity defining the motion boundaries affect the strength of the fMRI signal. In parallel psychophysical experiments, the perceptual salience of the boundaries shows a similar dependence on surface velocity. These results demonstrate that information for segmenting scenes by relative motion is represented as early as V1.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,NUCL MAGNET RESONANCE CTR,CHARLESTOWN,MA 02129.
   MIT,DEPT BRAIN & COGNIT SCI,PERCEPTUAL SCI GRP,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT COGNIT SCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Reppas, JB (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,220 LONGWOOD AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 175
EP 179
DI 10.1038/40633
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900050
PM 9217157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steigler, G
AF Steigler, G
TI Bright prospects for British biotech
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 660
EP 660
DI 10.1038/385660a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bottomley, R
   Grieve, R
   York, D
   Masaitis, V
AF Bottomley, R
   Grieve, R
   York, D
   Masaitis, V
TI The age of the Popigai impact event and its relation to events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eocene; petrology; chemistry; tektites; craters; spectra; coast; ar-40; melt; nd
AB Ages ranging from the Late Cretaceous (similar to 65 Myr) to the Oligocene (similar to 29 Myr) have been reported for the 100-km-diameter Popigai impact structure(1,2) on the Anabar shield, central Siberia. These ages(3-8) overlap the timing of several possible impact-related features, including the Cretaceous/Tertiary and Eocene/Oligocene stratigraphic boundaries, the North American tektites(9), and the recently reported occurrences of an iridium anomaly and shocked quartz in Late Eocene deposits in northern Italy(10). Here we report age determinations of several Popigai impact melt rocks using the 40Ar-39Ar step heating technique to constrain the age of the impact event. Our results are consistent with a Late Eocene impact age of 35.7 +/- 0.2 Myr (2 sigma)-coincident in time with the impact deposits found in Italy. As this age is also similar to that of the North American tektites, which have been associated with the Chesapeake Bay impact structure in the eastern United States(11-13) there seem to have been at least two large and essentially contemporaneous impacts during the Late Eocene.
C1 GEOL SURVEY CANADA, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0Y3, CANADA.
   CANADIAN UNION COLL, COLLEGE HTS, AB T4L 2E5, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT PHYS, TORONTO, ON M5S 1E7, CANADA.
   KARPINSKY GEOL INST, ST PETERSBURG 199026, RUSSIA.
C3 Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; University of Alberta; University of Toronto; A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI)
NR 32
TC 121
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 365
EP 368
DI 10.1038/41073
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zamponi, GW
   Bourinet, E
   Nelson, D
   Nargeot, J
   Snutch, TP
AF Zamponi, GW
   Bourinet, E
   Nelson, D
   Nargeot, J
   Snutch, TP
TI Crosstalk between G proteins and protein kinase C mediated by the calcium channel alpha(1) subunit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+ channels; synaptic transmission; n-type; subcellular-distribution; receptor inhibition; sympathetic neurons; beta-subunit; k+ channel; modulation; rat
AB The modulation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels at presynaptic nerve terminals is an important factor in the control of neurotranmitter release and synaptic efficacy, Some terminals contain multiple Ca2+-channel subtypes (N and P/Q)(1-3), which are differentially regulated by G-protein activation(4-8) and by protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation(9-11). Regulation of channel activity by crosstalk between second messenger pathways has been reported(12,13), although the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk have not been described. Here we show that crosstalk occurs at the level of the presynaptic Ca2+-channel complex. The alpha(1) subunit domain I-II linker, which connects the first and second transmembrane domains, contributes to the PKC-dependent upregulation of channel activity, while G-protein-dependent inhibition occurs through binding of G beta gamma to two sites in the I-II linker, Crosstalk results from the PKC-dependent phosphorylation of one of the G beta gamma binding sites which antagonizes G beta gamma-induced inhibition. The results provide a mechanism for the highly regulated and dynamic control of neurotransmitter release that depends on bite integration of multiple presynaptic signals.
C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, BIOTECHNOL LAB, VANCOUVER, BC V6T 1Z3, CANADA.
   CNRS, CRBM, F-34033 MONTPELLIER, FRANCE.
C3 University of British Columbia; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier
NR 27
TC 400
Z9 456
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 442
EP 446
DI 10.1038/385442a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700054
PM 9009192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, JT
   Jaenisch, R
AF Lee, JT
   Jaenisch, R
TI Long-range cis effects of ectopic X-inactivation centres on a mouse autosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome inactivation; insitu hybridization; xist gene; expression; replication; embryos; nucleus; rna
AB In mammals, the X chromosome is unique in being capable of complete inactivation. Such X inactivation evolved to compensate for gene dosage differences between females with two X chromosomes and males with one(1). Transcriptional silencing of a, single female X chromosome is controlled in cis by Xist(2), whose RNA product coats the inactive X chromosome (X(i))(3), and the X-inactivation centre (Xic)(4). A transgenic study limited the Xic to 450 kilobases including Xist, and demonstrated that it is sufficient to initiate X inactivation(5). Here we report that ectopic Xist RNA completely coats transgenic chromosome 12. Expression of genes over 50 centimorgans was reduced two-fold and was detected only from the normal homologue in fibroblasts. Moreover, ectopic Xic action resulted in chromosome-wide changes that are characteristic of the X(i): DNA replication was delayed, and histone H4 was markedly hypoacetylated. Our findings suggest long-range cis effects on the autosome similar to those of X inactivation, and imply that the Xic can both initiate X inactivation and drive heterochromatin formation, Thus, the potential for chromosome-wide gene regulation is not intrinsic to X-chromosome DNA, but can also occur on autosomes possessing the Xic.
C1 MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Lee, JT (corresponding author), WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,9 CAMBRIDGE CTR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142, USA.
NR 30
TC 230
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 275
EP 279
DI 10.1038/386275a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300050
PM 9069285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borges, M
   Linnoila, RI
   vandeVelde, HJK
   Chen, H
   Nelkin, BD
   Mabry, M
   Baylin, SB
   Ball, DW
AF Borges, M
   Linnoila, RI
   vandeVelde, HJK
   Chen, H
   Nelkin, BD
   Mabry, M
   Baylin, SB
   Ball, DW
TI An achaete-scute homologue essential for neuroendocrine differentiation in the lung
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-cell carcinoma; cancer; growth; lines; establishment; identification; expression; endocrine; tumors
AB In Drosophila and in vertebrates, the achaete-scute family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors plays a critical developmental role in neuronal commitment and differentiation(1-6). Relatively little is known, however about the transcriptional control of neural features in cells outside a neuronal context. A minority of normal bronchial epithelial cells and many Lung cancers, especially small-cell lung cancer, exhibit a neuroendocrine phenotype that may reflect a common precursor cell population(7-11). We show here that human achaete-scute homologue-1 (hASW1) is selectively expressed in normal fetal pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, as well as in the diverse range of lung cancers with neuroendocfine features. Strikingly, newborn mice bearing a disruption of the ASR1 gene have no detectable pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Depletion of this transcription factor from lung cancer cells by antisense oligonucleotides results in a significant decrease in the expression of neuroendrocrine markers. Thus, a homologue of Drosophila neural fate determination genes seems to be necessary for progression of lung epithelial cells through a neuroendocrine differentiation pathway that is a feature of small-cell lung cancer, the most. lethal form of human lung cancer.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST, CTR ONCOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21231 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST, DEPT MED, BALTIMORE, MD 21231 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST, DEPT SURG, BALTIMORE, MD 21231 USA.
   NCI, MED BRANCH, DIV CLIN SCI, NIH, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NR 30
TC 359
Z9 424
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 852
EP 855
DI 10.1038/386852a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600059
PM 9126746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dietmeier, K
   Honlinger, A
   Bomer, U
   Dekker, PJT
   Eckerskorn, C
   Loffspeich, F
   Kubrich, M
   Pfanner, N
AF Dietmeier, K
   Honlinger, A
   Bomer, U
   Dekker, PJT
   Eckerskorn, C
   Loffspeich, F
   Kubrich, M
   Pfanner, N
TI Tom5 functionally links mitochondrial preprotein receptors to the general import pore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein import; outer-membrane; insertion pore; complex; translocation; subunit; mom22; component; atp
AB Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as preproteins on cytosolic polysomes and are subsequently imported into the organelle(1-3). The mitochondrial outer membrane contains a multisubunit preprotein translocase (Tom) which has receptors on the cytosolic side and a general import pore (GIP) in the membrane. Tom20-Tom22 and Tom70-Tom37 function as import receptors(4-7) with a preference for preproteins that have amino-terminal presequences or internal targeting information, respectively. Tom40 is an essential constituent of the GIP(8,9), whereas Tom6 and Tom7 modulate the assembly and dissociation of the Tom machinery(10,11). Here we report the identification of Tom5, a small subunit that has a crucial role importing preproteins destined for all four mitochondrial subcompartments. Tom5 has a single membrane anchor and a cytosolic segment with a negative net charge, and accepts preproteins from the receptors and mediates their insertion into the GIP. We conclude that Tom5 represents a functional link between surface receptors and GIP, and is part of an 'acid chain'(5) that guides the stepwise transport of positively charged mitochondrial targeting sequences.
C1 UNIV FREIBURG,INST BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,D-79104 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,D-92152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
C3 University of Freiburg; Max Planck Society
NR 30
TC 234
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 195
EP 200
DI 10.1038/40663
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900055
PM 9217162
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nockel, JU
   Stone, AD
AF Nockel, JU
   Stone, AD
TI Ray and wave chaos in asymmetric resonant optical cavities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID billiards; dynamics
AB OPTICAL resonators are essential components of lasers and other optical devices, A resonator is characterized by a set of modes, each with a resonant frequency omega and resonance width delta omega = 1/tau, where tau is the lifetime of a photon in the mode, Cylindrical or spherical dielectric resonators have extremely long-lived resonances(1) due to 'whispering gallery' modes in which light circulates around the perimeter trapped by total internal reflection, These resonators emit light isotropically, Recently a new category of asymmetric resonant cavities has been proposed in which substantial deformation of the cavity from cylindrical or spherical symmetry leads to partially chaotic ray dynamics, This has been predicted(2-4) to give rise to a universal, frequency-independent broadening of the,whispering-gallery resonances, and to highly anisotropic emission, Here we present solutions of the wave equation for asymmetric resonant cavities which confirm these predictions but also reveal interesting frequency-dependent effects characteristic of quantum chaos, For small deformations the lifetime is controlled by evanescent leakage, the optical analogue of quantum tunnelling(5); here the lifetime is significantly shortened by a process known as 'chaos-assisted tunnelling'(6-7). In contrast, for large deformations (similar to 10%) some resonances are found to have longer lifetimes than predicted by the ray chaos model due to the phenomenon of 'dynamical localization'(8).
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT APPL PHYS,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 Yale University
NR 15
TC 589
Z9 633
U1 0
U2 112
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/385045a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ikeya, M
   Lee, SMK
   Johnson, JE
   McMahon, AP
   Takada, S
AF Ikeya, M
   Lee, SMK
   Johnson, JE
   McMahon, AP
   Takada, S
TI Wnt signalling required for expansion of neural crest and CNS progenitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; vital dye analysis; mouse embryo; cell-migration; int-1 protooncogene; expression; transformation; hindbrain; pathways; domains
AB Interactions between cells help to elaborate pattern within the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS)(1). The genes Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a, which encode members of the Wnt family of cysteine-rich secreted signals, are coexpressed at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube, coincident with dorsal patterning(2,3). Each signal is essential for embryonic development, Wnt-1 for midbrain patterning(4,5) and Wnt-3a for formation of the paraxial mesoderm(6), but the absence of a dorsal neural-tube phenotype in each mutant suggests that Wnt signalling may be redundant. Here we demonstrate that in the absence of both Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a there is a marked deficiency in neural crest derivatives, which originate from the dorsal neural tube(7), and a pronounced reduction in dorsolateral neural precursors within the neural tube itself. These phenotypes do not seem to result from a disruption in the mechanisms responsible for establishing normal dorsoventral polarity. Rather, our results are consistent with a model in which local Wnt signalling regulates the expansion of dorsal neural precursors. Given the widespread expression of different Wnt genes in discrete areas of the mammalian neural tube(3), this may represent a general model for the action of Wnt signalling in the developing CNS.
C1 KYOTO UNIV, FAC SCI, CTR MOL & DEV BIOL, SAKYO KU, KYOTO 60601, JAPAN.
   HARVARD UNIV, BIOLABS, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
C3 Kyoto University; Harvard University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
NR 30
TC 586
Z9 714
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 966
EP 970
DI 10.1038/40146
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900055
PM 9353119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yeh, SR
   Seul, M
   Shraiman, BI
AF Yeh, SR
   Seul, M
   Shraiman, BI
TI Assembly of ordered colloidal aggregates by electric-field-induced fluid flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrophoretic deposition; phases
AB Suspensions of colloidal particles form a variety of ordered planar structures at an interface in response to an a.c. or d.c. electric field applied normal to the interface(1-3). This field-induced pattern formation can be useful, for example, in the processing of materials. Here we explore the origin of the ordering phenomenon. We present evidence suggesting that the long-ranged attraction between particles which causes aggregation Is mediated by electric-field-induced fluid flow. We have Imaged an axially symmetric flow field around individual particles on a uniform electrode surface. The flow is induced by distortions in the applied electric field owing to inhomogeneities in the 'double layer' of ions and counterions at the electrode surface. The beads themselves can create these inhomogeneities, or alternatively, we can modify the electrode surfaces by lithographic patterning so as to introduce specified patterns into the aggregated structures.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV, WAKSMAN INST, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA.
   AT&T BELL LABS, MURRAY HILL, NJ 07974 USA.
   YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED, DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS, BRONX, NY 10461 USA.
   AT&T BELL LABS, LUCENT TECHNOL, MURRAY HILL, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL065465] Funding Source: Medline
NR 11
TC 347
Z9 417
U1 2
U2 122
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/386057a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600047
PM 28943661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barley, ME
   Pickard, AL
   Sylvester, PJ
AF Barley, ME
   Pickard, AL
   Sylvester, PJ
TI Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western-australia; pb; breakup; plumes; rates
AB LATEST Archaean and earliest Palaeoproterozoic times (from 2.6 to 2.2-billion years ago) have generally been viewed as a largely quiescent period of Earth history; the geological record indicates the very slow deposition of pelagic and chemical sediments(1,2), and bears only a limited record of magmatic and tectonic activity(3-5). Such quiescence is consistent with the contention that the Earth's main banded iron formations (BIFs)-finely laminated chemical sedimentary rocks, rich in iron oxide-formed slowly as oxygen abundances in the oceans gradually increased, thus reducing the capacity of sea water to retain dissolved iron(6-10). Here we show that a large igneous province, comprising >30,000 km(3) of dolerite, basalt and rhyolite, accompanied deposition of a Hamersley Province BIF 2,449 +/- 3 million years ago. This observation indicates that Hamersley BIFs formed during a major tectono-magmatic event and were deposited very much faster than previously thought, at similar rates to (or faster than) modern pelagic sediments. Thus the largest Palaeoproterozoic BIFs, rather than simply reflecting a gradual increase in the oxygen content of the oceans during a period of tectonic quiescence, are more likely to have formed as a result of an increased supply of suboxic iron- and silica rich sea water upwelling onto continental shelves during a pulse (or pulses) of increased submarine magmatic and hydrothermal activity.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP Barley, ME (corresponding author), UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,KEY CTR STRATEG MINERAL DEPOSITS,NEDLANDS,WA 6907,AUSTRALIA.
NR 31
TC 215
Z9 244
U1 1
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/385055a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vailati, A
   Giglio, M
AF Vailati, A
   Giglio, M
TI Giant fluctuations in a free diffusion process
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonequilibrium fluctuations; light-scattering; liquid-mixtures; rayleigh-scattering; equilibrium; gravity; fluids
AB Macroscopic concentration gradients in physical systems relax towards equilibrium by diffusion(1-3), in the absence of bulk motion, This is normally regarded as a spatially homogeneous mixing process, Here, however, we show that unexpectedly large spatial fluctuations in concentration can occur during a free diffusion process. We set up an initially sharp interface between two miscible fluids by letting a mixture phase-separate below the critical consolution temperature and then raising the temperature quickly to the single-phase region. Shadowgraph images and low-angle light scattering show evidence for large fluctuations in composition, orders of magnitude larger in amplitude than those seen in the equilibrium state. We show that these pronounced inhomogeneities are due to a coupling between velocity and concentration fluctuations in the non-equilibrium state(4-6). Gravity cuts off the fluctuations above a certain wavelength, and the amplitude of the fluctuations at longer wavelengths does not depend on any relevant thermodynamic property of the fluid. As a consequence, these giant fluctuations should be observable in any mixture undergoing mixing by diffusion.
C1 UNIV MILAN,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY.
   UNIV MILAN,IST NAZL FIS MAT,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY.
C3 University of Milan; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Milan
NR 26
TC 138
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 262
EP 265
DI 10.1038/36803
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bevan, TDC
   Manninen, AJ
   Cook, JB
   Hook, JR
   Hall, HE
   Vachaspati, T
   Volovik, GE
AF Bevan, TDC
   Manninen, AJ
   Cook, JB
   Hook, JR
   Hall, HE
   Vachaspati, T
   Volovik, GE
TI Momentum creation by vortices in superfluid He-3 as a model of primordial baryogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid-crystals; cosmic strings
AB The Universe contains much more matter than antimatter, which is probably the result of processes in the early Universe in which baryon number was not conserved. These processes may have occurred during the electroweak phase transition, when elementary particles first acquired mass(1-4). It is impossible to study directly processes relevant to the early Universe, because of the extreme energies involved. One is therefore forced to investigate laboratory systems with analogous phase transitions. Much of the behaviour of superfluid He-3 is analogous to that predicted within the standard model of the electroweak interaction(5). Superfluids and liquid crystals have already been used to investigate cosmic-string production(6-11); here we describe experiments on He-3 that demonstrate the creation of excitation momentum (which we call momentogenesis) by quantized vortices in the superfluid. The underlying physics of this process is similar to that associated with the creation of baryons within cosmic strings, and our results provide quantitative support for this type of baryogenesis.
C1 UNIV MANCHESTER, SCHUSTER LAB, MANCHESTER M13 9PL, LANCS, ENGLAND.
   CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV, DEPT PHYS, CLEVELAND, OH 44106 USA.
   HELSINKI UNIV TECHNOL, LOW TEMP LAB, FIN-02150 ESPOO, FINLAND.
   LD LANDAU THEORET PHYS INST, MOSCOW 117334, RUSSIA.
C3 University of Manchester; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Aalto University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
NR 28
TC 113
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/386689a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, Y
   ShinozakiYabana, S
   Chikashige, Y
   Hiraoka, Y
   Yamamoto, M
AF Watanabe, Y
   ShinozakiYabana, S
   Chikashige, Y
   Hiraoka, Y
   Yamamoto, M
TI Phosphorylation of RNA-binding protein controls cell cycle switch from mitotic to meiotic in fission yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID premeiotic dna-synthesis; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; sexual development; meiosis; gene; transcription; initiation; sporulation; mutants; product
AB Meiosis generates haploid gametes from diploid cells and is an almost universal feature of eukaryotic organisms. But little is known about how the snitch from mitotic to meiotic cell cycles is molecularly controlled. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, inactivation of the protein kinase Pat1(Ran1) upon nutrient deprivation triggers entry into the meiotic cell cycle(1-6). Here we show that the RNA-binding protein Mei2 is a substrate of Pat1 kinase and that dephosphorylation of Mei2 is sufficient to switch cells from the mitotic cell cycle into meiosis. Mei2 is localized mainly in the cytoplasm of proliferating cells but is seen as a single spot dose to the microtubule organizing centre in prophase nuclei during meiosis. Our results, and others from a metazoan(7), emphasize the crucial role of RNA-binding proteins in the initiation and execution of meiosis.
C1 UNIV TOKYO, GRAD SCH SCI, DEPT BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
   KANSAI ADV RES CTR, COMMUN RES LAB, NISHI KU, KOBE, HYOGO 65124, JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan
NR 29
TC 149
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/386187a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300065
PM 9062192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okubo, Y
   Suhara, T
   Suzuki, K
   Kobayashi, K
   Inoue, O
   Terasaki, O
   Someya, Y
   Sassa, T
   Sudo, Y
   Matsushima, E
   Iyo, M
   Tateno, Y
   Toru, M
AF Okubo, Y
   Suhara, T
   Suzuki, K
   Kobayashi, K
   Inoue, O
   Terasaki, O
   Someya, Y
   Sassa, T
   Sudo, Y
   Matsushima, E
   Iyo, M
   Tateno, Y
   Toru, M
TI Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; cerebral blood-flow; prefrontal cortex; cognitive activation; working-memory; human-brain; dysfunction; modulation; binding; invivo
AB Schizophrenia is believed to involve altered activation of dopamine receptors, and support for this hypothesis comes from the antipsychotic effect of antagonists of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R)(1). D2R is expressed most highly in the striatum, but most of the recent positron emission tomography (PET) studies have failed to show any change in D2R densities in the striatum of schizophrenics(2-5), raising the possibility that other receptors may also be involved. In particular, the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R), which is highly expressed in the prefrontal cortex(6), has been implicated in the control of working memory(7,8), and working memory dysfunction is a prominent feature of schizophrenia(9). We have therefore used PET to examine the distribution of D1R and D2R in brains of drug-naive or drug-free schizophrenic patients. Although no differences were observed in the striatum relative to control subjects, binding of radioligand to D1R was reduced in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. This reduction was related to the severity of the negative symptoms (for instance, emotional withdrawal) and to poor performance in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(10). We propose that dysfunction of D1R signalling in the prefrontal cortex may contribute to the negative symptoms and cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia.
C1 NATL INST RADIOL SCI,DIV ADV TECHNOL MED IMAGING,INAGE KU,CHIBA 263,JAPAN.
C3 National Institutes for Quantum Science & Technology
RP Okubo, Y (corresponding author), TOKYO MED & DENT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROPSYCHIAT,BUNKYO KU,1-5-45 YUSHIMA,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 24
TC 573
Z9 667
U1 3
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 634
EP 636
DI 10.1038/385634a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400050
PM 9024661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weissenhorn, W
   Dessen, A
   Harrison, SC
   Skehel, JJ
   Wiley, DC
AF Weissenhorn, W
   Dessen, A
   Harrison, SC
   Skehel, JJ
   Wiley, DC
TI Atomic structure of the ectodomain from HIV-1 gp41
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID influenza-virus hemagglutinin; membrane-fusion; transmembrane glycoprotein; envelope glycoprotein; soluble cd4; type-1; ph; conformation; proteins; release
AB Fusion of viral and cellular membranes by the envelope glycoprotein gp120/gp41 effects entry of HIV-1 into the cell. The precursor, gp160, is cleaved post-translationally into gp120 and gp41 (refs 1, 2), which remain non-covalently associated. Binding to both CD4 and a co-receptor leads to the conformational changes in gp120/gp41 needed for membrane fusion(3). We used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the protease-resistant part(4,5) of a gp41 ectodomain solubilized with a trimeric GCN4 coiled coil in place of the amino-terminal fusion peptide(6). The core of the molecule is found to be an extended, triple-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil with the amino terminus at its tip. A carboxy-terminal alpha-helix packs in the reverse direction against the outside of the coiled coil, placing the amino and carboxy termini near each other at one end of the long rod. These features, and the existence of a similar reversal of chain direction in the fusion pH-induced conformation of influenza virus HA2 (ref. 7) and in the transmembrane subunit of Moloney murine leukaemia virus(8) (Fig. 1a-d), suggest a common mechanism for initiating fusion.
C1 CHILDRENS HOSP, MOL MED LAB, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   CHILDRENS HOSP, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   NATL INST MED RES, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
NR 35
TC 1481
Z9 1813
U1 0
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 426
EP 430
DI 10.1038/387426a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600066
PM 9163431
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rogan, MT
   Staubli, UV
   LeDoux, JE
AF Rogan, MT
   Staubli, UV
   LeDoux, JE
TI Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal transmission; brain temperature; evoked-potentials; hippocampus; behavior; nmda; rat; recordings; responses; receptors
AB Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an experience-dependent form of neural plasticity believed to involve mechanisms that underlie memory formation(1-3). Lip has been studied most extensively in the hippocampus, but the relation between hippocampal Lip and memory has been difficult to establish(4-6). Here we explore the relation between LTP and memory in fear conditioning, an amygdala-dependent form of learning in which an innocuous conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits fear responses after being associatively paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). We have previously shown that Lip induction in pathways that transmit auditory CS information to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) increases auditory-evoked field potentials in this nucleus(7). Now we show that fear conditioning alters auditory CS-evoked responses in LA in the same way as Lip induction, The changes parallel the acquisition of CS-elicited fear behaviour, are enduring, and do not occur if the CS and US remain unpaired. LTP-like associative processes thus occur during fear conditioning, and these may underlie the long-term associative plasticity that constitutes memory of the conditioning experience.
RP Rogan, MT (corresponding author), NYU,CTR NEURAL SCI,6 WASHINGTON PL,NEW YORK,NY 10003, USA.
NR 30
TC 1017
Z9 1220
U1 0
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 604
EP 607
DI 10.1038/37601
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300048
PM 9403688
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Philippsen, P
   Kleine, K
   Pohlmann, R
   Dusterhoft, A
   Hamberg, K
   Hegemann, JH
   Obermaier, B
   Urrestarazu, LA
   Aert, R
   Albermann, K
   Altmann, R
   Andre, B
   Baladron, V
   Ballesta, JPG
   Becam, AM
   Beinhauer, J
   Boskovic, J
   Buitrago, MJ
   Bussereau, F
   Coster, F
   Crouzet, M
   DAngelo, M
   DalPero, F
   DeAntoni, A
   DelRey, F
   Doignon, F
   Domdey, H
   Dubois, E
   Fiedler, T
   Fleig, U
   Floeth, M
   Fritz, C
   Gaillardin, C
   GarciaCantalejo, JM
   Glansdorff, NN
   Goffeau, A
   Gueldener, U
   Herbert, C
   Heumann, K
   HeussNeitzel, D
   Hilbert, H
   Hinni, K
   Houssaini, II
   Jacquet, M
   Jimenez, A
   Jonniaux, JL
   Karpfinger, L
   Lanfranchi, G
   Lepingle, A
   Levesque, H
   Lyck, R
   Maftahi, M
   Mallet, L
   Maurer, KCT
   Messenguy, F
   Mewes, HW
   Mostl, D
   Nasr, F
   Nicaud, JM
   Niedenthal, RK
   Pandolfo, D
   Pierard, A
   Piravandi, E
   Planta, RJ
   Pohl, TM
   Purnelle, B
   Rebischung, C
   Remacha, M
   Revuelta, JL
   Rinke, M
   Saiz, JE
   Sartorello, F
   Scherens, B
   SenGupta, M
   SolerMira, A
   Urbanus, JHM
   Valle, G
   VanDyck, L
   Verhasselt, P
   Vierendeels, F
   Vissers, S
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Wach, A
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, H
   Zollner, A
   Hani, J
AF Philippsen, P
   Kleine, K
   Pohlmann, R
   Dusterhoft, A
   Hamberg, K
   Hegemann, JH
   Obermaier, B
   Urrestarazu, LA
   Aert, R
   Albermann, K
   Altmann, R
   Andre, B
   Baladron, V
   Ballesta, JPG
   Becam, AM
   Beinhauer, J
   Boskovic, J
   Buitrago, MJ
   Bussereau, F
   Coster, F
   Crouzet, M
   DAngelo, M
   DalPero, F
   DeAntoni, A
   DelRey, F
   Doignon, F
   Domdey, H
   Dubois, E
   Fiedler, T
   Fleig, U
   Floeth, M
   Fritz, C
   Gaillardin, C
   GarciaCantalejo, JM
   Glansdorff, NN
   Goffeau, A
   Gueldener, U
   Herbert, C
   Heumann, K
   HeussNeitzel, D
   Hilbert, H
   Hinni, K
   Houssaini, II
   Jacquet, M
   Jimenez, A
   Jonniaux, JL
   Karpfinger, L
   Lanfranchi, G
   Lepingle, A
   Levesque, H
   Lyck, R
   Maftahi, M
   Mallet, L
   Maurer, KCT
   Messenguy, F
   Mewes, HW
   Mostl, D
   Nasr, F
   Nicaud, JM
   Niedenthal, RK
   Pandolfo, D
   Pierard, A
   Piravandi, E
   Planta, RJ
   Pohl, TM
   Purnelle, B
   Rebischung, C
   Remacha, M
   Revuelta, JL
   Rinke, M
   Saiz, JE
   Sartorello, F
   Scherens, B
   SenGupta, M
   SolerMira, A
   Urbanus, JHM
   Valle, G
   VanDyck, L
   Verhasselt, P
   Vierendeels, F
   Vissers, S
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Wach, A
   Wambutt, R
   Wedler, H
   Zollner, A
   Hani, J
TI The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XIV and its evolutionary implications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID open reading frames; kb dna segment; left arm; physical maps; yeast; gene; protein; fragment; homolog; centromere
AB In 1992 we started assembling an ordered library of cosmid clones from chromosome XIV of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At that time, only 49 genes were known to be located on this chromosome(1) and we estimated that 80% to 90% of its genes were yet to be discovered. In 1993, a team of 20 European laboratories began the systematic sequence analysis of chromosome XIV. The completed and intensively checked final sequence of 784,328 base pairs was released in April, 1996 (ref. 2), Substantial parts had been published before(3-22) or had previously been made available on request. The sequence contained 419 known or presumptive protein-coding genes, including two pseudogenes and three retrotransposons, 14 tRNA genes, and three small nuclear RNA genes. For 116 (30%) protein-coding sequences, one or more structural homologues were identified elsewhere in the yeast genome. Half of them belong to duplicated groups of 6-14 loosely linked genes, in most cases with conserved gene order and orientation (relaxed interchromosomal synteny). We have considered the possible evolutionary origins of this unexpected feature of yeast genome organization.
C1 UNIV GIESSEN, INST MIKRO & MOL BIOL, D-35392 GIESSEN, GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM, MARTINSRIEDER INST PROT SEQUENZEN, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   QIAGEN GMBH, D-40724 HILDEN, GERMANY.
   LMU MUNCHEN, GENZENTRUM, MOL BIOL LAB, D-811377 MUNICH, GERMANY.
   MEDIGENE GMBH, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS, B-1050 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, LAB GENE TECHNOL, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   UNIV SALAMANCA, DEPT GENET & MICROBIOL, E-37007 SALAMANCA, SPAIN.
   CSIC, CTR BIOL MOL, E-28049 MADRID, SPAIN.
   UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, E-28049 MADRID, SPAIN.
   UNIV PARIS 06, CTR GENET MOL, CNRS LAB, F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   UNIV PARIS 11, INST GENET & MICROBIOL, LAB INFORMAT GENET & DEV, F-91405 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN, UNITE BIOCHIM PHYSIOL, B-1348 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   UNIV BORDEAUX 2, LBMS, CNR, UPR 9026, F-33076 BORDEAUX, FRANCE.
   UNIV PADUA, DEPT BIOL, CRIBI BIOTECHNOL CTR, I-35121 PADUA, ITALY.
   CERIA COOVI, B-1070 BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
   INST NATL AGRON PARIS GRIGNON, LAB GENET MOL & CELLULAIRE, CTR BIOTECHNOL AGROIND, F-78850 THIVERVAL GRIGNON, FRANCE.
   VRIJE UNIV AMSTERDAM, BIOCENTRUM AMSTERDAM, IMBW, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL, NL-1081 HV AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   GATC GESELL ANAL TECH & CONSULTING MBH, D-78467 CONSTANCE, GERMANY.
   AGON GMBH, D-12489 BERLIN, GERMANY.
C3 Justus Liebig University Giessen; Max Planck Society; QIAGEN GmbH; University of Munich; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; KU Leuven; University of Salamanca; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM); Autonomous University of Madrid; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Catholique Louvain; Universite de Bordeaux; University of Padua; AgroParisTech; University of Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Philippsen, P (corresponding author), UNIV BASEL, BIOZENTRUM, INST APPL MICROBIOL, KLINGELBERGSTR 70, CH-4056 BASEL, SWITZERLAND.
NR 43
TC 56
Z9 520
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 93
EP 98
DI 10.1038/387s093
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600013
PM 9169873
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tucker, SJ
   Gribble, FM
   Zhao, C
   Trapp, S
   Ashcroft, FM
AF Tucker, SJ
   Gribble, FM
   Zhao, C
   Trapp, S
   Ashcroft, FM
TI Truncation of Kir6.2 produces ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the absence of the sulphonylurea receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K-ATP channels) couple cell metabolism to electrical activity and are important in the physiology and pathophysiology of many tissues(1). In pancreatic beta-cells, K-ATP channels Link changes in blood glucose concentration to insulin secretion(2). They are also the target for clinically important drugs such as sulphonylureas, which stimulate secretion, and the K+ channel opener diazoxide, which inhibits insulin release(3,4). Metabolic regulation of K-ATP channels is mediated by changes in intracellular ATP and Mg-ADP levels, which inhibit and activate the channel, respectively(2). The beta-cell K-ATP channel is a complex of two proteins(5,6): an inward-rectifier K+ channel subunit, Kir6.2, and the sulphonylurea receptor, SUR1. We show here that the primary site at which ATP acts to mediate K-ATP channel inhibition is located on Kir6.2, and that SUR1 is required for sensitivity to sulphonylureas and diazoxide and for activation by Mg-ADP.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,PHYSIOL LAB,OXFORD OX1 3PT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 672
Z9 753
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 179
EP 183
DI 10.1038/387179a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500054
PM 9144288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walz, T
   Hirai, T
   Murata, K
   Heymann, JB
   Mitsuoka, K
   Fujiyoshi, Y
   Smith, BL
   Agre, P
   Engel, A
AF Walz, T
   Hirai, T
   Murata, K
   Heymann, JB
   Mitsuoka, K
   Fujiyoshi, Y
   Smith, BL
   Agre, P
   Engel, A
TI The three-dimensional structure of aquaporin-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron crystallography; water channels; chip; resolution; projection; protein; model
AB The entry and exit of water from cells is a fundamental process of life. Recognition of the high water permeability of red blood cells led to the proposal that specialized water pores exist in the plasma membrane(1). Expression in Xenopus oocytes and functional studies of an erythrocyte integral membrane protein of relative molecular mass 28,000, identified it as the mercury-sensitive water channel, aquaporin-1 (AQP1)(2). Many related proteins, all belonging to the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family, are found throughout nature(3). AQP1 is a homotetramer containing four independent aqueous channels(4-6). When reconstituted into lipid bilayers, the protein forms two-dimensional lattices with a unit cell containing two tetramers in opposite orientation(7-10). Here we present the three-dimensional structure of AQP1 determined at 6 Angstrom resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. Each AQP1 monomer has six tilted, bilayer-spanning alpha-helices which form a right-handed bundle surrounding a central density. These results, together with functional studies, provide a model that identifies the aqueous pore in the AQP1 molecule and indicates the organization of the tetrameric complex in the membrane.
C1 UNIV BASEL, BIOZENTRUM, ME MULLER INST MICROSCOP STRUCT BIOL, CH-4056 BASEL, SWITZERLAND.
   MATSUSHITA ELECT IND CO LTD, INT INST ADV RES, SEIKA 61902, JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV, FAC SCI, DEPT BIOPHYS, KYOTO 60601, JAPAN.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOL CHEM, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
C3 University of Basel; Panasonic; Kyoto University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
NR 20
TC 345
Z9 398
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 624
EP 627
DI 10.1038/42512
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200061
PM 9177353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Costa, E
   Frontera, F
   Heise, J
   Feroci, M
   Zand, JI
   Fiore, F
   Cinti, MN
   DalFiume, D
   Nicastro, L
   Orlandini, M
   Palazzi, E
   Rapisarda, M
   Zavattini, G
   Jager, R
   Parmar, A
   Owens, A
   Molendi, S
   Cusumano, G
   Maccarone, MC
   Giarrusso, S
   Coletta, A
   Antonelli, LA
   Giommi, P
   Muller, JM
   Piro, L
   Butler, RC
AF Costa, E
   Frontera, F
   Heise, J
   Feroci, M
   Zand, JI
   Fiore, F
   Cinti, MN
   DalFiume, D
   Nicastro, L
   Orlandini, M
   Palazzi, E
   Rapisarda, M
   Zavattini, G
   Jager, R
   Parmar, A
   Owens, A
   Molendi, S
   Cusumano, G
   Maccarone, MC
   Giarrusso, S
   Coletta, A
   Antonelli, LA
   Giommi, P
   Muller, JM
   Piro, L
   Butler, RC
TI Discovery of an X-ray afterglow associated with the gamma-ray burst of 28 February 1997
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Establishing the nature of gamma-ray bursts is one of the greatest challenges in high-energy astrophysics. The distribution of these bursts is isotropic across the sky, but inhomogeneous in space, with a deficit of faint bursts(1). It is currently unknown whether gamma-ray bursts are produced in our Galaxy or at cosmological distances. The detection and identification of counterparts at other wavelengths are seen as crucial for resolving the origin of the events. Here we report the detection by the Beppo-SAX satellite(2) of an X-ray 'afterglow', associated with the gamma-ray burst of 28 February 1997 (GRB970228; ref. 3)-the first such detection for any gamma-ray burst. The X-ray transient was found to contain a significant fraction of the total energy of the gamma-ray burst and, following the initial detection(4) eight hours after the main burst, faded within a few days with a power-law decay function. The rapid locating of this gamma-ray burst instigated a multi-wavelength observational campaign that culminated in the identification(5) of a fading optical transient in a position consistent(6) with the X-ray transient reported here.
C1 CNR,IST TECHNOL & STUDIO RADIAZ EXTRATERR,I-40129 BOLOGNA,ITALY.
   UNIV FERRARA,DIPARTMENTO FIS,I-44100 FERRARA,ITALY.
   SPACE RES ORG NETHERLANDS,NL-3584 CA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   BEPPO SAX SCI DATA CTR,I-00131 ROME,ITALY.
   OSSERV ASTRON ROMA,I-00040 ROME,ITALY.
   ENEA,FUS DIV,NEUTRON SECT,I-00044 FRASCATI,ITALY.
   EUROPEAN SPACE AGCY,ESTEC,DEPT SPACE SCI,DIV ASTROPHYS,NL-2200 AG NOORDWIJK,NETHERLANDS.
   CNR,IST FIS COSM & TECHNOL RELAT,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY.
   CNR,IST FIS COSM & APPL INFORMAT,I-90139 PALERMO,ITALY.
   AGENZIA SPAZIALE ITALIANA,I-00198 ROME,ITALY.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Ferrara; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Italian National Agency New Technical Energy & Sustainable Economics Development; Italian National Agency New Technical Energy & Sustainable Economics Development; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)
RP Costa, E (corresponding author), CNR,IST ASTROFIS SPAZIALE,VIA E FERMI 21,I-00044 FRASCATI,ITALY.
NR 34
TC 1009
Z9 1103
U1 1
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 783
EP 785
DI 10.1038/42885
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, D
   Jun, KS
   Lee, SB
   Kang, NG
   Min, DS
   Kim, YH
   Ryu, SH
   Suh, PG
   Shin, HS
AF Kim, D
   Jun, KS
   Lee, SB
   Kang, NG
   Min, DS
   Kim, YH
   Ryu, SH
   Suh, PG
   Shin, HS
TI Phospholipase C isozymes selectively couple to specific neurotransmitter receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphoinositide hydrolysis; signal-transduction; alzheimers-disease; messenger-rnas; rat-brain; epilepsy; seizures; mice; localization; interneurons
AB A variety of extracellular signals are transduced across the cell membrane by the enzyme phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) coupled with guanine-nucleotide-binding G proteins'. There are four isoenzymes of PLC-beta, beta 1-beta 4, but their functions in vivo are not known. Here we investigate the role of PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 4 in the brain by generating-null mutations in mice: we found that PLC beta 1(-/-) mice developed epilepsy and PLC beta 4(-/-) mice showed ataxia. We determined the molecular basis of these phenotypes and show that PLC-beta 1 is involved in signal transduction in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by coupling pre-dominantly to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, whereas PLC-beta 4 works through the metabotropic glutamate receptor in the cerebellum, illustrating how PLC-beta isoenzymes are used to generate different functions in the brain.
C1 POHANG UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT LIFE SCI,POHANG 790784,SOUTH KOREA.
   INJE UNIV,INST NEUROSCI,PUSAN 614735,SOUTH KOREA.
C3 Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Inje University
NR 26
TC 259
Z9 288
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 290
EP 293
DI 10.1038/38508
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200049
PM 9305844
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tronchere, H
   Wang, JW
   Fu, XD
AF Tronchere, H
   Wang, JW
   Fu, XD
TI A protein related to splicing factor U2AF(35) that interacts with U2AF(65) and SR proteins in splicing of pre-mRNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor; biochemical-characterization; intracellular-localization; serine-rich; snrnp; purification; recognition; cloning; gene
AB Recognition of a functional 3' splice site in pre-mRNA splicing requires a heterodimer of the proteins U2AF(65)/U2AF(35). U2AF(65) binds to RNA at the polypyrimidine tract(1,2), whereas U2AF(35) is thought to interact through its arginine/serine-rich (RS) domain with other RS-domain-containing factors;bound at the 5' splice site, assembled in splicing enhancer complexes, or associated with the U4/U6 . U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex(3-7). It is unclear, however, how such network interactions can all be established through the small RS domain in U2AF(35). Here we describe the function of a U2AF(35)-related protein (Urp), which is the human homologue of a mouse imprinted gene. Nuclear extracts depleted of Urp are defective in splicing, but activity can be restored by addition of recombinant Urp. U2AF(35) could not replace Urp in complementation, indicating that their functions do not overlap. Co-immunodepletion showed that Urp is associated with the U2AF(65)/U2AF(35) heterodimer, Binding studies revealed that Urp specifically interacts with U2AF(65) through a U2AF(35)-homologous region and with SR proteins (a large family of RS-domain-containing proteins) through its RS domain. Therefore, Urp and U2AF(35) may independently position RS-domain-containing factors within spliceosomes.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT MED, DIV CELLULAR & MOL MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCH MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 23
TC 92
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 397
EP 400
DI 10.1038/41137
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800056
PM 9237760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyszynski, M
   Lin, J
   Rao, A
   Nigh, E
   Beggs, AH
   Craig, AM
   Sheng, M
AF Wyszynski, M
   Lin, J
   Rao, A
   Nigh, E
   Beggs, AH
   Craig, AM
   Sheng, M
TI Competitive binding of alpha-actinin and calmodulin to the NMDA receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID postsynaptic density fraction; tumor-suppressor protein; rat-brain; subunit; channel; membrane; neurons; cloning; domain
AB The mechanisms by which neurotransmitter receptors are immobilized at postsynaptic sites in neurons are largely unknown. The activity of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors is mechano-sensitive(1) and dependent on the integrity of actin(2), suggesting a functionally important interaction between NMDA receptors and the postsynaptic cytoskeleton, alpha-Actinin-2, a member of the spectrin/dystrophin family of actin-binding proteins, is identified here as a brain postsynaptic density protein that colocalizes in dendritic spines with NMDA receptors and the putative NMDA receptor-clustering molecule PSD-95, alpha-Actinin-2 binds by its central rod domain to the cytoplasmic tail of both NR1 and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor, and can be immunoprecipitated with NMDA receptors and PSD-95 from rat brain. Intriguingly, NR1-alpha-actinin binding is directly antagonized by Ca2+/calmodulin. Thus alpha-actinin may play a role in both the localization of NMDA receptors and their modulation by Ca2+.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CELL & STRUCT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801.
   CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 27
TC 517
Z9 591
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 439
EP 442
DI 10.1038/385439a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700053
PM 9009191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ida, S
   Canup, RM
   Stewart, GR
AF Ida, S
   Canup, RM
   Stewart, GR
TI Lunar accretion from an impact-generated disk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin; moon; hypothesis; rings
AB Although the mechanism by which the Moon was formed is currently unknown, several lines of evidence point to its accretion from a circumterrestrial disk of debris generated by a giant impact on the Earth. Theoretical simulations show that a single large moon can be produced from such a disk in less than a year, and establish a direct relationship between the size of the accreted moon and the initial configuration of the debris disk.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,LASP,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Ida, S (corresponding author), TOKYO INST TECHNOL,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,MEGURO KU,TOKYO 152,JAPAN.
NR 17
TC 160
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 353
EP 357
DI 10.1038/38669
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hattori, M
   Ikebe, Y
   Asaoka, I
   Takeshima, T
   Bohringer, H
   Mihara, T
   Neumann, DM
   Schindler, S
   Tsuru, T
   Tamura, T
AF Hattori, M
   Ikebe, Y
   Asaoka, I
   Takeshima, T
   Bohringer, H
   Mihara, T
   Neumann, DM
   Schindler, S
   Tsuru, T
   Tamura, T
TI A dark cluster of galaxies at redshift z=1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gravitational lens system; ray; constraints
AB The abundance of metals in the hot, gaseous X-ray haloes of galaxy clusters depends crucially on the evolution of the constituent galaxies and their associated stellar populations. The metal abundances in X-ray clusters at high redshifts should therefore provide important insights into the nature and epoch of galaxy formation. Here we report the detection of an extended X-ray source in the direction of the lensed quasi-stellar object MG2016 + 112 (refs 1, 2). Although deep optical searches have failed to reveal a galaxy duster at the lens position(3,4), the X-ray emission is consistent with thermal bremsstrahlung radiation from a hot metal-rich, diffuse gaseous halo, as observed in nearby galaxy dusters. This is the most distant galaxy duster discovered in X-rays so far. Furthermore, the mass of the duster derived from this emission is consistent with that implied by lensing models of the system(5). Given that the duster apparently comprises few galaxies, yet contains a large amount of iron, a new type of astronomical object is implied by our results. A revision of theoretical models of the metal enrichment process in galaxy dusters may therefore be required.
C1 RIKEN,INST PHYS & CHEM RES,WAKO,SAITAMA 35101,JAPAN.
   TOHOKU UNIV,INST ASTRON,SENDAI,MIYAGI 980,JAPAN.
   NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR USRA,HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS LAB,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
   MAX PLANCK INST ASTROPHYS,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   KYOTO UNIV,DEPT PHYS,SAKYO KU,KYOTO,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,DEPT PHYS,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 RIKEN; Tohoku University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); Max Planck Society; Kyoto University; University of Tokyo
RP Hattori, M (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,GIESSENBACHSTR,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 24
TC 60
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 146
EP 148
DI 10.1038/40572
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grawunder, U
   Wilm, M
   Wu, XT
   Kulesza, P
   Wilson, TE
   Mann, M
   Lieber, MR
AF Grawunder, U
   Wilm, M
   Wu, XT
   Kulesza, P
   Wilson, TE
   Mann, M
   Lieber, MR
TI Activity of DNA ligase IV stimulated by complex formation with XRCC4 protein in mammalian cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; v(d)j recombination; molecular-cloning; ataxia-telangiectasia; catalytic subunit; expression; hamster; gene; deficiency; mutation
AB Mutation of the XRCC4 gene in mammalian cells(1,2) prevents the formation of the signal and coding joints in the V(D)J recombination reaction(3), which is necessary for production of a functional immunoglobulin gene, and renders the cells highly sensitive to ionizing radiation(4). However, XRCC4 shares no sequence homology with other proteins, nor does it have a biochemical activity to indicate what its function might be(2). Here we show that DNA ligase IV (ref. 5) co-immunoprecipitates with XRCC4 and that these two proteins specifically interact with one another in a yeast two-hybrid system. Ligation of DNA double-strand breaks in a cell-free system by DNA ligase IV is increased fivefold by purified XRCC4 and seven- to eightfold when XRCC4 is co-expressed with DNA ligase IV. We conclude that the biological consequences of mutating XRCC4 are primarily due to the loss of its stimulatory effect on DNA ligase IV: the function of the XRCC4-DNA ligase IV complex may be to carry out the final steps of V(D)J recombination and joining of DNA ends.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,PROT & PEPTIDE GRP,D-69012 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,DIV MOL ONCOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 30
TC 545
Z9 706
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 492
EP 495
DI 10.1038/41358
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300053
PM 9242410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dietrich, FS
   Mulligan, J
   Hennessy, K
   Yelton, MA
   Allen, E
   Araujo, R
   Aviles, E
   Berno, A
   Brennan, T
   Carpenter, J
   Chen, E
   Cherry, JM
   Chung, E
   Duncan, M
   Guzman, E
   Hartzell, G
   HunickeSmith, S
   Hyman, RW
   Kayser, A
   Komp, C
   Lashkari, D
   Lew, H
   Lin, D
   Mosedale, D
   Nakahara, K
   Namath, A
   Norgren, R
   Oefner, P
   Oh, C
   Petel, FX
   Roberts, D
   Sehl, P
   Schramm, S
   Shogren, T
   Smith, V
   Taylor, P
   Wei, Y
   Botstein, D
   Davis, RW
AF Dietrich, FS
   Mulligan, J
   Hennessy, K
   Yelton, MA
   Allen, E
   Araujo, R
   Aviles, E
   Berno, A
   Brennan, T
   Carpenter, J
   Chen, E
   Cherry, JM
   Chung, E
   Duncan, M
   Guzman, E
   Hartzell, G
   HunickeSmith, S
   Hyman, RW
   Kayser, A
   Komp, C
   Lashkari, D
   Lew, H
   Lin, D
   Mosedale, D
   Nakahara, K
   Namath, A
   Norgren, R
   Oefner, P
   Oh, C
   Petel, FX
   Roberts, D
   Sehl, P
   Schramm, S
   Shogren, T
   Smith, V
   Taylor, P
   Wei, Y
   Botstein, D
   Davis, RW
TI The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome V
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical maps; gene; yeast
AB Here we report the sequence of 569,202 base pairs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome V. Analysis of the sequence revealed a centromere, two telomeres and 271 open reading frames (ORFs) plus 13 tRNAs and four small nuclear RNAs. There are two Ty1 transposable elements, each of which contains an ORF (included in the count of 271). Of the ORFs, 78 (29%) are new, 81 (30%) have potential homologues in the public databases, and 112 (41%) are previously characterized yeast genes.
C1 STANFORD DNA SEQUENCING & TECHNOL CTR,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,PALO ALTO,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,PALO ALTO,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [P01 HG000205] Funding Source: Medline
NR 16
TC 37
Z9 373
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/387s078
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600008
PM 9169868
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cann, JR
   Blackman, DK
   Smith, DK
   McAllister, E
   Janssen, B
   Mello, S
   Avgerinos, E
   Pascoe, AR
   Escartin, J
AF Cann, JR
   Blackman, DK
   Smith, DK
   McAllister, E
   Janssen, B
   Mello, S
   Avgerinos, E
   Pascoe, AR
   Escartin, J
TI Corrugated slip surfaces formed at ridge-transform intersections on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID midocean ridges; tectonics; 24-degrees-n; morphology; bathymetry; beneath; valley; crust; flow
AB The strips of ocean crust formed at the inside corners of both transform and non-transform offsets on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are punctuated by topographic highs-the 'inside-corner highs'(1-3)-where plutonic rocks (including gabbros and peridotites) are frequently found(4,5). Current tectonic models consider the inside-corner highs to be lower-crust and upper-mantle materials that have been exhumed by low-angle detachment faults dipping away from the inside corner to beneath the ridge axis(3,6-8). But much of the evidence for the existence of such faults has hitherto been circumstantial. Here we present sonar images of two ridge-transform intersections on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (near 30 degrees N), which show that both active and 'fossil' inside-corner highs are capped by planar, dipping surfaces marked by corrugations and striations oriented parallel to the plate spreading direction. Although these surfaces may be the low-angle detachment faults envisaged by the models, they dip at much shallower angles than expected. This could be explained by the lubricating presence of serpentinized peridotite, fragments of which have been dredged from both surfaces. Alternatively, these slip surfaces may instead represent failure surfaces in serpentine-lubricated landslide zones.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Cann, JR (corresponding author), UNIV LEEDS,DEPT EARTH SCI,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 445
Z9 483
U1 1
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 329
EP 332
DI 10.1038/385329a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Canil, D
AF Canil, D
TI Vanadium partitioning and the oxidation state of Archaean komatiite magmas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicate liquids; oxygen fugacity; archean mantle; trace-element; redox states; constraints; temperature; pressure; flows
AB The MgO content of komatiite lavas is an important measure of their formation temperature deep in the Archaean mantle, and forms the basis for models of the early Earth's thermal and chemical evolution(1-5). Estimates of the primary MgO content of komatiites are sensitive to the oxidation state-characterized by the oxygen fugacity (f(O2))-assumed for the magmas during their crystallization. Despite two decades of study, however, f(O2) is still poorly constrained for these lavas. Here I present an estimate of the f(O2) for komatiite flows, based on the systematics of vanadium partitioning between komatiitic liquid and olivine in six well-characterized komatiite flows of varying ages. This approach shows that the oxidation state of several of these Archaean lava flows was the same as, or possibly more oxidizing than, that of present-day oceanic basalts. These results may require a downward revision of the mantle melting temperature estimated for many komatiites by about 50 degrees C, and suggest that the mantle was unlikely to be much less oxidized during the Archaean era than at present.
RP Canil, D (corresponding author), UNIV VICTORIA, SCH EARTH & OCEAN SCI, VICTORIA, BC V8W 2Y2, CANADA.
NR 27
TC 295
Z9 336
U1 3
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 842
EP 845
DI 10.1038/39860
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruiz, M
   Karpen, JW
AF Ruiz, M
   Karpen, JW
TI Single cyclic nucleotide-gated channels locked in different ligand-bound states
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gmp-activated channel; rod outer segment; retinal rods; ion channels; tiger salamander; conductance; membrane; patches; protons; sites
AB Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are directly activated by the binding of several ligands(1-6). For these channels as well as for other allosteric proteins, the functional effects of each ligand-binding event have been difficult to assess because ligands continuously bind and unbind at each site. Furthermore, in retinal rod photoreceptors the low cytoplasmic concentration of cyclic GMP(7) means that channels exist primarily in partially liganded states, so it is important to determine how such channels behave. Previous studies of single channels have suggested that they occasionally open to subconducting states at low cGMP(2,3,8-10), but the significance of these states and how they arise is poorly understood. Here we combine the high resolution of single-channel recording with the use of a photoaffinity analogue of cGMP(11,12) that tethers cGMP moieties covalently to their binding sites to show single retinal CNG channels can be effectively locked in four distinct ligand-bound states. Our results indicate that channels open more than they would spontaneously when two ligands are bound (similar to 1% of the maximum current), significantly more with three ligands bound (similar to 33%), and open maximally with four ligands bound. In each ligand-bound state, channels opened to two or three different conductance states, These findings place strong constraints on the activation mechanism of CNG channels.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,DENVER,CO 80262.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
NR 27
TC 121
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 389
EP 392
DI 10.1038/38744
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500054
PM 9311781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Killcross, S
   Robbins, TW
   Everitt, BJ
AF Killcross, S
   Robbins, TW
   Everitt, BJ
TI Different types of fear-conditioned behaviour mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potentiated startle; memory; organization; hippocampus; anxiety; emotion; lesions; system; brain
AB The amygdala has long been thought to be involved in emotional behaviour(1,2), and its role in anxiety and conditioned fear has been highlighted(3,4). Individual amygdaloid nuclei have been shown to project to various cortical and subcortical regions implicated in affective processing(5-7). Here we show that some of these nuclei have separate roles in distinct mechanisms underlying conditioned fear responses. Rats with lesions of the central nucleus exhibited reduction in the suppression of behaviour elicited by a conditioned fear stimulus, but were simultaneously able to direct their actions to avoid further presentations of this aversive stimulus. In contrast, animals with lesions of the basolateral amygdala were unable to avoid the conditioned aversive stimulus by their choice behaviour, but exhibited normal conditioned suppression to this stimulus. This double dissociation demonstrates that distinct neural systems involving separate amygdaloid nuclei mediate different types of conditioned fear behaviour. We suggest that theories of amygdala function should take into account the roles of discrete amygdala subsystems in controlling different components of integrated emotional responses.
RP Killcross, S (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT EXPT PSYCHOL, DOWNING ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EB, ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 533
Z9 614
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 377
EP 380
DI 10.1038/41097
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800050
PM 9237754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Field, EH
   Johnson, PA
   Beresnev, IA
   Zeng, YH
AF Field, EH
   Johnson, PA
   Beresnev, IA
   Zeng, YH
TI Nonlinear ground-motion amplification by sediments during the 1994 Northridge earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-response; aftershocks
AB It has been known since at least 1898 (ref. 1) that sediments can amplify earthquake ground motion relative to bedrock. For the weak ground motion accompanying small earthquakes, the amplification due to sediments is well understood in terms of linear elasticity (Hooke's law)(2), but there has been a long-standing debate regarding the amplification associated with the strong ground motion produced by large earthquakes. The view of geotechnical engineers, based largely on laboratory studies, is that Hooke's law breaks down at larger strains causing a reduced (nonlinear) amplification. Seismologists, on the other hand, have tended to remain sceptical of this nonlinear effect, mainly because the relatively few strong-motion observations seemed to be consistent with linear elasticity, Although some recent earthquake studies have demonstrated nonlinear behaviour under certain circumstances(3,4), the significance of nonlinearity for the type of stiff-soil sites found in the greater Los Angeles region remains unresolved(5). Here we report that ground-motion amplification due to sediments for the main shock of the 1994 Northridge earthquake was up to a factor of two less than the amplification observed for its aftershocks, These observations imply significant nonlinearity in such amplification, and bring into question the use of measurements of weak ground motion to predict the strong ground motion at sedimentary sites.
C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
   UNIV PARIS 06,DEPT ACOUST PHYS,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE.
   CARLETON UNIV,DEPT EARTH SCI,OTTAWA,ON K1S 5B6,CANADA.
   UNIV NEVADA,SEISMOL LAB,RENO,NV 89557.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Sorbonne Universite; Carleton University; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Field, EH (corresponding author), UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT EARTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089, USA.
NR 17
TC 221
Z9 258
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 599
EP 602
DI 10.1038/37586
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lalioti, MD
   Scott, HS
   Buresi, C
   Rossier, C
   Bottani, A
   Morris, MA
   Malafosse, A
   Antonarakis, SE
AF Lalioti, MD
   Scott, HS
   Buresi, C
   Rossier, C
   Bottani, A
   Morris, MA
   Malafosse, A
   Antonarakis, SE
TI Dodecamer repeat expansion in cystatin B gene in progressive myoclonus epilepsy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fragile-x-syndrome; myotonic-dystrophy; messenger-rna; protein; expression; fmr-1
AB Progressive myaclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht-Lundborg type (EPM1; MIM 254800) is an autosomal recessive disorder with onset between 6 and 13 years followed by variable progression to mental deterioration and cerebellar ataxia(1). It is a rare disorder but more common in Finland (1 in 20,000) and the western Mediterranean(1,2). Two point mutations in the cysteine proteinase inhibitor gene cystatin B (CSTB), proved that this gene is responsible for EPM1 (ref. 3). An extensive search in the CSTB gene revealed mutations accounting only for 14% of the 58 unrelated EPM1 alleles studied(4). Here we report that the majority of EPM1 alleles contain expansions of a dodecamer (12-mer) repeat located about 70 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site nearest to the 5' end of the CSTB gene. Normal alleles contain 2 or 3 copies of this repeat whereas mutant alleles contain more than 60 such repeats and have reduced levels of CSTB messenger RNA in brood but not in cell lines. 'Premutation' CSTB alleles with 12-17 repeats show marked instability when transmitted to off-spring.
C1 HOSP BELLE IDEE,DEPT GENET & MICROBIOL,LAB HUMAN MOL GENET,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV GENEVA,SCH MED,CH-1211 GENEVA 4,SWITZERLAND.
   CANTONAL HOSP GENEVA,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
   HOSP BELLE IDEE,DIV NEUROPSYCHIAT,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Geneva; University of Geneva; University of Geneva
NR 30
TC 280
Z9 308
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 847
EP 851
DI 10.1038/386847a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600058
PM 9126745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Struzhkin, VV
   Hemley, RJ
   Mao, HK
   Timofeev, YA
AF Struzhkin, VV
   Hemley, RJ
   Mao, HK
   Timofeev, YA
TI Superconductivity at 10-17 K in compressed sulphur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; sulfur; gpa
AB Recent high-pressure studies of condensed matter at extreme densities have uncovered various new phenomena in simple molecular and elemental substances(1). One of the most significant pressure-induced changes in materials properties is the transformation of insulators into metals and superconductors. Previous studies of compressed sulphur indicated transitions to metallic phases at 90 GPa (ref. 2) and 162 GPa (ref. 3). Here we demonstrate that at 93 GPa, elemental sulphur transforms not only to a metal, but also to a superconductor with a transition temperature, T-c, of 10.1 K. Using a highly sensitive magnetic susceptibility technique adapted for megabar-pressure diamond anvil cells, we find that T-c increases linearly with pressure up to 157 GPa. This contrasts with the negative dT(c)/dP observed(4) (at much lower pressures) in the heavier superconducting chalcogenides Se and Te. Moreover, at the transformation in sulphur to a higher pressure metallic phase near 160 GPa, T-c increases from 14 to 17 K. These are the highest reported transition temperatures for an elemental solid. As such, these results may provide crucial tests of mechanisms of superconductivity.
C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
   CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,CTR HIGH PRESSURE RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST HIGH PRESSURE PHYS,TROITSK 142092,RUSSIA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science; Vereshchagin Institute of High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences
NR 20
TC 190
Z9 212
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 382
EP 384
DI 10.1038/37074
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meng, J
   Wyss, AR
AF Meng, J
   Wyss, AR
TI Multituberculate and other mammal hair recovered from Palaeogene excreta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accumulations
AB Evidence of hair from several extinct mammals has been recovered from a rich accumulation of fossil excrement from the Late Palaeocene beds of Inner Mongolia, China, This highly unusual and previously undocumented depositional occurrence consists of hundreds of mammalian carnivore coprolites (fossil faeces) and a lesser number of probably raptorial bird regurgitalites(1) (fossil pellets). The fossil hair occurs as impressions and natural casts in the extremely fine-grained, calcareous matrix that cements the skeletal remains within these faecal structures and preserves even the cuticular scale pattern on individual hair, Hair from at least four mammalian taxa, most notably the multituberculate Lambdopsalis bulla(2), has been identified. This record constitutes the first tangible evidence that, along with monotremes and therian mammals, multituberculates were hirsuite, and lends support for the presence of this mammalian feature in the most recent common ancestor of these three groups.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,GRAD PROGRAM ORGANISM & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Meng, J (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT BIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA.
NR 27
TC 59
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 712
EP 714
DI 10.1038/385712a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300043
PM 9034186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU SchlagRey, M
   Amador, N
   Sanchez, H
   Schlag, J
AF SchlagRey, M
   Amador, N
   Sanchez, H
   Schlag, J
TI Antisaccade performance predicted by neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; rhesus-monkeys; movements; saccades; connections; initiation; fixation; lesions; system; goal
AB The voluntary control of gaze implies the ability to make saccadic eye movements specified by abstract instructions, as well as the ability to repress unwanted orientating to sudden stimuli, Both of these abilities are challenged in the antisaccade task, because it requires subjects to look at an unmarked location opposite to a dashed stimulus, without glancing at it(1,2). Performance on this task depends on the frontal/prefrontal cortex and related structures(3-8), but the neuronal operations underlying antisaccades are not understood. It is not known, for example, how excited visual neurons that normally trigger a saccade to a target (a prosaccade) can activate oculomotor neurons directing gaze in the opposite direction, Visual neurons might, perhaps, alter their receptive fields depending on whether they receive a pro-or antisaccade instruction, If the receptive field is not altered, the antisaccade goal must be computed and imposed from the top down to the appropriate oculomotor neurons. Here we show, using recordings from the supplementary eye field (a frontal cortex oculomotor centre) in monkeys, that visual and movement neurons retain the same spatial selectivity across randomly mixed pro-and antisaccade trials, However, these neurons consistently fire more before antisaccades than prosaccades with the same trajectories, suggesting a mechanism through which voluntary antisaccade commands can override reflexive glances.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,BRAIN RES INST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP SchlagRey, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095, USA.
NR 30
TC 286
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 398
EP 401
DI 10.1038/37114
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900062
PM 9389478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolfe, KH
   Shields, DC
AF Wolfe, KH
   Shields, DC
TI Molecular evidence for an ancient duplication of the entire yeast genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene; evolution; sequences
AB Gene duplication is an important source of evolutionary novelty(1,2). Most duplications are of just a single gene, but Ohno(1) proposed that whole-genome duplication (polyploidy) is an important evolutionary mechanism. Many duplicate genes have been found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and these often seem to be phenotypically redundant(3-7) Here we show that the arrangement of duplicated genes in the S. cerevisiae genome is consistent with Ohno's hypothesis. We propose a model in which this species is a degenerate tetraploid resulting from a whole-genome duplication that occurred after the divergence of Saccharomyces from Kluyveromyces. Only a small fraction of the genes were subsequently retained in duplicate (most were deleted), and gene order was rearranged by many reciprocal translocations between chromosomes. Protein pairs derived from this duplication event make up 13% of all yeast proteins, and include pairs of transcription factors, protein kinases, myosins, cyclins and pheromones. Tetraploidy may have facilitated the evolution of anaerobic fermentation in Saccharomyces.
RP Wolfe, KH (corresponding author), UNIV DUBLIN TRINITY COLL,DEPT GENET,DUBLIN 2,IRELAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 1405
Z9 1626
U1 0
U2 126
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 708
EP 713
DI 10.1038/42711
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900055
PM 9192896
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, J
   Dodd, RL
   Makino, CL
   Simon, MI
   Baylor, DA
   Chen, J
AF Xu, J
   Dodd, RL
   Makino, CL
   Simon, MI
   Baylor, DA
   Chen, J
TI Prolonged photoresponses in transgenic mouse rods lacking arrestin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphodiesterase activation; retinal rods; in-vivo; rhodopsin; protein; binding; photoreceptors; inactivation; phototransduction; phosphorylation
AB Arrestins are soluble cytoplasmic proteins that bind to G-protein-coupled receptors, thus switching off activation of the G protein and terminating the signalling pathway that triggers the cellular response(1,2). Although visual arrestin has been shown to quench the catalytic activity of photoexcited, phosphorylated rhodopsin in a reconstituted system(3), its role in the intact rod cell remains unclear because phosphorylation alone reduces the catalytic activity of rhodopsin(4-6). Here we have recorded photocurrents of rods from transgenic mice in which one or both copies of the arrestin gene were disrupted, Photoresponses were unaffected when arrestin expression was halved, indicating that arrestin binding is not rate limiting for recovery of the rod photoresponse, as it is in Drosophila(7,8). With arrestin absent, the flash response displayed a rapid partial recovery followed by a prolonged final phase, This behaviour indicates that an arrestin-independent mechanism initiates the quench of rhodopsin's catalytic activity and that arrestin completes the quench, The intensity dependence of the photoresponse in rods lacking arrestin further suggests that, although arrestin is required for normal signal termination, it does not participate directly in light adaptation.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 Stanford University; California Institute of Technology
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 320
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 505
EP 509
DI 10.1038/39068
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900059
PM 9333241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Messler, W
   Stewart, CB
AF Messler, W
   Stewart, CB
TI Episodic adaptive evolution of primate lysozymes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positive darwinian selection; stomach lysozymes; nucleotide substitutions; foregut fermenters; divergence; convergence; numbers; rates; gene
AB ALTHOUGH the darwinian concept of adaptation was established nearly a century ago, it has been difficult to demonstrate rigorously that the amino-acid differences between homologous proteins from different species have adaptive significance, There are currently two major types of sequence tests for positive darwinian selection on proteins from different species: sequence convergence, and neutral rate violation (reviewed in ref. 1). Lysozymes from the stomachs of cows and langur monkeys, two mammalian species displaying fermentation in the foregut, are an example(2,3) of amino-acid sequence convergence among homologous proteins(4,6). Here we combine tests of neutral rate violation with reconstruction of ancestral sequences to document an episode of positive selection on the lineage leading to the common ancestor of the foregut-fermenting colobine monkeys. This analysis also detected a previously unsuspected adaptive episode on the lineage leading to the common ancestor of the modern hominoid lysozymes. Both adaptive episodes were followed by episodes of negative selection. Thus this approach can detect adaptive and purifying episodes, and localize them to specific lineages during protein evolution.
C1 SUNY ALBANY,DEPT BIOL SCI,ALBANY,NY 12222.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
NR 30
TC 345
Z9 408
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 151
EP 154
DI 10.1038/385151a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800052
PM 8990116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, GB
   Frail, DA
   Beasley, AJ
   Kulkarni, SR
AF Taylor, GB
   Frail, DA
   Beasley, AJ
   Kulkarni, SR
TI Position and parallax of the gamma-ray burst of 8 May 1997
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vlbi observations; galaxy; objects
AB gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have puzzled astronomers for almost three decades, primarily owing to the lack of identifications at other wavelengths. The detection of a radio counterpart(1) enables application of the powerful technique of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) to this intriguing class of objects. Here we present VLBI monitoring of VLA J065349.4 + 791619 obtained between 8 and 25 days after the initial gamma-ray burst. The radio emission is found to be very compact, with an angular extent of less than 1 milliarcsecond. We derive a position for the radio counterpart accurate to 200 microarcseconds, and constrain the proper motion of VLA J065349.4 + 791619 be less than 50 milliarcseconds per year. We place an upper limit on the annual parallax of 1 milliarcsecond. These results are entirely consistent with the expectations of cosmological models.
C1 CALTECH,DIV PHYS MATH & ASTRON 10524,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Taylor, GB (corresponding author), NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801, USA.
NR 14
TC 46
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 263
EP 265
DI 10.1038/38456
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, BL
   Cech, TR
AF Zhang, BL
   Cech, TR
TI Peptide bond formation by in vitro selected ribozymes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna; evolution; tetrahymena; catalysis; invitro; ligands; dna
AB An attractive solution to the problem of the origin of protein synthesis in an evolving 'RNA world' involves catalysis by nucleic acid without assistance from proteins(1,2). Indeed, even the modem ribosome has been considered to be fundamentally an RNA, machine(3), and the large ribosomal subunit can carry out peptidyl transfer in the absence of most of its protein subunits(4). Successive cycles of in vitro selection and amplification(5-7) have been used to find RNAs that perform many biochemical reactions(8-16), including transfer of an RNA-linked amino acid io their own 5'-amino-modified terminus(15). Here we demonstrate the in vitro selection of ribozymes (196 nucleotides) that perform the same pepridyl transferase reaction as the ribosome: that is, they can join amino acids by a peptide bond. Like ribosome substrates, one amino, acid (N-blocked methionine) is esterified to the 3'(2')-O of adenosine, whereas the acceptor amino acid (phenylalanine) has a free amino group. Our best characterized ribozyme recognizes the amino-acid ester substrate by binding its adenosine moiety, and is therefore capable of utilizing Leu-and Phe- as well as Met-derived substrates. Such lack of specificity with respect to the amino acid is a feature necessary for a generalized protein-synthesizing enzyme.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 27
TC 238
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 96
EP 100
DI 10.1038/36375
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700060
PM 9363898
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fazeli, A
   Dickinson, SL
   Hermiston, ML
   Tighe, RV
   Steen, RG
   Small, CG
   Stoeckli, ET
   KeinoMasu, K
   Masu, M
   Rayburn, H
   Simons, J
   Bronson, RT
   Gordon, JI
   TessierLavigne, M
   Weinberg, RA
AF Fazeli, A
   Dickinson, SL
   Hermiston, ML
   Tighe, RV
   Steen, RG
   Small, CG
   Stoeckli, ET
   KeinoMasu, K
   Masu, M
   Rayburn, H
   Simons, J
   Bronson, RT
   Gordon, JI
   TessierLavigne, M
   Weinberg, RA
TI Phenotype of mice lacking functional Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple intestinal neoplasia; epithelial-cell lineages; transgenic mice; differentiation programs; commissural axons; c-elegans; mouse; expression; chromosome-18; progression
AB The DCC (Deleted in colorectal cancer) gene was first identified as a candidate for a tumour-suppressor gene on human chromosome 18q. More recently, in vitro studies In rodents have provided evidence that DCC might function as a receptor for the axonal chemoattractant netrin-1. Inactivation of the murine Dcc gene caused defects in axonal projections that are similar to those observed in netrin-1-deficient mice but did not affect growth, differentiation, morphogenesis or tumorigenesis in mouse intestine. These observations fail to support a tumour-suppressor function for Dcc, but are consistent with the hypothesis that DCC Is a component of a receptor for netrin-1.
C1 MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOL BIOL & PHARMACOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   MIT,WHITEHEAD INST GENOME CTR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT ANAT,CELL BIOL PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT ANAT,PROGRAM DEV BIOL & NEUROSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   NATL DEF MED COLL,DEPT PHYSIOL,TOKOROZAWA,SAITAMA 359,JAPAN.
   MIT,CTR CANC RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,JAMES BUCHANAN BRADY UROL INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21207.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02111.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02111.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Washington University (WUSTL); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; National Defense Medical College - Japan; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Johns Hopkins University; Tufts University; Tufts University
NR 50
TC 665
Z9 777
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 796
EP 804
DI 10.1038/386796a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600045
PM 9126737
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Castillo, PE
   Janz, R
   Sudhof, TC
   Tzounopoulos, T
   Malenka, RC
   Nicoll, RA
AF Castillo, PE
   Janz, R
   Sudhof, TC
   Tzounopoulos, T
   Malenka, RC
   Nicoll, RA
TI Rab3A is essential for mossy fibre long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fiber ltp; 2 forms; protein; rabphilin-3a; facilitation; synapsins; neurons
AB Repetitive activation of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system results in a long-lasting increase in synaptic transmission called long-term potentiation (LTP). It is generally believed that this synaptic plasticity may underlie certain forms of learning and memory. LTP at most synapses involves the activation of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) subtype of glutamate receptor, but LTP at hippocampal messy fibre synapses is independent of NMDA receptors and has a component that is induced and expressed presynaptically(1). It appears to be triggered by a rise in presynaptic Ca2+ (refs 2, 3), and requires the activation of protein kinase A(4-6), which leads to an increased release of glutamate(3,7-10). A great deal is known about the biochemical steps involved in the vesicular release of transmitter(11-13), but none of these steps has been directly implicated in long-term synaptic plasticity. Here we show that, although a variety of short-term plasticities are normal, LTP at messy fibre synapses is abolished in mice lacking the synaptic vesicle protein Rab3A.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PSYCHIAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MOL GENET,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
NR 30
TC 293
Z9 341
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 590
EP 593
DI 10.1038/41574
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200051
PM 9252190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vigers, GPA
   Anderson, LJ
   Caffes, P
   Brandhuber, BJ
AF Vigers, GPA
   Anderson, LJ
   Caffes, P
   Brandhuber, BJ
TI Crystal structure of the type-I interleukin-1 receptor complexed with interleukin-1 beta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identification; antagonist; resolution; refinement; site
AB Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an important mediator of inflammatory disease. The IL-1 family currently consists of two agonists, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, and one antagonist, IL-1ra. Each of these molecules binds to the type I IL-1 receptor (IL1R)(1). The binding of IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta to IL1R is an early step in IL-1 signal transduction and blocking this interaction may therefore be a useful target for the development of new drugs, Here we report the three-dimensional structure of IL-1 beta bound to the extracellular domain of IL1R (s-IL1R) at 2.5 Angstrom resolution. IL-1 beta binds to s-IL1R with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The crystal structure shows that s-IL1R consists of three immunoglobulin-like domains which wrap around IL-1 beta in a manner distinct from the structures of previously described cytokine-receptor complexes. The two receptor-binding regions on IL-1 beta identified by site-directed mutagenesis(2,3) both contact the receptor: one binds to the first two domains of the receptor, while the other binds exclusively to the third domain.
C1 AMGEN INC, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA.
C3 Amgen
NR 19
TC 242
Z9 300
U1 2
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 190
EP 194
DI 10.1038/386190a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300066
PM 9062193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Black, RA
   Rauch, CT
   Kozlosky, CJ
   Peschon, JJ
   Slack, JL
   Wolfson, MF
   Castner, BJ
   Stocking, KL
   Reddy, P
   Srinivasan, S
   Nelson, N
   Boiani, N
   Schooley, KA
   Gerhart, M
   Davis, R
   Fitzner, JN
   Johnson, RS
   Paxton, RJ
   March, CJ
   Cerretti, DP
AF Black, RA
   Rauch, CT
   Kozlosky, CJ
   Peschon, JJ
   Slack, JL
   Wolfson, MF
   Castner, BJ
   Stocking, KL
   Reddy, P
   Srinivasan, S
   Nelson, N
   Boiani, N
   Schooley, KA
   Gerhart, M
   Davis, R
   Fitzner, JN
   Johnson, RS
   Paxton, RJ
   March, CJ
   Cerretti, DP
TI A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-cloning; surface; protein; inhibitor; precursor; receptor; fusion; tnf
AB Mammalian cells proteolytically release (shed) the extracellular domains of many cell-surface proteins(1). Modification of the cell surface in this way can alter the cell's responsiveness to its environment(2) and release potent soluble regulatory factors'. The release of soluble tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from its membrane-bound precursor(4,5) is one of the most intensively studied shedding events because this inflammatory cytokine is so physiologically important(6,7). The inhibition of TNF-alpha release (and many other shedding phenomena) by hydroxamic acid-based inhibitors indicates that one or more metalloproteinases is involved(3,8,9). We have now purified and cloned a metalloproteinase that specifically cleaves precursor TNF-alpha. Inactivation of the gene in mouse cells caused a marked decrease in soluble TNF-alpha production. This enzyme (called the TNF-alpha-converting enzyme, or TACE) is a new member of the family of mammalian adamalysins (or ADAMs)(10), for which no physiological catalytic function has previously been identified. Our results should facilitate the development of therapeutically useful inhibitors of TNF-alpha release, and they indicate that an important function of adamalysins may be to shed cell-surface proteins.
RP Black, RA (corresponding author), IMMUNEX RES & DEV CORP,51 UNIV ST,SEATTLE,WA 98101, USA.
NR 30
TC 2704
Z9 3105
U1 1
U2 117
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 729
EP 733
DI 10.1038/385729a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300048
PM 9034190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glinka, A
   Wu, W
   Onichtchouk, D
   Blumenstock, C
   Niehrs, C
AF Glinka, A
   Wu, W
   Onichtchouk, D
   Blumenstock, C
   Niehrs, C
TI Head induction by simultaneous repression of Bmp and Wnt signalling in Xenopus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox gene; spemanns organizer; signaling pathways; embryos; mesoderm; expression; homolog; xwnt-8
AB The Spemann organizer of the amphibian embryo can be subdivided into two discrete activities, namely trunk organizer and head organizer(1). Several factors secreted from the organizer that are involved in trunk organization are thought to act by repressing Bmp signalling(2-4). With the exception of the secreted factor cerberus(5), little is known about head-organizer inducers, Here we show that co-expression of a dominant-negative Bmp receptor with inhibitors of the Wnt-signalling pathway in Xenopus leads to the induction of complete secondary axes, including a head, This induction does not require expression of the siamois marker of Nieuwkoop centre signalling, suggesting that cells are directly shifting to head-organizer fate, Furthermore, we fmd that cerberus is a potent inhibitor of Wnt signalling, Our results indicate that head-organizer activity results from the simultaneous repression of Bmp and Wnt signalling and they suggest a mechanism for region-specific induction by the organizer.
C1 DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, DIV MOL EMBRYOL, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
NR 30
TC 304
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 517
EP 519
DI 10.1038/39092
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900062
PM 9333244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miyawaki, A
   Llopis, J
   Heim, R
   McCaffery, JM
   Adams, JA
   Ikura, M
   Tsien, RY
AF Miyawaki, A
   Llopis, J
   Heim, R
   McCaffery, JM
   Adams, JA
   Ikura, M
   Tsien, RY
TI Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; point mutations; intact-cells; 2 series; binding; aequorin; sites
AB Important Ca2+ signals in the cytosol and organelles are often extremely localized and hard to measure. To overcome this problem we have constructed new fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ that are genetically encoded without cofactors and are targetable to specific intracellular locations. We have dubbed these fluorescent indicators 'cameleons', They consist of tandem fusions of a blue-or cyan-emitting mutant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)(1,2), calmodulin(3-5), the calmodulin-binding peptide M13 (ref, 6), and an enhanced green-or yellow-emitting GFP(7-9). Binding of Ca2+ makes calmodulin wrap around the M13 domain, increasing the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the flanking GFPs(2), Calmodulin mutations can tune the Ca2+ affinities to measure free Ca2+ concentrations in the range 10(-8) to 10(-2) M, We have visualized free Ca2+ dynamics in the cytosol, nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum of single HeLa cells transfected with complementary DNAs encoding chimaeras bearing appropriate localization signals, Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum of individual cells ranged from 60 to 400 mu M at rest, and 1 to 50 mu M after Ca2+ mobilization, FRET is also an indicator of the reversible intermolecular association of cyan-GFP-labelled calmodulin with yellow-GFP-labelled M13, Thus FRET between GFP mutants can monitor localized Ca2+ signals and protein heterodimerization in individual live cells.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT PHARMACOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DIV CELLULAR & MOL MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, SAN DIEGO, CA 92182 USA.
   UNIV TORONTO, ONTARIO CANC INST, DIV MOL & STRUCT BIOL, TORONTO, ON M5G 2M9, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT MED BIOPHYS, TORONTO, ON M5G 2M9, CANADA.
   UNIV TSUKUBA, CTR TSUKUBA ADV RES ALLIANCE, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; California State University System; San Diego State University; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Tsukuba
NR 30
TC 2609
Z9 3255
U1 37
U2 942
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 882
EP 887
DI 10.1038/42264
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400051
PM 9278050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simons, K
   Ikonen, E
AF Simons, K
   Ikonen, E
TI Functional rafts in cell membranes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gpi-anchored proteins; polarized epithelial-cells; plasma-membrane; phosphatidylcholine bilayers; intracellular-transport; detergent insolubility; alkaline-phosphatase; binding protein; cholesterol; caveolae
C1 NATL PUBL HLTH INST, DEPT BIOCHEM, SF-00300 HELSINKI, FINLAND.
C3 Finland National Institute for Health & Welfare
RP Simons, K (corresponding author), EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB, CELL BIOL PROGRAMME, MEYERHOFSTR 1, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
NR 67
TC 8335
Z9 9352
U1 11
U2 1201
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 569
EP 572
DI 10.1038/42408
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200045
PM 9177342
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gottesfeld, JM
   Neely, L
   Trauger, JW
   Baird, EE
   Dervan, PB
AF Gottesfeld, JM
   Neely, L
   Trauger, JW
   Baird, EE
   Dervan, PB
TI Regulation of gene expression by small molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence-specific recognition; positive transcription factor; double-helical dna; rna genes; minor groove; zinc fingers; 5s-rna gene; factor-iiia; complexes; binding
AB Small molecules that target specific DNA sequences have the potential to control gene expression. Ligands designed for therapeutic application must bind any predetermined DNA sequence with high affinity and permeate living cells. Synthetic polyamides containing-N-methylimidazole and N-methylpyrrole amino acids have an affinity and specificity for DNA comparable to naturally occurring DNA-binding proteins(1). We report here that an eight-ring polyamide targeted to a specific region of the transcription factor TFIIIA binding site interferes with 5S RNA gene expression in Xenopus kidney cells. Our results indicate that pyrrole-imidazole polyamides are cell-permeable and can inhibit the transcription of specific genes.
C1 CALTECH, DIV CHEM & CHEM ENGN, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, BECKMAN INST, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Gottesfeld, JM (corresponding author), SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
NR 29
TC 470
Z9 545
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 202
EP 205
DI 10.1038/387202a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500060
PM 9144294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU deMuizon, C
   Cifelli, RL
   Paz, RC
AF deMuizon, C
   Cifelli, RL
   Paz, RC
TI The origin of the dog-like borhyaenoid marsupials of South America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammals
AB Dog-like marsupials (superfamily Borhyaenoidea) were the largest predacious mammals during the Tertiary period in South America(1). They are critical to our understanding of marsupial origin, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography because they have been related to various marsupial lineages of several continents: didelphoids(2) (mainly New World, but also Europe, Asia and Africa), pediomyrid(3), stagodontids(4) (North America), dasyuroids(5) (Australia) and deltatheroidans(6) (predominantly Asian). These relationships, based mainly on dental morphology, have been discussed and rejected several times(2,3,7,8). Here we report the discovery of exceptionally well preserved skulls and skeletons, referrable to the didelphoid Andinodelphys, which shed new light on the phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic origin of dog-like marsupials. The skulls of Mayulestes (boryhyaenoid)(9), Andinodelphys and Pucadelphys (didelphoids)(10,11) from the early Palaeocene epoch of Bolivia are the oldest known for American marsupials. Comparison of their basicranial anatomy suggests that dog-like marsupials are closely related to an early didelphimorphian radiation in South America, rather than to Asiatic (deltatheroidan), North American (stagodontid), or Australian(dasyuroid) lineages.
C1 UNIV OKLAHOMA,OKLAHOMA MUSEUM NAT HIST,NORMAN,OK 73019.
   UNIV MAYOR SAN SIMON,MUSEO ARQUEOL,COCHABAMBA,BOLIVIA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; Universidad Mayor de San Simon
RP deMuizon, C (corresponding author), MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT,CNRS,URA 12,PALEONTOL LAB,8 RUE BUFFON,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 57
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 486
EP 489
DI 10.1038/39029
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900053
PM 9333235
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deming, TJ
AF Deming, TJ
TI Facile synthesis of block copolypeptides of defined architecture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anhydrides; acid
AB Many natural polymeric materials (particularly structural proteins) display a hierarchy of structure over several length scales. Block copolymers are able to self-assemble into ordered nanostructures(1,2), but the random-coiled nature of their polymer chains usually suppresses any further levels of organization. The use of components with regular structures, such as rigid-rod polymers, can increase the extent of spatial organization in self-assembling materials(3). But the synthesis of such polymeric components typically involves complicated reaction steps that are not suitable for large-scale production. Proteins form hierarchically organized structures in which the fundamental motifs are generally alpha-helical coils and beta-sheets(4). Attempts to synthesize polypeptides with well-defined amino-acid sequences, which might adopt similar organized structures, have been plagued by unwanted side reactions(5) that give rise to products with a wide range of molecular weights(6-10), hampering the formation of well-defined peptide block copolymers(11-17). Here I describe a polymerization strategy that overcomes these difficulties by using organonickel initiators which suppress chain-transfer and termination side reactions. This approach allows the facile synthesis of block copolypeptides with well-defined sequences, which might provide new peptide-based biomaterials with potential applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery and biomimetic composite formation.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT CHEM,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Deming, TJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MAT,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106, USA.
NR 25
TC 576
Z9 790
U1 2
U2 284
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 386
EP 389
DI 10.1038/37084
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900058
PM 9389476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heki, K
   Miyazaki, S
   Tsuji, H
AF Heki, K
   Miyazaki, S
   Tsuji, H
TI Silent fault slip following an interplate thrust earthquake at the Japan Trench
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crustal deformation; afterslip; oki
AB Recent global space geodetic measurements have revealed that the velocities of tectonic plates over timescales as short as a decade(1) are consistent with models of velocities averaged over the past few million years. The slip inferred from interplate thrust earthquakes at deep sea trenches and and number of earthquakes, however, often falls short of that predicted from these observed plate convergence rates(2,3). Here we report transient crustal movements recorded by a permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) network in northeastern Tapan following a typical interplate earthquake that occurred in December 1994 at the Japan Trench. Cumulative fault slip was estimated from the postseismic displacements at the GPS points over the first year after the event, and the inferred amount of seismic moment released by the afterslip was comparable to that released in the high-speed rupture. Such seismically 'invisible' slip map therefore account for the shortage of seismic slip relative to that required by time-averaged plate velocities.
C1 GEOG SURVEY INST,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   MINIST CONSTRUCT,CHIYODA KU,TOKYO 100,JAPAN.
RP Heki, K (corresponding author), NATL ASTRON OBSERV,2-12 HOSHIGAOKA,MIZUSAWA,IWATE 023,JAPAN.
NR 20
TC 338
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 595
EP 598
DI 10.1038/386595a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bochkarev, A
   Pfuetzner, RA
   Edwards, AM
   Frappier, L
AF Bochkarev, A
   Pfuetzner, RA
   Edwards, AM
   Frappier, L
TI Structure of the single-stranded-DNA-binding domain of replication protein A bound to DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; gene-v; refinement
AB THE single-stranded-DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are essential fur DNA function in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, mitochondria, phages and viruses(1,2). The structures of four SSBs have been solved(3-7), but the molecular details of the interaction of SSBs with DNA remain speculative. We report here the crystal structure at 2.4 Angstrom resolution of the single-stranded-DNA-binding domain of human replication protein A (RPA) bound to DNA. Replication protein a is a heterotrimeric SSB that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. The largest subunit, RPA70, binds to single-stranded (ss)DNA(8,9) and mediates interactions with many cellular and viral proteins(10). The DNA-binding domain, which ties in the middle of RPA70, comprises two structurally homologous subdomains oriented in tandem. The ssDNA lies in a channel that extends from one subdomain lo the other. The structure of each RPA70 subdomain is similar to those of the bacteriophage SSBs, indicating that the mechanism of ssDNA-binding is conserved.
C1 MCMASTER UNIV,INST MOL BIOL & BIOTECHNOL,CANC RES GRP,HAMILTON,ON L8N 3Z5,CANADA.
C3 McMaster University
NR 24
TC 505
Z9 590
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 176
EP 181
DI 10.1038/385176a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800059
PM 8990123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinbach, OC
   Wolffe, AP
   Rupp, RAW
AF Steinbach, OC
   Wolffe, AP
   Rupp, RAW
TI Somatic linker histones cause loss of mesodermal competence in Xenopus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-transcription; myod expression; early response; in-vivo; embryos; induction; laevis; protein; cells; embryogenesis
AB In Xenopus, cells from the animal hemisphere are competent to form mesodermal tissues from the morula through to the blastula stage(1). Loss of mesodermal competence at early gastrula is programmed cell-autonomously, and occurs even in single cells at the appropriate stage(2). To determine the mechanism by which this occurs, we have been investigating a concomitant, global change in expression of H1 linker histone subtypes. H1 histones are usually considered to be general repressors of transcription(3), but in Xenopus they are increasingly thought to have selective functions in transcriptional regulation(4-6). Xenopus eggs and embryos at stages before the midblastula transition(7) are deficient in histone H1 protein, but contain an oocyte-specific variant called histone B4 or H1M. After the midblastula transition, histone B4 is progressively substituted by three somatic histone H1 variants, and replacement is complete by early neurula(8,9). Here we report that accumulation of somatic H1 protein is rate limiting for the loss of mesodermal competence. This involves selective transcriptional silencing of regulatory genes required for mesodermal differentiation pathways, like muscle, by somatic, but not maternal, H1 protein.
C1 MAX PLANCK GESELL, FRIEDRICH MIESCHER LAB, D-72076 TUBINGEN, GERMANY.
   NICHHD, MOL EMBRYOL LAB, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Max Planck Society; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
NR 29
TC 161
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 395
EP 399
DI 10.1038/38755
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500056
PM 9311783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mead, C
AF Mead, C
TI Conservation biology - Poor prospects for oiled birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Mead, C (corresponding author), THE NUNNERY,THETFORD IP26 5BW,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
NR 6
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 449
EP 450
DI 10.1038/37242
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500027
PM 9393995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foresi, JS
   Villeneuve, PR
   Ferrera, J
   Thoen, ER
   Steinmeyer, G
   Fan, S
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Kimerling, LC
   Smith, HI
   Ippen, EP
AF Foresi, JS
   Villeneuve, PR
   Ferrera, J
   Thoen, ER
   Steinmeyer, G
   Fan, S
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Kimerling, LC
   Smith, HI
   Ippen, EP
TI Photonic-bandgap microcavities in optical waveguides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mu-m
AB Confinement of light to small volumes has important implications for optical emission properties: it changes the probability of spontaneous emission from atoms, allowing both enhancement and inhibition. In photonic-bandgap (PBG) materials(1-4) (also known as photonic crystals), light can be confined within a volume of the order of (lambda/2n)(3), where lambda is the emission wavelength and n the refractive index of the material, by scattering from a periodic array of scattering centres. Until recently(5,6), the properties of two-and three-dimensional PBG structures have been measured only at microwave frequencies. Because the optical bandgap scales with the period of the scattering centres, feature sizes of around 100 nm are needed for manipulation of light at the infrared wavelength (1.54 mu m) used for optical communications. Fabricating features this small requires the use of electron-beam or X-ray lithography. Here we report measurements of microcavity resonances in PBG structures integrated directly into a submicrometre-scale silicon waveguide. The microcavity has a resonance at a wavelength of 1.56 mu m, a quality factor of 265 and a modal volume of 0.055 mu m(3). This level of integration might lead-to new photonic chip architectures and devices, such as zero-threshold microlasers, filters and signal routers.
C1 MIT,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT ELECT ENGN & COMP SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 10
TC 913
Z9 1042
U1 5
U2 296
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 143
EP 145
DI 10.1038/36514
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Lisa's laws
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT HIST ART,35 BEAUMONT ST,OXFORD OX1 2PG,ENGLAND.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 799
EP 799
DI 10.1038/39762
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berggren, M
   Dodabalapur, A
   Slusher, RE
   Bao, Z
AF Berggren, M
   Dodabalapur, A
   Slusher, RE
   Bao, Z
TI Light amplification in organic thin films using cascade energy transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser
AB There is currently renewed interest in the development of lasers using solid-state organic and polymeric materials as the gain media. These materials have a number of properties that make them good candidates for such applications-for example, emission bands that are displaced (via a Stokes shift) from absorption bands, and the ease with which the emitting species can be embedded in a suitable host material(1-5), But despite these advantages, the threshold power densities required for light amplification that have been reported so far have been high(6-8), Here we describe an approach, based on energy transfer between molecular species, that can lower the threshold for stimulated emission and laser action while improving markedly the waveguiding properties of the active material, In our materials, an initial molecular excited state is generated in the host compound by absorption of light; this state is then resonantly and non-radiatively transferred down in energy (through one or more steps) between suitably matched dye molecules dispersed in the host, so ensuring that the absorption losses at the final emission wavelengths are very small. Such composite gain media provide provide broad tunability of the emission wavelength, and also decouple the optical emission properties from the transport properties, so providing greater flexibility for the design of future electrically driven device structures.
C1 AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs
NR 10
TC 310
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 466
EP 469
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spencer, TE
   Jenster, G
   Burcin, MM
   Allis, CD
   Zhou, JX
   Mizzen, CA
   McKenna, NJ
   Onate, SA
   Tsai, SY
   Tsai, MJ
   OMalley, BW
AF Spencer, TE
   Jenster, G
   Burcin, MM
   Allis, CD
   Zhou, JX
   Mizzen, CA
   McKenna, NJ
   Onate, SA
   Tsai, SY
   Tsai, MJ
   OMalley, BW
TI Steroid receptor coactivator-1 is a histone acetyltransferase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; mmtv promoter; transcription; activation; gene; cbp; deacetylase; nucleosome; regulator; complex
AB Steroid receptors and coactivator proteins are thought to stimulate gene expression by facilitating the assembly of basal transcription factors into a stable preinitiation complex(1). That is not clear, however, is how these transcription factors gain access to transcriptionally repressed chromatin to modulate the transactivation of specific gene networks in vitro. The available evidence indicates that acetylation of chromatin in vivo is coupled to transcription and that specific histone acetyltransferases (HATs) target histones bound to DNA and overcome the inhibitory effect of chromatin on gene expression(2-4). The steroid-receptor coactivator SRC-1 is a coactivator for many members of the steroid-hormone receptor superfamily of Ligand-inducible transcription factors(5), Here we show that SRC-1 possesses intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity and that it also interacts with another HAT, p300/CBP-associate factor (PCAF). The HAT activity of SRC-1 maps to its carboxy-terminal region and is primarily specific for histones H3 and H4, Acetylation by SRC-1 and PCAF of histones bound at specific promoters may result from ligand binding to steroid receptors and could be a mechanism by which the activation functions of steroid receptors and associated coactivators enhance formation of a stable preinitiation complex, thereby increasing transcription of specific genes from transcriptionally repressed chromatin templates.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT BIOL,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; University of Rochester
NR 26
TC 1056
Z9 1201
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 194
EP 198
DI 10.1038/38304
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700052
PM 9296499
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Innes, DE
   Inhester, B
   Axford, WI
   Wilhelm, K
AF Innes, DE
   Inhester, B
   Axford, WI
   Wilhelm, K
TI Bi-directional plasma jets produced by magnetic reconnection on the Sun
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID explosive events; quiet sun; solar
AB Magnetic reconnection, the process by which magnetic lines of force break and rejoin into a lower-energy configuration, is considered to be the fundamental process by which magnetic energy is converted into plasma kinetic energy(1). The Sun has a large reservoir of magnetic energy, and the energy released by magnetic reconnection has been invoked to explain both large-scale events, such as solar flares(2,3) and coronal mass ejections(4), and small-scale phenomena, such as the coronal and chromospheric microflares that probably heat and accelerate the solar wind(5,6). But the observational evidence for reconnection is largely indirect, resting on observations of variations in solar X-ray morphology and sudden changes in the magnetic topology(7,8), and on the apparent association between some small-scale dynamic events and magnetic bipoles(9,10). Here we report ultraviolet observations of explosive events in the solar chromosophere that reveal the presence of bi-directional plasma jets ejected from small sites above the solar surface. The structure of these jets evolves in the manner predicted by theoretical models of magnetic reconnection(11,12), thereby lending strong support to the view that reconnection is the fundamental process for accelerating plasma on the Sun.
RP Innes, DE (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST AERON, D-37189 KATLENBURG DUHM, GERMANY.
NR 22
TC 404
Z9 423
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 811
EP 813
DI 10.1038/386811a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novas, FE
   Puerta, PF
AF Novas, FE
   Puerta, PF
TI New evidence concerning avian origins from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; flight; birds
AB The spate of recent discoveries of Mesozoic birds has substantially improved our understanding of the early evolution of birds and flight(1-5), but has failed to close the morphological gap between the Upper Jurassic Archaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest known bird, and the Dromaeosauridae, the group of non-avian theropod dinosaurs regarded as most closely related to birds(6,7). Here we describe a theropod dinosaur from Patagonia, Unenlagia comahuensis gen. et sp. nov., which partially fills this gap. Despite the relatively late appearance of this dinosaur in the fossil record (Upper Cretaceous), several features of Unenlagia are more birdlike than in any other non-avian theropod so far discovered. Unenlagia resembles Archaeopteryx in the morphology of the scapula, pelvis and hindlimb. But several shared, primitive features of the pubis, ischium and hindlimb proportions suggest that Unenlagia may represent the sister taxon of the Avialae (=Aves). The structure of the forelimb suggests that the avian mode of forelimb folding, and the extensive forelimb elevation necessary for powered, lapping flight, was already present in cursorial, non-flying theropod dinosaurs.
C1 MUSEO PALEONTOL EGIDIO FERUGLIO,RA-9100 TRELEW,ARGENTINA.
RP Novas, FE (corresponding author), MUSEO ARGENTINO CIENCIAS NAT BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA,AV ANGEL GALLARDO 470,RA-1405 BUENOS AIRES,DF,ARGENTINA.
NR 28
TC 150
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 390
EP 392
DI 10.1038/387390a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pouliquen, O
   Delour, J
   Savage, SB
AF Pouliquen, O
   Delour, J
   Savage, SB
TI Fingering in granular flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segregation; instability
C1 MCGILL UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 2K6,CANADA.
C3 McGill University
RP Pouliquen, O (corresponding author), ECOLE POLYTECH,LADHYX,F-91128 PALAISEAU,FRANCE.
NR 20
TC 184
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 816
EP 817
DI 10.1038/386816a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galama, T
   Groot, PJ
   vanParadijs, J
   Kouveliotou, C
   Robinson, CR
   Fishman, GJ
   Meegan, CA
   Sahu, KC
   Livio, M
   Petro, L
   Macchetto, FD
   Heise, J
   Zand, JI
   Strom, RG
   Telting, J
   Rutten, RGM
   Pettini, M
   Tanvir, N
   Bloom, J
AF Galama, T
   Groot, PJ
   vanParadijs, J
   Kouveliotou, C
   Robinson, CR
   Fishman, GJ
   Meegan, CA
   Sahu, KC
   Livio, M
   Petro, L
   Macchetto, FD
   Heise, J
   Zand, JI
   Strom, RG
   Telting, J
   Rutten, RGM
   Pettini, M
   Tanvir, N
   Bloom, J
TI The decay of optical emission from the gamma-ray burst GRB970228
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubvri photometry; calibration; system
AB The origin of gamma-ray bursts has been one of the great unsolved mysteries in high-energy astrophysics for almost 30 years. The recent discovery of fading sources at X-ray(1) and optical(2,3) wavelengths coincident with the location of the gamma-ray burst GRB970228 therefore provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the nature of these high-energy events. The optical counterpart appears to be a transient point source embedded in a region of extended nebulosity(3-6), the latter having been tentatively identified as a high-redshift galaxy(3). This would seem to favour models that place gamma-ray bursts at cosmological distances, although a range of mechanisms for producing the bursts is still allowed. A crucial piece of information for distinguishing between such models is how the brightness of the optical counterpart evolves with time. Here we re-evaluate the existing photometry of the optical counterpart of GRB970228 to construct an optical light curve for the transient event. We find that between 21 hours and six days after the burst, the R-band brightness decreased by a factor of similar to 40, with any subsequent decrease in brightness occurring at a much slower rate. As the point source faded, it also became redder. The initial behaviour of the source appears to be consistent with the 'fireball' model(7), but the subsequent decrease in the rate of fading may prove harder to explain.
C1 NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM,ASTRON INST ANTON PANNEKOEK,NL-1098 SJ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   CTR HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS,NL-1098 SJ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PHYS,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35899.
   SRON,SPACE RES LAB,NL-3584 CA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
   NETHERLANDS FDN RES ASTRON,NL-7990 AA DWINGELOO,NETHERLANDS.
   ISSAC NEWTON GROUP,SANTA CRUZ PALMA 38780,TENERIFE,SPAIN.
   ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERV,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EZ,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); University of Amsterdam; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville; Space Telescope Science Institute; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
NR 23
TC 80
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 479
EP 481
DI 10.1038/387479a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Torn, MS
   Trumbore, SE
   Chadwick, OA
   Vitousek, PM
   Hendricks, DM
AF Torn, MS
   Trumbore, SE
   Chadwick, OA
   Vitousek, PM
   Hendricks, DM
TI Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matter; chronosequence; dynamics; temperature; paradigm; hawaii; world; c-14
AB A large source of uncertainty in present understanding of the global carbon cycle is the distribution and dynamics of the soil organic carbon reservoir, Most of the organic carbon in soils is ; degraded to inorganic forms slowly, on timescales from centuries to millennia(1). Soil minerals are known to play a stabilizing role, but how spatial and temporal variation in soil mineralogy controls the quantity and turnover of long-residence-time organic carbon is not well known(2). Here we use radiocarbon analyses to explore interactions between soil mineralogy and soil organic carbon along two natural gradients-of soil-age and of climate-in volcanic soil environments, During the first similar to 150,000 years of soil development, the volcanic parent material weathered to metastable, non-crystalline minerals, Thereafter, the amount of non-crystalline minerals declined, and more stable crystalline minerals accumulated. Soil organic carbon content followed a similar trend, accumulating to a maximum after 150,000 years, and then decreasing by 50% over the next four million years. A positive relationship between non-crystalline minerals and organic carbon was also observed in soils through the climate gradient, indicating that the accumulation and subsequent loss of organic matter were largely driven by changes in the millennial scale cycling of mineral-stabilized carbon, rather than by changes in the amount of fast-cycling organic matter or in net primary productivity. Soil mineralogy is therefore important in determining the quantity of organic carbon stored in soil, its turnover time, and atmosphere-ecosystem carbon fluxes during long-term soil development; this conclusion should be generalizable at least to other humid environments.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, DEPT GEOG, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA.
   STANFORD UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
   UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Stanford University; University of Arizona
RP Torn, MS (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE, EARTH SYST SCI DEPT, IRVINE, CA 92697 USA.
NR 31
TC 1258
Z9 1469
U1 21
U2 864
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 170
EP 173
DI 10.1038/38260
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanabe, T
   Nishida, S
   Matsumoto, S
   Onaka, T
   Nakada, Y
   Soyano, T
   Ono, T
   Sekiguchi, K
   Glass, IS
AF Tanabe, T
   Nishida, S
   Matsumoto, S
   Onaka, T
   Nakada, Y
   Soyano, T
   Ono, T
   Sekiguchi, K
   Glass, IS
TI Duration of the superwind phase of asymptotic giant branch stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magellanic clouds; mass-loss; globular-clusters; evolved stars; carbon stars; photometry; evolution; variables
AB Near the ends of their lives, low- and intermediate-mass stars go through a phase of evolution known as the asymptotic giant branch(1,2). This luminous red-giant phase is thought to be terminated by a period of intense mass loss in the form of a superwind(3), which leads to the formation of a planetary nebula. Although the effects of mass loss have been studied extensively in many stars, the duration of this phase is not well constrained, because of uncertainties in the distances, masses, ages, and absolute luminosities of the observed stars. On the other hand, the properties of stars in the globular clusters associated with the Magellanic Clouds are not subject to these uncertainties, and so provide an excellent opportunity for studying mass-loss phenomena in a quantitative way. Here we report the discovery of two infrared stars in Magellanic Cloud globular clusters that are undergoing a period of intense mass loss. Those observations, together with those of a previously discovered infrared star, confirm that asymptotic giant branch stars go through a superwind phase, and constrain the duration of this phase to be about 100,000 years.
C1 UNIV TOKYO, DEPT ASTRON, SCH SCI, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO, KISO OBSERV, INST ASTRON, MITAKA, TOKYO 39701, JAPAN.
   NISHI HARIMA ASTRON OBSERV, SAYO, HYOGO 67953, JAPAN.
   NATL ASTRON OBSERV, MITAKA, TOKYO 181, JAPAN.
   S AFRICAN ASTRON OBSERV, ZA-7935 CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); National Research Foundation - South Africa; South African Astronomical Observatory
RP Tanabe, T (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO, INST ASTRON, FAC SCI, MITAKA, TOKYO 181, JAPAN.
NR 19
TC 37
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 509
EP 510
DI 10.1038/385509a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, CY
   Knudson, CM
   Korsmeyer, SJ
   VanDyke, T
AF Yin, CY
   Knudson, CM
   Korsmeyer, SJ
   VanDyke, T
TI Bax suppresses tumorigenesis and stimulates apoptosis in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; virus-40 t-antigen; wild-type p53; in-vivo; gene amplification; transgenic mice; expression; deficient; mutant; bcl-2
AB The protein p53 is a key tumour-suppressor, as evidenced by its frequent inactivation in human cancers. Animal models have indicated that attenuation of p53-dependent cell death (apoptosis) can contribute to both the initiation and progression of cancer, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown, Although p53-mediated transcriptional activation is one possible explanation, none of the known p53-responsive genes has been shown to function in p53-dependent apoptosis. Here we test the role of the death-promoting gene bax in a transgenic mouse brain tumour, a model in which p53-mediated apoptosis attenuates tumour growth, Inactivation of p53 causes a dramatic acceleration of tumour growth owing to a reduction in apoptosis of over ninety per cent(1). We show that p53-dependent expression of bax is induced in slow-growing apoptotic tumours. Moreover, tumour growth is accelerated and apoptosis drops by fifty per cent in Bax-deficient mice, indicating that it is required for a full p53-mediated response. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration that Bax acts as a tumour suppressor, and our findings indicate that Bax could be a component of the p53-mediated apoptotic response in this system.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA, SCH MED, LINEBERGER COMPREHENS CANC CTR, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DIV MOL ONCOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 21
TC 577
Z9 655
U1 2
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 637
EP 640
DI 10.1038/385637a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400051
PM 9024662
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonventre, JV
   Huang, ZH
   Taheri, MR
   OLeary, E
   Li, E
   Moskowitz, MA
   Sapirstein, A
AF Bonventre, JV
   Huang, ZH
   Taheri, MR
   OLeary, E
   Li, E
   Moskowitz, MA
   Sapirstein, A
TI Reduced fertility and postischaemic brain injury in mice deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A(2)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arachidonic-acid; gerbil brain; ischemia; reperfusion; mitochondrial; implantation; damage; pla(2); kidney; forms
AB Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes are critical regulators of prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis and can directly modify the composition of cellular membranes(1,2). PLA(2) enzymes release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, including the precursor of platelet-activating factor, PAF, from phospholipids. Free fatty acids, eicosanoids, lysophospholipids and PAF are potent regulators of inflammation(1,3,4), reproduction(5-7) and neurotoxicity(1,8,9). The physiological roles of the various forms of PLA(2) are not well defined. The cytosolic form, cPLA(2), preferentially releases arachidonic acid from phospholipids and is regulated by changes in intracellular calcium concentration(10,11). We have now created 'knockout' (cPLA(2)(-/-)) mice that lack this enzyme, in order to evaluate its physiological importance. We find that cPLA(2)(-/-) mice develop normally, but that the females produce only small litters in which the pups are usually dead, Stimulated peritoneal macrophages from cPLA(2)(-/-) animals did not produce prostaglandin E-2 or leukotriene B-4 or C-4. After transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, cPLA(2)(-/-) mice had smaller infarcts and developed less brain oedema and fewer neurological deficits. Thus cPLA(2) is important for macrophage production of inflammatory mediators, fertility, and in the pathophysiology of neuronal death after transient focal cerebral ischaemia.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, NEUROSURG SERV, DEPT MED, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, CARDIAC SERV, DEPT MED, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, ANESTHESIA SERV, DEPT MED, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, MED SERV, DEPT NEUROSURG, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, NEUROSURG SERV, DEPT NEUROSURG, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, CARDIAC SERV, DEPT NEUROSURG, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, ANESTHESIA SERV, DEPT NEUROSURG, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, ANESTHESIA SERV, DEPT ANESTHESIA, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, MED SERV, DEPT ANESTHESIA, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, NEUROSURG SERV, DEPT ANESTHESIA, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, CARDIAC SERV, DEPT ANESTHESIA, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
   HARVARD MIT DIV HLTH SCI & TECHNOL, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University
RP Bonventre, JV (corresponding author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, MED SERV, DEPT MED, 149 13TH ST, CHARLESTOWN, MA 02129 USA.
NR 28
TC 744
Z9 806
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 622
EP 625
DI 10.1038/37635
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300053
PM 9403693
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klenk, HP
   Clayton, RA
   Tomb, JF
   White, O
   Nelson, KE
   Ketchum, KA
   Dodson, RJ
   Gwinn, M
   Hickey, EK
   Peterson, JD
   Richardson, DL
   Kerlavage, AR
   Graham, DE
   Kyrpides, NC
   Fleischmann, RD
   Quackenbush, J
   Lee, NH
   Sutton, GG
   Gill, S
   Kirkness, EF
   Dougherty, BA
   McKenney, K
   Adams, MD
   Loftus, B
   Peterson, S
   Reich, CI
   McNeil, LK
   Badger, JH
   Glodek, A
   Zhou, LX
   Overbeek, R
   Gocayne, JD
   Weidman, JF
   McDonald, L
   Utterback, T
   Cotton, MD
   Spriggs, T
   Artiach, P
   Kaine, BP
   Sykes, SM
   Sadow, PW
   DAndrea, KP
   Bowman, C
   Fujii, C
   Garland, SA
   Mason, TM
   Olsen, GJ
   Fraser, CM
   Smith, HO
   Woese, CR
   Venter, JC
AF Klenk, HP
   Clayton, RA
   Tomb, JF
   White, O
   Nelson, KE
   Ketchum, KA
   Dodson, RJ
   Gwinn, M
   Hickey, EK
   Peterson, JD
   Richardson, DL
   Kerlavage, AR
   Graham, DE
   Kyrpides, NC
   Fleischmann, RD
   Quackenbush, J
   Lee, NH
   Sutton, GG
   Gill, S
   Kirkness, EF
   Dougherty, BA
   McKenney, K
   Adams, MD
   Loftus, B
   Peterson, S
   Reich, CI
   McNeil, LK
   Badger, JH
   Glodek, A
   Zhou, LX
   Overbeek, R
   Gocayne, JD
   Weidman, JF
   McDonald, L
   Utterback, T
   Cotton, MD
   Spriggs, T
   Artiach, P
   Kaine, BP
   Sykes, SM
   Sadow, PW
   DAndrea, KP
   Bowman, C
   Fujii, C
   Garland, SA
   Mason, TM
   Olsen, GJ
   Fraser, CM
   Smith, HO
   Woese, CR
   Venter, JC
TI The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoxide dehydrogenase pathway; archaebacteria; oxidoreductase; co2; oxidation; bacteria; protein; enzyme
AB Archaeoglobus fulgidus is the first sulphur-metabolizing organism to have its genome sequence determined. Its genome of 2,178,400 base pairs contains 2,436 open reading frames (ORFs). The Information processing systems and the biosynthetic pathways for essential components (nucleotides, amino acids and cofactors) have extensive correlation with their counterparts in the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii. The genomes of these two Archaea indicate dramatic differences in the way these organisms sense their environment, perform regulatory and transport functions, and gain energy. In contrast to M. jannaschii, A. fulgidus has fewer restriction-modification systems, and none of its genes appears to contain inteins. A quarter (651 ORFs) of the A. fulgidus genome encodes functionally uncharacterized yet conserved proteins, two-thirds of which are shared with M. jannaschii (428 ORFs). Another quarter of the genome encodes new proteins indicating substantial archaeal gene diversity.
C1 INST GENOM RES TIGR,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT MICROBIOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61801.
   ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MATH & COMP SCI,ARGONNE,IL 60439.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
NR 43
TC 1205
Z9 2373
U1 0
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 364
EP &
DI 10.1038/37052
PG 15
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900052
PM 9389475
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rikken, GLJA
   Raupach, E
AF Rikken, GLJA
   Raupach, E
TI Observation of magneto-chiral dichroism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquids; field
AB Arago's discovery in 1811 of natural optical activity in chiral crystals and Faraday's discovery in 1846 of magnetically induced optical activity have contributed much to our understanding of the wave nature of light and the electronic properties of molecules. Both effects are manifest as a rotation in the polarization of transmitted light: the former is due to the intrinsic properties of media that lack mirror symmetry, whereas the latter (which occurs in all materials) is due to magnetic-field-induced changes in the optical properties. The apparent similarity of these two effects motivated Pasteur to search in vain for a link between the two phenomena(1). Such a link-which can be regarded as arising either from a magnetically induced change of natural optical activity or from the difference in magnetic optical activity of the two enantiomers of a chiral medium-has been predicted to exist(2-7), although it is expected to be very weak Here we report the experimental observation of this 'magnetochiral' optical effect and a demonstration of its enantioselectivity. The existence of this effect may be important in the context of fundamental interactions between light and matter, and in molecular spectroscopy.
RP Rikken, GLJA (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST FESTKORPERFORSCH,CNRS,GRENOBLE HIGH MAGNET FIELD LAB,BP 166,F-38042 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
NR 12
TC 675
Z9 710
U1 3
U2 200
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 493
EP 494
DI 10.1038/37323
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Severin, FF
   Sorger, PK
   Hyman, AA
AF Severin, FF
   Sorger, PK
   Hyman, AA
TI Kinetochores distinguish GTP from GDP forms of the microtubule lattice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slowly hydrolyzable analog; newt lung-cells; dynamic instability; budding yeast; mitotic spindle; protein complex; living cells; in-vitro; centromere; hydrolysis
AB During prometaphase in mitotic cell division, chromosomes attach to the walls of microtubules and subsequently move to microtubule ends, where they stay throughout mitosis(1,2). This end-attachment seems to be essential for correct chromosome segregating. However, the mechanism by which kinetochores, the multiprotein complexes that link chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle(3,4), recognize and stay attached to microtubule ends is not understood. One due comes from the hydrolysis of GTP that occurs during microtubule polymerization. Although tubulin dimers must contain GTP to polymerize, this GTP is rapidly hydrolysed following the addition of dimers to a growing polymer. This creates a microtubule consisting largely of GDP-tubulin, with a small cap of GTP-tubulin at the ends. It is possible that kinetochores distinguish the different structural states of a GTP-versus a GDP-microtubule lattice, We have examined this question in vitro using reconstituted kinetochores from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that kinetochores in vitro bind preferentially to GTP-rather than GDP-microtubules, and to the plus-end preferentially over the lattice. Our results could explain how kinetochores stay at microtubule ends and thus segregate chromosomes correctly during mitosis in vivo. This result demonstrates that proteins exist that can distinguish the GTP conformation of the microtubule lattice.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB, D-69012 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 31
TC 41
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 888
EP 891
DI 10.1038/42270
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400052
PM 9278051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imamura, T
   Takase, M
   Nishihara, A
   Oeda, E
   Hanai, J
   Kawabata, M
   Miyazono, K
AF Imamura, T
   Takase, M
   Nishihara, A
   Oeda, E
   Hanai, J
   Kawabata, M
   Miyazono, K
TI Smad6 inhibits signalling by the TGF-beta superfamily
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mad-related protein; signaling pathways; receptors
AB SMBD proteins(1) have been identified as signalling mediators of the TGF-beta superfamily, which is involved in a range of biological activities including cell growth, morphogenesis, development and immune responses(2,3). Smad1, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad5 are ligand-specific Smad1 and Smad5 transduce signals from bone morphogenetic proteins(4-7), and Smad2 and Smad3 mediate signalling by TGF-beta and activin(8,9), whereas Smad4 acts as a common signalling component(10). For example, Smad2 is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta type I receptor upon ligand binding, forms a heteromer with Smad4 and then translocates into the nucleus where it activates transcription(10,11). Here we report the isolation of Smad6 in the mouse. Smad6 is quite different in structure from the other SMAD proteins, and forms stable associations with type I receptors. Smad6 interferes with the phosphorylation of Smad2 and the subsequent heteromerization with Smad4, but does not inhibit the activity of Smad3, Smad6 also inhibits the phosphorylation of Smad1 that is induced by the bone morphogenetic protein type IB receptor. These data indicate that signals of the TGF-beta superfamily are regulated both positively and negatively by members of the SMAD family.
C1 JAPANESE FDN CANC RES,INST CANC,DEPT BIOCHEM,TOSHIMA KU,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
   JAPAN SOC PROMOT SCI,RES FUTURE PROGRAM,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
C3 Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
NR 16
TC 887
Z9 1076
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 622
EP 626
DI 10.1038/39355
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800065
PM 9335505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leong, D
   Harry, M
   Reeson, KJ
   Homewood, KP
AF Leong, D
   Harry, M
   Reeson, KJ
   Homewood, KP
TI A silicon/iron-disilicide light-emitting diode operating at a wavelength of 1.5 mu m
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-iron disilicide; optical-property; semiconducting fesi2; beta-fesi2; films; layers
AB Although silicon has long been the material of choice for most microelectronic applications, it is a poor emitter of light (a consequence of having an 'indirect' bandgap), so hampering the development of integrated silicon optoelectronic devices, This problem has motivated numerous attempts to develop silicon-based structures with good light-emission characteristics(1), particularly at wavelengths (similar to 1.5 mu m) relevant to optical fibre communication, For example, silicon-germanium superlattice structures(2) can result in a material with a pseudo-direct bandgap that emits at similar to 1.5 mu m, and doping silicon with erbium(3) introduces an internal optical transition having a similar emission wavelength, although neither approach has led to practical devices, In this context, beta-iron disilicide has attracted recent interest(4-12) as an optically active, direct-bandgap material that might be compatible with existing silicon processing technology, Here we report the realization of a light-emitting device operating at 1.5 mu m that incorporates beta-FeSi2 into a conventional silicon bipolar junction. We argue that this result demonstrates the potential of beta-FeSi2 as an important candidate for a silicon-based optoelectronic technology.
C1 UNIV SURREY,DEPT ELECT & ELECT ENGN,GUILDFORD GU2 5XH,SURREY,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Surrey
NR 19
TC 740
Z9 783
U1 1
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 686
EP 688
DI 10.1038/42667
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stebbins, JF
   Xu, Z
AF Stebbins, JF
   Xu, Z
TI NMR evidence for excess non-bridging oxygen in an aluminosilicate glass
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-resolution si-29; silicate melts; pressure; raman
AB The most common of man-made glasses have aluminosilicate compositions, and such glasses also form from rapidly cooling magmas(1). Oxygen is the most abundant element in these materials, where it occupies either 'bridging' (BO) or 'nonbridging' (NBO) sites, BOs link two AlO4 or SiO4 tetrahedra, thereby providing strong, long-lived bonds between the smallest structural units of the aluminosilcate network. NBOs provide a relatively weak connection between one tetrahedral cation (Al or Si) and one or more network modifier cations-such as Ca2+ or Na+-that are not an integral part of the tetrahedral network, The relative abundance of these weakly bonded NBOs is critical in determining the thermodynamic and dynamical properties of aluminosilicate glasses and melts(1-3). For glasses af 'tectosilicate' composition, where the charge of the modifier cation equals the number of aluminium atoms (as in NaAlSi3O8 or CaAl2Si2O8), the conventional view of glass structure is that only BOs are present(1,4). Here we present experimental observations that contradict this view. Our NMR measurennents of CaAl2Si2O8, which determine directly the relative abundances of BO and NBO, indicate that a considerable amount of NBO can be present in a tectosilicate glass, These excess NBOs will increase the entropy and heat capacity of the corresponding liquid and decrease its viscosity, as well as modifying flow sind diffusion mechanisms(2,3). As the most common rhyolitic magmas and the molten precursors of glass ceramics have near-tectosilicate compositions(1,4), our results require a reassessment of the high-temperature liquid properties that control many professes in the Earth and in industry.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University
RP Stebbins, JF (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOL & ENVIRONM SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 28
TC 454
Z9 478
U1 3
U2 136
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 60
EP 62
DI 10.1038/36312
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, PA
   Fulop, V
   Garman, EF
   Saunders, NFW
   Ferguson, SJ
   Hajdu, J
AF Williams, PA
   Fulop, V
   Garman, EF
   Saunders, NFW
   Ferguson, SJ
   Hajdu, J
TI Haem-ligand switching during catalysis in crystals of a nitrogen-cycle enzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitric-oxide; thiosphaera-pantotropha; electron-transfer; cytochrome cd(1); heme-proteins; reductase; pseudoazurin; binding; program
AB Cytochrome cd(1) nitrite reductase catalyses the conversion of nitrite to nitric oxide in the nitrogen cycle(1,2). The crystal structure of the oxidized enzyme(3,4) shows that the d(1) haem iron of the active site is ligated by His/Tyr side chains, and the c haem iron is ligated by a His/His ligand pair. Here we show that both haems undergo re-ligation during catalysis, Upon reduction, the tyrosine ligand of the d(1) haem is released to allow substrate binding, Concomitantly, a refolding of the cytochrome c domain takes place, resulting in an unexpected change of the c haem iron coordination from His17/His69 to Met106/His69. This step is similar to the last steps in the folding of cytochrome c(5-8). The changes must affect the redox potential of the haems, and suggest a mechanism by which internal electron transfer is regulated, Structures of reaction intermediates show how nitric oxide is formed and expelled from the active-site iron, as well as how both haems return to their starting coordination. These results show how redox energy can be switched into conformational energy within a haem protein.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,MOL BIOPHYS LAB,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD,DEPT BIOCHEM,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD,OXFORD CTR MOL SCI,OXFORD OX1 3QT,ENGLAND.
   UNIV UPPSALA,DEPT BIOCHEM,S-75123 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Uppsala University
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 279
Z9 302
U1 1
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 406
EP 412
DI 10.1038/38775
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500059
PM 9311786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neumann, R
   Dahan, M
AF Neumann, R
   Dahan, M
TI A ruthenium-substituted polyoxometalate as an inorganic dioxygenase for activation of molecular oxygen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxidation; epoxidation; catalysts; complexes; alkenes
AB The development of a procedure for the epoxidation of alkenes with molecular oxygen is an important industrial and synthetic goal. Non-radical activation of dioxygen by monooxygenase enzymes such as the iron-porphyrin-based cytochrome P-450 involves the insertion of one oxygen atom of O-2 into the organic substrate while the other oxygen is reduced to water in the presence of an electron donor. Dioxygenase enzymes, on the other hand, catalyse insertion of both oxygen atoms without reducing agents. Oxidation of hydrocarbons with dioxygen catalysed by transition-metal compounds invariably proceeds by free-radical pathways rather than by dioxygenase-type reactions, and so do not allow the epoxidation of alkenes with molecular oxygen. The sterically hindered ruthenium tetramesityl porphyrin complex has been shown previously to activate dioxygen in a dioxygenase mode(1). We describe here the use of the polyoxometalate {[WznRu(2)(OH)(H2O)](ZnW9O34)(2)}(11-) (ref. 2) as a catalyst for non-radical molecular oxygen activation and alkene epoxidation. The polyoxometalate can be considered to act as an inorganic dioxygenase catalyst. The advantages of using inorganic catalysts such as polyoxometalates, as opposed to organometallic complexes, is their well documented stability against decomposition by self-oxidation(3,4).
RP Neumann, R (corresponding author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,CASALI INST APPL CHEM,GRAD SCH APPL SCI,IL-91904 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL.
NR 16
TC 338
Z9 362
U1 1
U2 115
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 353
EP 355
DI 10.1038/41039
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, H
   Coombs, N
   Ozin, GA
AF Yang, H
   Coombs, N
   Ozin, GA
TI Morphogenesis of shapes and surface patterns in mesoporous silica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The synthesis of inorganic materials with complex form, using surfactant assemblies as supramolecular templates(1-13), has ramifications in areas as diverse as large-molecule catalysis, the formation of semiconductor nanostructures, biomolecule separations, the development of medical implants and the morphogenesis of skeletal forms(14). Here we describe a procedure for the synthesis of hexagonal mesoporous silica that produces a remarkable array of shapes, surface patterns and channel plans. Our reaction conditions favour curved morphologies including toroidal, disk-like, spiral and spheroidal shapes. We use scanning electron microscopy to catalogue the basic topologies and surface patterns, and transmission electron microscopy to establish the relationship between morphology and the underlying mesostructure. Polarized optical microscopy enables us to identify a connection between optical anisotropy in these structures and the periodic porous mesostructure. We propose that the morphogenesis of these shapes and surface patterns can be rationalized in terms of the growth of a silicate liquid-crystal embryo(15,16) with a hexagonal cross-section that, under different initial reaction conditions, is subject to increasing degrees of curvature.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,LASH MILLER CHEM LABS,MAT CHEM RES GRP,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H6,CANADA.
   IMAGETEK ANALYT IMAGING,TORONTO,ON M6J 2K4,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
NR 21
TC 677
Z9 719
U1 1
U2 162
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 692
EP 695
DI 10.1038/386692a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chun, TW
   Carruth, L
   Finzi, D
   Shen, XF
   DiGiuseppe, JA
   Taylor, H
   Hermankova, M
   Chadwick, K
   Margolick, J
   Quinn, TC
   Kuo, YH
   Brookmeyer, R
   Zeiger, MA
   BarditchCrovo, P
   Siliciano, RF
AF Chun, TW
   Carruth, L
   Finzi, D
   Shen, XF
   DiGiuseppe, JA
   Taylor, H
   Hermankova, M
   Chadwick, K
   Margolick, J
   Quinn, TC
   Kuo, YH
   Brookmeyer, R
   Zeiger, MA
   BarditchCrovo, P
   Siliciano, RF
TI Quantification of latent tissue reservoirs and total body viral load in HIV-1 Infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; peripheral-blood; insitu hybridization; in-vivo; t-cell; lymphocytes; individuals; plasma; cd4; dna
AB The capacity of HIV-1 to establish latent infection of CD4(+) T cells may allow viral persistence despite immune responses and antiretroviral therapy. Measurements of infectious virus(1,2) and viral RNA(3,4) in plasma and of infectious virus(1), viral DNA(5-10) and viral messenger RNA species(11-14) in infected cells all suggest that HIV-1 replication continues throughout the course of infection. Uncertainty remains over what fraction of CD4(+) T cells are infected and whether there are latent reservoirs for the virus. We show here that during the asymptomatic phase of infection there is an extremely low total body load of latently infected resting CD4(+) T cells with replication-competent integrated provirus (< 10(7) cells). The most prevalent form of HIV-1 DNA in resting and activated CD4(+) T cells is a full-length, linear, unintegrated form that is not replication competent. The infection progresses even though at any given time in the lymphoid tissues integrated HIV-1 DNA is present in only a minute fraction of the susceptible populations, including resting and activated CD4(+) T cells and macrophages.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   NIAID,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
NR 30
TC 1751
Z9 2082
U1 0
U2 89
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 183
EP 188
DI 10.1038/387183a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500055
PM 9144289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keely, PJ
   Westwick, JK
   Whitehead, IP
   Der, CJ
   Parise, LV
AF Keely, PJ
   Westwick, JK
   Whitehead, IP
   Der, CJ
   Parise, LV
TI Cdc42 and Rac1 induce integrin-mediated cell motility and invasiveness through PI(3)K
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide exchange factors; activated protein-kinase; gtp-binding protein; structural similarity; actin polymerization; expression cloning; rho; family; pathway; phosphorylation
AB Transformation of mammary epithelial cells into invasive carcinoma results in alterations in their integrin-mediated responses to the extracellular matrix, including a loss of normal epithelial polarization and differentiation, and a switch to a more motile, invasive phenotype, Changes in the actin cytoskeleton associated with this switch suggest that the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, which regulate actin organization(1,2), might modulate motility and invasion, However, the role of Cdc42 and Rad in epithelial cells, especially with respect to integrin-mediated events, has not been well characterized, Here we show that activation of Cdc42 and Rad disrupts the normal polarization of mammary epithelial cells in a collagenous matrix, and promotes motility and invasion. This motility does not require the activationof PAK, JNK, p70 S6 kinase, or Rho, but instead requires phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K). Further, direct PI(3)K activation is sufficient to disrupt epithelial polarization and induce cell motility and invasion. PI(3)K inhibition also disrupts actin structures, suggesting that activation of PI(3)K by Cdc42 and Rad alters actin organization, leading to increased motility and invasiveness.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,CTR THROMBOSIS & HEMOSTASIS,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Keely, PJ (corresponding author), UNIV N CAROLINA,LINEBERGER COMPREHENS CANC CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA.
NR 29
TC 644
Z9 719
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 632
EP 636
DI 10.1038/37656
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300056
PM 9403696
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gee, MA
   Heuser, JE
   Vallee, RB
AF Gee, MA
   Heuser, JE
   Vallee, RB
TI An extended microtubule-binding structure within the dynein motor domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-heavy chain; crystal-structure; retrograde transport; cytoplasmic dynein; dictyostelium; proteins; cleavage; sequence; map-1c; myosin
AB Flagellar dynein was discovered over 30 years ago as the first motor protein capable of generating force along microtubules(1). A cytoplasmic form of dynein has also been identified which is involved in mitosis and a wide range of other intracellular movement(2) (reviewed in ref. 3). Rapid progress has been made on understanding the mechanism of force production by kinesins and myosins(4-8). In contrast, progress in understanding the dyneins has been limited by their great size (relative molecular mass 1,000K-2,000K) and subunit complexity. We now report evidence that the entire carboxy-terminal two-thirds of the 532K force-producing heavy chain subunit is required for ATP-binding activity. We further identify a microtubule-binding domain, which, surprisingly, lies well downstream of the entire ATPase region and is predicted to form a hairpin-like stalk Direct ultrastructural analysis of a recombinant fragment confirms this model, and suggests that the mechanism for dynein force production differs substantially from that of other motor proteins.
C1 WORCESTER FDN BIOMED RES, SHREWSBURY, MA 01545 USA.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, MED CTR, WORCESTER, MA 01655 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 30
TC 261
Z9 319
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 636
EP 639
DI 10.1038/37663
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300057
PM 9403697
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bard, E
   Rostek, F
   Sonzogni, C
AF Bard, E
   Rostek, F
   Sonzogni, C
TI Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core; isotope profiles; indian-ocean; climate; temperature; oxygen; stratigraphy; paleoclimate; calibration; antarctica
AB The relative timings of the last deglacial warming in the Southern and Northern hemispheres are not well constrained, but are a crucial component in understanding the mechanisms of deglaciation(1). A clearer picture of the degree of interhemispheric synchrony has been obscured by a dearth of high-resolution temperature records that can be tied to the absolute calendar timescale. Moreover, the quantification of tropical temperatures during the last glacial cycle is controversial(2-8). Here we apply the alkenone method of sea surface temperature reconstruction(9,10) to several high-resolution sediment cores recovered from the tropical Indian Ocean between 20 degrees N and 20 degrees S. The inferred initial sea surface temperature warming similar to 15,000 calendar years ago at 20 degrees S is in phase with Northern Hemisphere sea (this study) and air(11) temperature changes, but lags Antarctic warming(12-14) by several millennia. This finding, along with the results of recent modelling studies(15,16), provides strong support for the idea that changes in the ocean's global thermohaline circulation were not the only cause of interhemispheric climate teleconnection during the last deglaciation.
C1 INST UNIV FRANCE,ANNECY LE VIEUX,FRANCE.
   CNRS,UMR 132,F-13545 AIX PROVENCE,FRANCE.
C3 Institut Universitaire de France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Bard, E (corresponding author), UNIV AIX MARSEILLE 3,CEREGE,BP 80,F-13545 AIX PROVENCE 4,FRANCE.
NR 38
TC 370
Z9 410
U1 4
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/385707a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holman, MJ
AF Holman, MJ
TI A possible long-lived belt of objects between Uranus and Neptune
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-period comets; outer solar-system; kuiper belt; origin; discovery; orbit
AB Recent discoveries of objects orbiting beyond Neptune(1-5) have emphasized that our understanding of the distribution and dynamics of material in the outer Solar System is very incomplete. This trans-neptunian population-known as the Kuiper belt-is thought to act as a relatively stable reservoir of objects that could become short-period comets(6-9), although there may be other regions of stability in the outer Solar System that could also supply such comets. Here I use numerical simulations to identify one such long-lived region between the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. I show that in the region 24-27 AU from the Sun, about 0.3 per cent of an initial population of small bodies moving on low-eccentricity, low-inclination orbits could survive for the age of the Solar System. The actual existence of this hypothetical belt is not precluded by currently available observational Limits, and there could be as much as similar to 5 x 10(-4) Earth masses of material populating this region-comparable to the mass of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
RP Holman, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO, CANADIAN INST THEORET ASTROPHYS, MCLENNAN PHYS LABS, 60 ST GEORGE ST, TORONTO, ON M5S 3H8, CANADA.
NR 26
TC 42
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 785
EP 788
DI 10.1038/42890
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mullineaux, CW
   Tobin, MJ
   Jones, GR
AF Mullineaux, CW
   Tobin, MJ
   Jones, GR
TI Mobility of photosynthetic complexes in thylakoid membranes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-harvesting complex; photosystem-ii; lateral diffusion; energy-transfer; protein; resolution; cyanobacterium; model
AB The structures of many photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes have now been determined(1-6), but a real understanding of the photosynthetic membrane at the molecular level will also require knowledge of the organization and dynamics of these complexes in the intact membrane. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)(7) and a scanning confocal microscope, we have made direct measurements in vivo of the lateral diffusion of light-harvesting complexes and reaction centres in the thylakoid membranes of the cyanobacterium Dactylococcopsis salina(8). We find that the phycobilisomes (the accessory light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria) diffuse quite rapidly, but that photosystem II is immobile on the timescale of the measurement, indicating that the linkage between phycobilisomes and photosystem LT is unstable. We propose that the lateral diffusion of phycobilisomes is involved in regulation of photosynthetic light-harvesting (state 1-state 2 transitions). The mobility of the phycobilisomes may also be essential to allow the synthesis and repair of thylakoid membrane components.
C1 CLRC DARESBURY LAB, WARRINGTON WA4 4AD, CHESHIRE, ENGLAND.
C3 STFC Daresbury Laboratory
RP Mullineaux, CW (corresponding author), UCL, DEPT BIOL, DARWIN BLDG, GOWER ST, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
NR 22
TC 206
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/37157
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishihara, H
   Connolly, AJ
   Zeng, DW
   Kahn, ML
   Zheng, YW
   Timmons, C
   Tram, T
   Coughlin, SR
AF Ishihara, H
   Connolly, AJ
   Zeng, DW
   Kahn, ML
   Zheng, YW
   Timmons, C
   Tram, T
   Coughlin, SR
TI Protease-activated receptor 3 is a second thrombin receptor in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-cloning; agonist peptides; human platelets; alpha-thrombin; specificity; mechanism; cleavage; hirudin; cells
AB Thrombin is a coagulation protease that activates platelets, leukocytes, endothelial and mesenchymal cells at sites of vascular injury, acting partly through an unusual proteolytically activated G-protein-coupled receptor(1-3). Knockout of the gene encoding this receptor provided definitive evidence for a second thrombin receptor in mouse platelets and for tissue-specific roles for different thrombin receptors(4) We now report the cloning and characterization of a new human thrombin receptor, designated protease-activated receptor 3 (PAR3). PAR3 can mediate thrombin-triggered phosphoinositide hydrolysis and is expressed in a variety of tissues, including human bone marrow and mouse megakaryocytes, making it a candidate for the sought-after second platelet thrombin receptor. PAR3 provides a new tool for understanding thrombin signalling and a possible target for therapeutics designed selectively to block thrombotic, inflammatory and proliferative responses to thrombin.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,CARDIOVASC RES INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DAIICHI RES CTR,DEPT PATHOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DAIICHI RES CTR,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 30
TC 786
Z9 865
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 502
EP 506
DI 10.1038/386502a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600054
PM 9087410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickens, GR
   Paull, CK
   Wallace, P
AF Dickens, GR
   Paull, CK
   Wallace, P
TI Direct measurement of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bottom-simulating reflectors; zone; pressure; base; end
AB Certain gases can combine with water to form solids-gas hydrates-that are stable at high pressures and low temperatures(1,2), Conditions appropriate for gas-hydrate formation exist in many marine sediments where there is a supply of methane, Seismic reflection profiles across continental margins indicate the frequent occurrence of gas hydrate within the upper few hundred metres of sea-floor sediments, overlying deeper zones containing bubbles of free gas(3-9), If large volumes of methane are stored in these reservoirs, outgassing may play an important role during climate change(10-12), Gas hydrates in oceanic sediments may in fact comprise the Earth's largest fossil-fuel reservoir(2,13). But the amount of methane stored in gas-hydrate and free-gas zones is poorly constrained(2-9,13-18). Here we report the direct measurement of in situ methane abundances stored as gas hydrate and free gas in a sediment sequence from the Blake ridge, western Atlantic Ocean, Our results indicate the presence of substantial quantities of methane (similar to 15 GT of carbon) stored as solid gas hydrate, with an equivalent or greater amount occurring as bubbles of free gas in the sediments below the hydrate zone.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   TEXAS A&M UNIV,OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845.
   TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
NR 25
TC 291
Z9 343
U1 2
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 426
EP 428
DI 10.1038/385426a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Send, U
   Krahmann, G
   Mauuary, D
   Desaubies, Y
   Gaillard, F
   Terre, T
   Papadakis, J
   Taroudakis, M
   Skarsoulis, E
   Millot, C
AF Send, U
   Krahmann, G
   Mauuary, D
   Desaubies, Y
   Gaillard, F
   Terre, T
   Papadakis, J
   Taroudakis, M
   Skarsoulis, E
   Millot, C
TI Acoustic observations of heat content across the Mediterranean Sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-water; ocean; variability
AB The ability to monitor the heat content of oceans over long distances is becoming increasingly important for understanding the role of oceans in climate change, for determining the variability of the state of the oceans, for operational ocean observing systems, and for studying large-scale ocean processes such as water-mass formation. Although the properties of the upper layers of the ocean can be routinely measured on large scales by satellite remote sensing (providing altimetric and infrared data) and with expendable probes dropped from commercial vessels, the deep interior of the ocean is more difficult to monitor. Ocean acoustic tomography(1) is a promising technique for such applications, as it has the potential to provide systematic, instantaneous and repeated measurements of the ocean interior over large parts of an ocean basin. Here we demonstrate the capability of this technique for measuring the heat content across an entire (albeit small) ocean basin-the western Mediterranean Sea.
C1 IFREMER,LAB PHYS OCEANS,PLOUZANE,FRANCE.
   FDN RES & TECHNOL HELLAS,INST APPL & COMPUTAT MATH,IRAKLION 71110,GREECE.
   CTR OCEANOL MARSEILLE,ANTENNE COM,CNRS,F-83507 LA SEYNE SUR MER,FRANCE.
C3 Universite de Bretagne Occidentale; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ifremer; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Send, U (corresponding author), INST MEERESKUNDE,DUSTERNBROOKER WEG 20,D-24105 KIEL,GERMANY.
NR 15
TC 42
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 615
EP 617
DI 10.1038/385615a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukuda, M
   Asano, S
   Nakamura, T
   Adachi, M
   Yoshida, M
   Yanagida, M
   Nishida, E
AF Fukuda, M
   Asano, S
   Nakamura, T
   Adachi, M
   Yoshida, M
   Yanagida, M
   Nishida, E
TI CRM1 is responsible for intracellular transport mediated by the nuclear export signal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; order chromosome structure; cell-cycle; protein; localization; rev; identification; sequence; transcription; nucleoporin
AB The discovery of nuclear export signals (NESs) in a number of proteins revealed the occurrence of signal-dependent transport of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm(1-14). Although the consensus motif of the NESs has been shown to be a leucine-rich, short amino-acid sequence(2,6,7), its receptor has not been identified. A cytotoxin leptomycin B (LMB) has recently been suggested to inhibit the NES-mediated transport of Rev protein(15). Here we show that LMB is a potent and specific inhibitor of the NES-dependent nuclear export of proteins. Moreover, we have found a protein of relative molecular mass 110K (p110) in Xenopus oocyte extracts that binds to the intact NES but not to the mutated, non-functional NES. The binding of p110 to NES is inhibited by LMB. We show that p110 is CRM1, which is an evolutionarily conserved protein(16-18) originally found as an essential nuclear protein in fission yeas(16) and known as a likely target of LMB19. We also show that nuclear export of a fission yeast protein, Dsk1, which has a leucine-rich NES, is disrupted in wildtype yeast treated with LMB or in the crm1 mutant. These results indicate that CRM1 is an essential mediator of the NES-dependent nuclear export of proteins in eukaryotic cells.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,GRAD SCH SCI,DEPT BIOPHYS,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,GRAD SCH AGR & LIFE SCI,DEPT BIOTECHNOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University; University of Tokyo
NR 29
TC 1066
Z9 1195
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 308
EP 311
DI 10.1038/36894
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700069
PM 9384386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raymond, GJ
   Hope, J
   Kocisko, DA
   Priola, SA
   Raymond, LD
   Bossers, A
   Ironside, J
   Will, RG
   Chen, SG
   Petersen, RB
   Gambetti, P
   Rubenstein, R
   Smits, MA
   Lansbury, PT
   Caughey, B
AF Raymond, GJ
   Hope, J
   Kocisko, DA
   Priola, SA
   Raymond, LD
   Bossers, A
   Ironside, J
   Will, RG
   Chen, SG
   Petersen, RB
   Gambetti, P
   Rubenstein, R
   Smits, MA
   Lansbury, PT
   Caughey, B
TI Molecular assessment of the potential transmissibilities of BSE and scrapie to humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine spongiform encephalopathy; prion protein; sheep; genotype; fibrils; disease; cattle; mice; prp
AB More than a million cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may have entered the human food chain(1). Fears that BSE might transmit to man were raised when atypical cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), emerged in the UK2,3. I, BSE and other TSE diseases, the conversion of the protease-sensitive host prion protein (PrP-sen) to a protease-resistant isoform (PrP-res) is an important event in pathogenesis(4-7). Biological aspects of TSE diseases are reflected in the specificities of in vitro PrP conversion reactions(8-12). Here we show that there is a correlation between in vitro conversion efficiencies and known transmissibilities of BSE, sheep scrapie and CJD. On this basis, we used an in vitro system to gauge the potential transmissibility of scrapie and BSE to humans. We found Limited conversion of human PrP-sen to PrP-res driven by PrP-res associated with both scrapie (PrPSc) and BSE (prp(BSE)). The efficiencies of these heterologous conversion reactions were similar but much lower than those of relevant homologous conversions. Thus the inherent ability of these infectious agents of BSE and scrapie to affect humans following equivalent exposure may be finite but similarly low.
C1 BBSRC,INST ANIM HLTH,COMPTON LAB,NEWBURY RG20 7NN,BERKS,ENGLAND.
   NIAID,ROCKY MT LABS,NIH,HAMILTON,MT 59840.
   MIT,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   DLO,INST ANIM SCI & HLTH,DEPT BACTERIOL,NL-8200 AB LELYSTAD,NETHERLANDS.
   WESTERN GEN HOSP,CJD SURVEILLANCE UNIT,EDINBURGH EH4 2XU,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,INST PATHOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44106.
   NEW YORK STATE INST BASIC RES DEV DISABIL,NEW YORK,NY 10314.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,CTR NEUROL DIS,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; Babraham Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Edinburgh; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
NR 26
TC 224
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 285
EP 288
DI 10.1038/40876
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100053
PM 9230438
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rowe, JA
   Moulds, JM
   Newbold, CI
   Miller, LH
AF Rowe, JA
   Moulds, JM
   Newbold, CI
   Miller, LH
TI P-falciparum rosetting mediated by a parasite-variant erythrocyte membrane protein and complement-receptor 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; infected erythrocytes; swain-langley; malaria; expression; phenotypes; cytoadherence; antigens; surface; domains
AB The factors determining disease severity in malaria are complex and include host polymorphisms, acquired immunity and parasite virulence(1). Studies in Africa have shown that severe malaria is associated with the ability of erythrocytes infected with the parasite Plasmodium falciparum to bind uninfected erythrocytes and form rosettes(2-5). The molecular basis of resetting is not well understood, although a group of low-molecular-mass proteins called rosettins have been described as potential parasite ligands(6). Infected erythrocytes also bind to endothelial cells, and this interaction is mediated by the parasite-derived variant erythrocyte membrane protein PfEMP1 (refs 7, 8), which is encoded by the var gene family(9-11). Here we report that the parasite ligand for resetting in a P. falciparum done is PfEMP1, encoded by a specific var gene, We also report that Complement-receptor 1 (CR1) on erythrocytes plays a role in the formation of rosettes and that erythrocytes with a common African CR1 polymorphism (Sl(a(-)))(12) have reduced adhesion to the domain of PfEMP1 that binds normal erythrocytes. Thus we describe a new adhesive function for PfEMP1 and raise the possibility that CR1 polymorphisms in Africans that influence the interaction between erythrocytes and PfEMP1 may protect against severe malaria.
C1 JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOL MED,MOL PARASITOL GRP,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
   UNIV TEXAS,HOUSTON MED SCH,DIV RHEUMATOL & CLIN IMMUNOGENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston
RP Rowe, JA (corresponding author), NIAID,PARASIT DIS LAB,NIH,9000 ROCKVILLE PIKE,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 470
Z9 545
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 292
EP 295
DI 10.1038/40888
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100055
PM 9230440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rischel, C
   Rousse, A
   Uschmann, I
   Albouy, PA
   Geindre, JP
   Audebert, P
   Gauthier, JC
   Forster, E
   Martin, JL
   Antonetti, A
AF Rischel, C
   Rousse, A
   Uschmann, I
   Albouy, PA
   Geindre, JP
   Audebert, P
   Gauthier, JC
   Forster, E
   Martin, JL
   Antonetti, A
TI Femtosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction from laser-heated organic films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmas; pulses
AB The extension of time-resolved X-ray diffraction to the subpicosecond domain is an important challenge, as the nature of chemical reactions and phase transitions is determined by atomic motions on these timescales. An ultimate goal is to study the structure of transient states with a time resolution shorter than the typical period of vibration along a reaction coordinate (around 100 fs). Biological precesses that can be initiated optically have been studied extensively by ultrafast infrared, visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy(1). But these techniques probe only electronic states, whereas time-resolved crystallography should be able to directly monitor atomic positions. Here we show that changes in the X-ray diffraction pattern from an organic film heated by a laser pulse can be monitored on a timescale of less than a picosecond. We have studied the response of a Langmuir-Blodgett multilayer film of cadmium arachidate to laser hearing by observing changes in the intensity of one Bragg peak for different delays between the perturbing optical pulse and the Xray probe pulse. ii strong decrease in intensity is seen within a picosecond of heating, resulting from disorder introduced to the layers of cadmium atoms before thermal expansion of the film (which ultimately leads to its destruction) has time to occur.
C1 ECOLE POLYTECH,CNRS URA 1406,INSERM,U451,ENSTA,LAB OPT APPL,F-91761 PALAISEAU,FRANCE.
   UNIV JENA,INST OPT & QUANTUM ELECT,XRAY OPT GRP,D-07743 JENA,GERMANY.
   CTR UNIV ORSAY,PHYS SOLIDES LAB,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
   ECOLE POLYTECH,CNRS UMR100,LAB UTILISAT LASERS INTENSES,F-91128 PALAISEAU,FRANCE.
C3 Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; ENSTA Paris; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Universite Paris Saclay; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
NR 16
TC 431
Z9 456
U1 0
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 490
EP 492
DI 10.1038/37317
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scott, ERD
   Yamaguchi, A
   Krot, AN
AF Scott, ERD
   Yamaguchi, A
   Krot, AN
TI Petrological evidence for shock melting of carbonates in the Martian meteorite ALH84001
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ordinary chondrites; recovery experiments; metamorphism; impact
AB The meteorite ALH84001-a shacked igneous rock of probable martian origin-contains chemically and isotopically heterogeneous carbonate globules(1-8), associated with which are organic and inorganic structures that have been interpreted? as possible fossil remains of ancient martian biota, A critical assumption underlying this suggestion is that the carbonates formed from low-temperature fluids penetrating the cracks and voids of the host rock(3). Here we report petrological studies of ALH84001 which investigate the effects of shock on the various mineralogical components of the rock We find that carbonate, plagiodase and silica were melted and partly redistributed by the same shock event responsible for the intense local crushing(1,2) of pyroxene in the meteorite, Texture and compositional data show that, during the period of shock decompression, monomineralic melts were injected into pyroxene fractures that were subsequently cooled and resealed within seconds, Our results therefore suggest that the carbonates in ALH84001 could not have formed at low temperatures, but instead crystallized from shock-melted material; this conclusion weakens significantly the arguments that these carbonates could host the fossilized remnants of biogenic activity.
RP Scott, ERD (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII MANOA,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,HAWAII INST GEOPHYS & PLANETOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 30
TC 88
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 377
EP 379
DI 10.1038/387377a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600052
PM 9163421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gloeckler, G
   Fisk, LA
   Geiss, J
AF Gloeckler, G
   Fisk, LA
   Geiss, J
TI Anomalously small magnetic field in the local interstellar cloud
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-wind; hydrogen; helium
AB The solar wind carves out a cavity, known as the heliosphere, in the warm local interstellar cloud, which is itself embedded in a larger hot cloud. It is generally assumed that there is an overall pressure balance between these three regions. Thermal pressure and magnetic field pressure in the local interstellar cloud should therefore balance the inward pressure from the hot cloud(1-3), and determine the size of the heliosphere. Here we present direct measurements of the density and speed of interstellar hydrogen and helium ions deep inside the Solar System, from which we derive the thermal pressure in the local interstellar cloud. Combined with the fact that the magnetic field strength in the local cloud is constrained to be less than 4.3 mu G (to be compatible with the fact that the Voyager I spacecraft has yet to encounter the heliosphere termination shock), the total pressure that we infer is insufficient to balance the inward pressure from the hot cloud. We conclude that either the magnetic field in the local cloud is inhomogeneous, or there is a significant, as yet undetected, non-thermal component to the pressure in the local cloud.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT ATMOSPHER OCEAN & SPACE SCI, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA.
   INT SPACE SCI INST, CH-3012 BERN, SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Gloeckler, G (corresponding author), UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT PHYS, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA.
NR 31
TC 128
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 374
EP 377
DI 10.1038/386374a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katritch, V
   Olson, WK
   Pieranski, P
   Dubochet, J
   Stasiak, A
AF Katritch, V
   Olson, WK
   Pieranski, P
   Dubochet, J
   Stasiak, A
TI Properties of ideal composite knots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID number
AB The shortest tube of constant diameter that can form a given knot represents the 'ideal' form of the knot(1,2). Ideal knots provide an irreducible representation of the knot, and they have some intriguing mathematical and physical features, including a direct correspondence with the time-averaged shapes of knotted DNA molecules in solution(1,2). Here we describe the properties of ideal forms of composite knots-knots obtained by the sequential tying of two or more independent knots (called factor knots) on the same string. We find that the writhe (related to the handedness of crossing points) of composite knots is the sum of that of the ideal forms of the factor knots. By comparing ideal composite knots with simulated configurations of knotted, thermally fluctuating DNA, we conclude that the additivity of writhe applies also to randomly distorted configurations of composite knots and their corresponding factor knots. We show that composite knots with several factor knots may possess distinct structural isomers that can be interconverted only by loosening the knot.
C1 UNIV LAUSANNE,LAB ANAL ULTRASTRUCT,CH-1015 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
   INST MOL PHYS,PL-60159 POZNAN,POLAND.
   POZNAN TECH UNIV,INST PHYS,PL-60965 POZNAN,POLAND.
   RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903.
C3 University of Lausanne; Poznan University of Technology; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
NR 9
TC 85
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 148
EP 151
DI 10.1038/40582
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900042
PM 9217153
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Humborg, C
   Ittekkot, V
   Cociasu, A
   VonBodungen, B
AF Humborg, C
   Ittekkot, V
   Cociasu, A
   VonBodungen, B
TI Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eutrophication; surface
AB Rivers contribute significantly to the pollution and eutrophication that have caused drastic changes to the ecosystem of the Black Sea(1-3). Although damming is known to affect riverborne nutrient loads, and thus riverine ecosystems, evidence for significant effects in open coastal waters is sparse(4-6). Here we present long-term data sets of water and nutrient discharge from the River Danube to the Black Sea. These data reveal a reduction in the dissolved silicate load of the river by about two-thirds since dam constructions in the early 1970s. A concomitant decrease in wintertime dissolved silicate concentrations by more than 60% was observed in central Black Sea surface waters. The consequent changes in silicon to nitrogen ratio of the Black Sea nutrient load appear to be larger than those caused by eutrophication alone, and seem to be responsible for dramatic shifts in phytoplankton species composition from diatoms (siliceous) to coccolithophores and flagellates (non-siliceous). Our results strongly suggest that the damming of the Danube has been instrumental in causing the observed changes in Black Sea surface waters(3,7-9), and that the large number of dams in operation around the world today could similarly affect the food web structure and biogeochemical cycling in coastal seas.
C1 UNIV HAMBURG,INST BIOGEOCHEM & MARINE CHEM,D-20146 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
   BALTIC SEA RES INST,D-18119 ROSTOCK,GERMANY.
   ROMANIAN INST MARINE RES,CONSTANTA 8700,ROMANIA.
C3 University of Hamburg; Leibniz Institut fur Ostseeforschung Warnemunde; National Institute for Marine Research & Development Grigore Antipa
NR 30
TC 603
Z9 733
U1 7
U2 258
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 385
EP 388
DI 10.1038/386385a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farrell, HE
   Vally, H
   Lynch, DM
   Fleming, P
   Shellam, GR
   Scalzo, AA
   DavisPoynter, NJ
AF Farrell, HE
   Vally, H
   Lynch, DM
   Fleming, P
   Shellam, GR
   Scalzo, AA
   DavisPoynter, NJ
TI Inhibition of natural killer cells by a cytomegalovirus MHC class I homologue in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nk cells; gene-complex; antigen; infection; virus; resistance; receptors; molecules; transport; mouse
AB Herpesviruses, such as murine and human cytomegalovirus (MCMV and HCMV), can establish a persistent infection within the host and have diverse mechanisms as protection from host immune defences'. Several herpesvirus genes that are homologous to host immune modulators have been identified, and are implicated in viral evasion of the host immune response(2,3). The discovery of a viral major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I homologue, encoded by HCMV(4), led to speculation that it might function as an immune modulator and disrupt presentation of peptides by MHC class I to cytotoxic T cells(5). However, there is no evidence concerning the biological significance of this gene during viral infection. Recent analysis of the MCMV genome has also demonstrated the presence of a MHC class I homologue(6). Here we show that a recombinant MCMV,in which. the gene encoding the class I homologue has been disrupted, has severely restricted replication during the acute stage of infection compared with wild-type MCMV, We demonstrate by in vivo depletion studies that natural killer (NK) cells are responsible for the attenuated phenotype of the mutant. Thus the viral MHC dass I homologue contributes to immune evasion through interference with NK cell-mediated clearance.
RP Farrell, HE (corresponding author), UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,QUEEN ELIZABETH II MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,NEDLANDS,WA 6907,AUSTRALIA.
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 510
EP 514
DI 10.1038/386510a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600056
PM 9087412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Komdeur, J
   Daan, S
   Tinbergen, J
   Mateman, C
AF Komdeur, J
   Daan, S
   Tinbergen, J
   Mateman, C
TI Extreme adaptive modification in sex ratio of the Seychelles warbler's eggs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selection; dispersal; helpers; nest
AB Young Seychelles warblers Acrocephalus sechellensis often remain in their natal territories as helpers. Helpers on low-quality territories (as measured by food availability) reduce their parents' reproductive success, whereas 1-2 helpers on high-quality territories increase their parents' reproductive success, thereby enhancing their inclusive fitness, in addition to gaining experience(1,2), and opportunities for co-breeding(3). Helpers are mostly females, and we have previously suggested that parents may adjust the sex of their single egg to territory quality(4). We therefore took blood samples from nestlings, and determined sex using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. We show that biased hatching sex ratios are caused by biased production and not by differential embryo mortality. Unhelped breeding pairs on low-quality territories produce 77% sons, whereas unhelped pairs on high-quality territories produce 13% sons. Breeding pairs that were transferred from low- to high-quality territories switched from the production of male to female eggs. Breeding pairs occupying high-quality territories switched from producing female eggs when no or one helper was present, to producing male eggs when two helpers were present in the territory.
C1 UNIV GRONINGEN,ZOOL LAB,NL-9750 AA HAREN,NETHERLANDS.
   NATL ENVIRONM RES INST,DEPT WILDLIFE ECOL,DK-8410 RONDE,DENMARK.
   NETHERLANDS INST ECOL,CTR TERR ECOL,NL-6666 ZG HETEREN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 University of Groningen; Aarhus University; Danish National Environmental Research Institute; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
RP Komdeur, J (corresponding author), UNIV MELBOURNE,DEPT ZOOL,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA.
NR 22
TC 404
Z9 428
U1 0
U2 137
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 522
EP 525
DI 10.1038/385522a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, CC
   Han, VZ
   Sugawara, Y
   Grant, K
AF Bell, CC
   Han, VZ
   Sugawara, Y
   Grant, K
TI Synaptic plasticity in a cerebellum-like structure depends on temporal order
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term depression; purkinje-cell; in-vitro; potentiation; synapses; fish; ca1
AB Cerebellum-like structures in fish appear to act as adaptive sensory processors, in which learned predictions about sensory input are generated and subtracted from actual sensory input, allowing unpredicted inputs to stand out(1-3). Pairing sensory input with centrally originating predictive signals, such as corollary discharge signals linked to motor commands, results in neural responses to the predictive signals alone that are 'negative images' of the previously paired sensory responses, Adding these 'negative images' to actual sensory inputs minimizes the neural response to predictable sensory features, At the cellular level, sensory input is relayed to the basal region of Purkinje-like cells, whereas predictive signals are relayed by parallel fibres to the apical dendrites of the same cells(4). The generation of negative images could be explained by plasticity at parallel fibre synapses(5-7). We show here that such plasticity exists in the electrosensory lobe of mormyrid electric fish and that it has the necessary properties for such a model: it is reversible, anti-hebbian (excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are depressed after pairing with a postsynaptic spike) and tightly dependent on the sequence of pre- and postsynaptic events, with depression occurring only if the postsynaptic spike follows EPSP onset within 60 ms.
C1 CNRS,INST ALFRED FESSARD,F-91190 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
   TEIKYO UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,ITABASHI KU,TOKYO 173,JAPAN.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Teikyo University
RP Bell, CC (corresponding author), GOOD SAMARITAN HOSP,RS DOW NEUROL SCI INST,1120 NW 20TH AVE,PORTLAND,OR 97209, USA.
NR 21
TC 457
Z9 524
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 278
EP 281
DI 10.1038/387278a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700051
PM 9153391
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burton, KW
   Ling, HF
   ONions, RK
AF Burton, KW
   Ling, HF
   ONions, RK
TI Closure of the Central American Isthmus and its effect on deep-water formation in the North Atlantic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strontium isotopic composition; ocean; seawater; neogene; nd; stratigraphy; transport; evolution; rates
AB Modern ocean thermohaline-driven circulation influences global climate by transporting heat to high latitudes(1-2) and by affecting the exchange of CO2 between ocean and atmosphere(3). North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) plays a key role in this circulation, and Quaternary climate cycles have been linked to changes in NADW flow(4). General circulation model simulations indicate that before closure, some 3-4 million years ago, of the Central American Isthmus-the narrow strip of land Linking North and South America-the direct now of low-salinity water from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean would have led to a smaller NADW flow(5,6). Sedimentation patterns(7) and nutrient proxies(8-11) support these model results by indicating an increase in NADW now around the time of isthmus closure, but these records do not allow changes in different NADW sources to he distinguished, and the overall effect of closure on global ocean circulation is poorly known. Here we present Nd, Pb and Sr isotope records preserved by a hydrogenous ferromanganese crust from the NADW flow-path in the western North Atlantic Ocean. These records indicate that the isotopic signal associated with NADW strengthened around 3-4 million years ago showing that deep water that formed in the Labrador Sea made a gradually increasing contribution to NADW now. These data, taken together with those from the central Pacific Ocean(12), indicate an increased NADW flow since isthmus closure, and suggest that the closure established today's general pattern of ocean circulation.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, DEPT EARTH SCI, OXFORD OX1 3PR, ENGLAND.
   NANJING UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, NANJING 210008, PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 University of Oxford; Nanjing University
NR 30
TC 198
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 382
EP 385
DI 10.1038/386382a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jonas, EA
   Knox, RJ
   Smith, TCM
   Wayne, NL
   Connor, JA
   Karzmarek, LK
AF Jonas, EA
   Knox, RJ
   Smith, TCM
   Wayne, NL
   Connor, JA
   Karzmarek, LK
TI Regulation by insulin of a unique neuronal Ca2+ pool and of neuropeptide secretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egg-laying hormone; bag cell neurons; electrical afterdischarge; inositol trisphosphate; neuroendocrine cells; aplysia; calcium; channels; release; thapsigargin
AB The insulin receptor is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is found in mammalian brain(1) and at high concentrations in the bag cell neurons of Aplysia(2). We show here that insulin causes an acute rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) in these neurons and triggers release of neuropeptide. The insulin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pool differs pharmacologically from previously described Ca2+ stores that are sensitive to inositol trisphosphate and from mitochondrial Ca2+ stores(3-7). Insulin, but not thapsigargin, stimulates Ca2+ release at the distal tips of neurites, the presumed site of neuropeptide secretion(8,9). The effects of insulin on intracellular Ca2+ release and neuropeptide secretion occur without triggering spontaneous action potentials. The insulin-sensitive rise in [Ca2+](i) moves into the distal tips of neurites after exposure to a cyclic AMP analogue, a treatment that causes a similar translocation of neuronal vesicles(10-12). Our data indicate that Ca2+ release from a distinct intracellular pool associated with secretory vesicles may contribute to secretion of neuropeptide in the absence of neuronal discharge.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90025.
   LOVELACE BIOMED & ENVIRONM RES INST,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87108.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute; Lovelace Biomedical & Environmental Research Institute
RP Jonas, EA (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,333 CEDAR ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520, USA.
NR 25
TC 107
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/385343a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400051
PM 9002519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerr, JT
   Packer, L
AF Kerr, JT
   Packer, L
TI Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID patterns; hypothesis; diversity; gradient
AB A fundamental problem in ecological research is to explain large-scale gradients in species richness(1,2). Although many causative agents for this phenomenon have been suggested, the species richness-energy hypothesis has received the strongest empirical support(3-6): this hypothesis states that higher energy availability provides a broader resource base, permitting more species to coexist. Here we show that the species richness-energy hypothesis applies to North American mammals only over a limited geographical area in which climatic energy levels are low (Alaska and most of Canada), rather than on a continental scale as had previously been accepted(6). In relatively high-energy regions of North America, corresponding to most of the continental United States and southern Canada, we find that mammal species richness is best predicted by topographic heterogeneity and local variation in energy availability, Our results contradict previous studies of large-scale richness patterns that dismissed the importance of habitat heterogeneity(2,7-9), and have implications for climate change research.
RP Kerr, JT (corresponding author), YORK UNIV, DEPT BIOL, 4700 KEELE ST, N YORK, ON M3J 1P3, CANADA.
NR 24
TC 500
Z9 598
U1 4
U2 139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 252
EP 254
DI 10.1038/385252a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaufmann, RK
   Stern, DI
AF Kaufmann, RK
   Stern, DI
TI Evidence for human influence on climate from hemispheric temperature relations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; surface air-temperature; time-series analysis; greenhouse statistics; global temperature; sulfate aerosols; unit-root; emissions; cointegration; trends
AB Analysis of observational temperature records for the Northern and Southern hemispheres indicates a statistical relationship in which Northern Hemisphere temperature depends on temperature in the Southern Hemisphere. This pattern, which has strengthened over time, can be explained by the climatic effects of anthropogenic trace gases and tropospheric sulphate aerosols. A similar statistical pattern is produced by model simulations of the historical atmosphere.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, CTR RESOURCE & ENVIRONM STUDIES, CANBERRA, ACT 0200, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP Kaufmann, RK (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV, CTR ENERGY & ENVIRONM STUDIES, 675 COMMONWEALTH AVE, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
NR 54
TC 148
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 39
EP 44
DI 10.1038/40332
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, W
   Huss, RS
   Doherty, MF
   Malone, MF
AF Song, W
   Huss, RS
   Doherty, MF
   Malone, MF
TI Discovery of a reactive azeotrope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Mixtures are azeotropic if they can be distilled (or condensed) without a change of composition(1). The existence of azeotropes in multicomponent mixtures in the absence of chemical reactions is well understood phenomenologically(2,3) and theoretically(4,5). Azeotropes place a fundamental limit on the compositions attainable in mixtures by fractional distillation, but they can in some cases be 'broken' by carrying out chemical reaction and separation simultaneously rather than sequentially(6-9). Here we report the discovery of a boiling state of constant composition and temperature in a mixture of acetic acid, isopropanol, isopropyl acetate and water that is simultaneously in both reaction and phase equilibrium, These states, which we call reactive azeotropes, were predicted recently(10,11). Without reaction, the mixture exhibits three two-component azeotropes, one three-component azeotrope but no four-component azeotrope; the last appears only under equilibrium reaction conditions. These findings may constrain technologies in which reaction and separation are conducted simultaneously, for example by limiting the conditions under which an azeotrope can be broken by chemical reactions to yield a high-purity product. In other cases the presence of a reactive azeotrope may be advantageous(9).
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT CHEM ENGN,GOESSMANN LAB,AMHERST,MA 01003.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
NR 15
TC 37
Z9 43
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 561
EP 563
DI 10.1038/41515
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zepf, SE
AF Zepf, SE
TI Formation of elliptical galaxies at moderate redshifts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hubble deep field; evolution; spectroscopy; universe
AB Different cosmological models make specific predictions about the number of elliptical galaxies as a function of redshift(1), so observations can in principle be used to discriminate between those models, Traditionally, elliptical galaxies have been thought to have formed in a single, rapid burst of star formation at high redshifts (z > 5), and then evolved quietly-with no significant further star formation-since that time(2,3). Yet evidence suggests that at least some ellipticals formed for the merger of two spiral galaxies(4,5). It remains unclear which process dominates the formation of elliptical galaxies. Here I use the results of deep optical(6) and near-infrared(7-10) images to shaw that there are fewer galaxies with very red colours than predicted by models in which typical ellipticals have completed their star formation by z approximate to 5, which means that elliptical galaxies must have significant star formation at z < 5. This requirement, combined with constraints on bursts of star formation in lower-redshift galaxies(11,12), and the observed properties of galaxies in the redshift range 0 < z < 1 (refs 13-17), suggests either that ellipticals form at moderate redshifts, where a large initial burst of star formation is shrouded by dust, or that they form through the merging of smaller galaxies.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ASTRON,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Zepf, SE (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520, USA.
NR 26
TC 112
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 377
EP 379
DI 10.1038/37065
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, DD
   Kuan, CY
   Whitmarsh, AJ
   Rincon, M
   Zheng, TS
   Davis, RJ
   Rakic, P
   Flavell, RA
AF Yang, DD
   Kuan, CY
   Whitmarsh, AJ
   Rincon, M
   Zheng, TS
   Davis, RJ
   Rakic, P
   Flavell, RA
TI Absence of excitotoxicity-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus of mice lacking the Jnk3 gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excitatory amino-acids; kainic acid; nervous-system; c-jun; brain-damage; kinase; neurotoxicity; glutamate; pathway; seizure
AB Excitatory amino acids induce both acute membrane depolarization and latent cellular toxicity, which often leads to apoptosis in many neurological disorders(1,2). Recent studies indicate that glutamate toxicity may involve the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases(3-5). One member of the JNK family, Jnk3, may be required for stress-induced neuronal apoptosis, as it is Selectively expressed in the nervous system(6,7). Here we report that disruption of the gene encoding Jnk3 in mice caused the mice to be resistant to the excitotoxic glutamate-receptor agonist kainic acid: they showed a reduction in seizure activity and hippocampal neuron apoptosis was prevented. Although application of kainic add imposed the same level of noxious stress, the phosphorylation of c-Jun and the transcriptional activity of the AP-1 transcription factor complex were markedly reduced in the mutant mice. These data indicate that the observed neuroprotection is due to the extinction of a Jnk3-mediated signalling, pathway, which is an important component in the pathogenesis of glutamate neurotoxicity.
C1 YALE UNIV, SCH MED, IMMUNOBIOL SECT, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, NEUROBIOL SECT, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, WORCESTER, MA 01605 USA.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL, PROGRAM MOL MED, WORCESTER, MA 01605 USA.
   UNIV VERMONT, DEPT MED, IMMUNOBIOL PROGRAM, BURLINGTON, VT 05405 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Vermont
NR 30
TC 1106
Z9 1254
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 865
EP 870
DI 10.1038/39899
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800061
PM 9349820
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cornell, BA
   BraachMaksvytis, VLB
   King, LG
   Osman, PDJ
   Raguse, B
   Wieczorek, L
   Pace, RJ
AF Cornell, BA
   BraachMaksvytis, VLB
   King, LG
   Osman, PDJ
   Raguse, B
   Wieczorek, L
   Pace, RJ
TI A biosensor that uses ion-channel switches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biomimetic membranes; lipid bilayers; attachment; gold
AB Biosensors are molecular sensors that combine a biological recognition mechanism with a physical transduction technique. They provide a new class of inexpensive, portable instrument that permit sophisticated analytical measurements to be undertaken rapidly at decentralized locations(1). However, the adoption of biosensors for practical applications other than the measurement of blood glucose is currently limited by the expense, insensitivity and inflexibility of the available transduction methods. Here we describe the development of a biosensing technique in which the conductance of a population of molecular ion channels is switched by the recognition event. The approach mimics biological sensory functions(2,3) and can be used with most types of receptor, including antibodies and nucleotides. The technique is very flexible and even in its simplest form it is sensitive to picomolar concentrations of proteins. The sensor is essentially an impedance element whose dimensions can readily be reduced to become an integral component of a microelectronic circuit. It may be used in a wide range of applications and in complex media, including blood. These uses might include cell typing, the detection of large proteins, viruses, antibodies, DNA, electrolytes, drugs, pesticides and other low-molecular-weight compounds.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT CHEM,CANBERRA,ACT,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP Cornell, BA (corresponding author), COOPERAT RES CTR MOL ENGN & TECHNOL,126 GREVILLE ST,CHATSWOOD,NSW 2067,AUSTRALIA.
NR 18
TC 994
Z9 1151
U1 0
U2 411
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 580
EP 583
DI 10.1038/42432
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200049
PM 9177344
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petricoin, EF
   Ito, S
   Williams, BL
   Audet, S
   Stancato, LF
   Gamero, A
   Clouse, K
   Grimley, P
   Weiss, A
   Beeler, J
   Finbloom, DS
   Shores, EW
   Abraham, R
   Larner, AC
AF Petricoin, EF
   Ito, S
   Williams, BL
   Audet, S
   Stancato, LF
   Gamero, A
   Clouse, K
   Grimley, P
   Weiss, A
   Beeler, J
   Finbloom, DS
   Shores, EW
   Abraham, R
   Larner, AC
TI Antiproliferative action of interferon-alpha requires components of T-cell-receptor signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen receptor; tyrosine phosphatase; kinase; transduction; expression; proteins; cd45
AB Signal transduction through both cytokine and lymphocyte antigen receptors shares some common pathways by which they initiate cellular responses, such as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase(s)(1,2). However, other signalling components appear to be uniquely coupled to each receptor. For example, the interferon receptors transduce regulatory signals through the JAK/ STAT pathway, resulting in an inhibition of growth and of antiviral effects, whereas this pathway apparently plays no role in T-cell-receptor (TCR)-dependent gene expression(3,4). Conversely, signal transduction through the TCR requires the tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP-70 and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 (ref. 5). Here we show that, unexpectedly, transmission of growth-inhibitory signals by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in T cells requires the expression and association of CD45, Lck and ZAP-70 with the IFN-alpha-receptor signalling complex.
C1 US FDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   MAYO CLIN & MAYO FDN,DEPT IMMUNOL & PHARMACOL,ROCHESTER,MN 55905.
   USUHS,DEPT PATHOL,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER); Mayo Clinic; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 10
TC 138
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 629
EP 632
DI 10.1038/37648
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300055
PM 9403695
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Channell, JET
   Lehman, B
AF Channell, JET
   Lehman, B
TI The last two-geomagnetic polarity reversals recorded in high-deposition-rate sediment drifts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matuyama-brunhes; field; paleomagnetism; symmetry; states; paths; poles
AB High-resolution records of geomagnetic polarity transitions are rare owing to the difficulty of preserving in the geological record details of a process with a duration of only a few thousand years. Lavas can record the instantaneous field on cooling, but lava records are themselves discontinuous and therefore polarity transition fields are seldom captured, Sedimentary records are more continuous, but typical deep-sea sedimentation rates of a few cm kyr(-1) are too low to record transition fields adequately. Here we report transition records from North Atlantic drift deposits with high sedimentation rates (similar to 12 cm kyr(-1)) at the Ocean Drilling Program sites 983 and 984. Virtual geomagnetic polar (VGP) paths are similar within and between sites for the last two geomagnetic reversals, attesting to a memory effect spanning back-to-back reversals, The complex VGP paths feature two VGP clusters (one located in northeastern Asia and the other in the South Atlantic Ocean off South America), and provide a link between the longitudinally constrained transitional VGPs often recorded in sediments(1,2)-which represent highly smoothed renditions of transition fields-and the scattered transitional VGPs(3) and VGP clusters(4) observed in lava records.
C1 CEA,CNRS,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACTIV,LAB MIXTE,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Channell, JET (corresponding author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT GEOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA.
NR 24
TC 74
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 712
EP 715
DI 10.1038/39570
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagner, JA
   Varga, K
   Ellis, EF
   Rzigalinski, BA
   Martin, BR
   Kunos, G
AF Wagner, JA
   Varga, K
   Ellis, EF
   Rzigalinski, BA
   Martin, BR
   Kunos, G
TI Activation of peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptors in haemorrhagic shock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitric-oxide; hypotensive action; brain constituent; anandamide; antagonist; cells
AB Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid ligand(1), binds to CB1 cannabinoid receptors(2) in the brain and mimics the neurobehavioural actions of marijuana(3,4). Cannabinoids and anandamide also elicit hypotension mediated by peripheral CB1 receptors(5-8). Here we report that a selective CB1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A(9), elicits an increase in blood pressure in rats subjected to haemorrhagic shock, whereas similar treatment of normotensive rats or intracerebroventricular administration of the antagonist during shock do not affect blood pressure. Blood from haemorrhaged rats causes hypotension in normal rats, which can be prevented by SR141716A but not by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in the recipient. Macrophages and platelets from haemorrhaged rats elicit CB1 receptor-mediated hypotension in normotensive recipients, and incorporate arachidonic acid or ethanolamine into a product that co-elutes with anandamide on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Also, macrophages from control rats stimulated with ionomycin or bacterial phospholipase D produce anandamide, as identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. These findings indicate that activation of peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptors contributes to haemorrhagic hypotension, and anandamide produced by macrophages may be a mediator of this effect.
C1 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,MED COLL VIRGINIA,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,RICHMOND,VA 23298.
C3 Virginia Commonwealth University
NR 25
TC 248
Z9 257
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 518
EP 521
DI 10.1038/37371
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500054
PM 9394002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haw, JF
   Xu, T
   Nicholas, JB
   Goguen, PW
AF Haw, JF
   Xu, T
   Nicholas, JB
   Goguen, PW
TI Solvent-assisted proton transfer in catalysis by zeolite solid acids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-situ nmr; water; reactivity; chemistry; methanol
AB Intermolecular proton transfer in the gas phase is usually strongly disfavoured because the charged products are highly unstable. It is promoted in aqueous solution, however, because the high dielectric constant (epsilon = 78.3) of water allows efficient stabilization of the corresponding cations and anions. Zeolites-microporous catalysts used in petroleum refining and the synthesis of chemical feedstocks-provide another medium for proton-transfer reactions(1-3), because their anionic aluminosilicate frameworks are highly acidic. The low dielectric constant of zeolites (epsilon approximate to 1.6; ref. 3) suggests, however, that such processes in the zeolite channels should involve concerted action rather than strong charge separation, and thus resemble gas-phase reactions. Here we demonstrate that solution-like proton-transfer behaviour can be induced in zeolites. We find that the co-injection of nitromethane into a catalytic flow reactor clearly enhances the conversion of methanol, isopropanol and acetone over the zeolite catalyst HZSM-5. Conservation of nitromethane during-the course of reaction and its effects on the reactant-zeolite interaction complex seen by solid-state NMR indicate that nitromethane behaves in a manner similar to polar solvents: it promotes proton transfer by stabilizing ion-pair structures. These findings suggest that rationally selected solvents might provide a simple means to increase the efficiency of these industrially important catalysts.
C1 PACIFIC NW NATL LAB, ENVIRONM MOL SCI LAB, RICHLAND, WA 99352 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RP Haw, JF (corresponding author), TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT CHEM, LAB MAGNET RESONANCE & MOL SCI, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA.
NR 23
TC 111
Z9 123
U1 3
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 832
EP 835
DI 10.1038/39843
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, SA
   Burkett, SL
   Mendelson, NH
   Mann, S
AF Davis, SA
   Burkett, SL
   Mendelson, NH
   Mann, S
TI Bacterial templating of ordered macrostructures in silica and silica-surfactant mesophases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoporous molecular-sieves; bacillus-subtilis; calcium-carbonate; cell-walls; mechanism
AB The synthesis of inorganic frameworks with specified and organized pore networks is of potential importance in catalysis(1,2), separation technology(3) and biomaterials engineering(4,5). Ordered arrangements of porous channels have been produced in silica-based materials by post-synthetic removal of surfactant templates from inorganic-organic mesostructures(6,7). The resulting pore sizes are commensurate with the packing dimensions of the organic molecules, and are currently limited to length scales of up to 10 nm. Here we show how a bacterial superstructure, consisting of a thread of coaligned multicellular filaments of Bacillus subtilis(8,9), can be used to extend the length scale of inorganic materials patterning, We produce ordered macroporous fibres of either amorphous silica or ordered mesoporous silica(6,7) (MCM-41) by template-directed mineralization of the interfilament spaces followed by removal of organic material by heating to 600 degrees C. The inorganic macrostructures consist of a macroporous framework of 0.5-mu m-wide channels with curved walls of either silica or mesoporous silica, 50 to 200 nm in thickness. The formation of ordered pores In the MCM-41 replica on both the mesoscopic and macroscopic length scales illustrates how supramolecular and supercellular templates might be combined for the fabrication of inorganic materials with structural hierarchy.
C1 UNIV BATH,SCH CHEM,BATH BA2 7AY,AVON,ENGLAND.
   UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
C3 University of Bath; University of Arizona
NR 23
TC 584
Z9 650
U1 1
U2 175
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 420
EP 423
DI 10.1038/385420a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilmut, I
   Schnieke, AE
   McWhir, J
   Kind, AJ
   Campbell, KHS
AF Wilmut, I
   Schnieke, AE
   McWhir, J
   Kind, AJ
   Campbell, KHS
TI Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine embryos; nuclear transplantation; recipient oocyte; cycle-stage; sheep; invitro; zygotes
AB Fertilization of mammalian eggs is followed by successive cell divisions and progressive differentiation, first into the early embryo and subsequently into all of the cell types that make up the adult animal. Transfer of a single nucleus at a specific stage of development, to an enucleated unfertilized egg, provided an opportunity to investigate whether cellular differentiation to that stage involved irreversible genetic modification. The first offspring to develop from a differentiated cell were born after nuclear transfer from an embryo-derived cell line that had been induced to become quiescent(1). Using the same procedure, we now report the birth of live lambs from three new cell populations established from adult mammary gland, fetus and embryo. The fact that a lamb was derived from an adult cell confirms that differentiation of that cell did not involve the irreversible modification of genetic material required for development to term, The birth of lambs from differentiated fetal and adult cells also reinforces previous speculation(1,2) that by inducing donor cells to become quiescent it will be possible to obtain normal development from a wide variety of differentiated cells.
C1 PPL THERAPEUT,ROSLIN EH25 9PP,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
RP Wilmut, I (corresponding author), ROSLIN INST,ROSLIN EH25 9PS,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
NR 22
TC 3631
Z9 4691
U1 1
U2 559
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 810
EP 813
DI 10.1038/385810a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000051
PM 9039911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaletta, T
   Schnabel, H
   Schnabel, R
AF Kaletta, T
   Schnabel, H
   Schnabel, R
TI Binary specification of the embryonic lineage in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; cellular interactions; polarity; protein; pattern; locus; glp-1; axes
AB In Caenorhabditis elegans, the early embryo contains five somatic founder cells (known as AB, MS, E, C and D) which give rise to very different lineages, Two simply produce twenty intestinal (E) or muscle (D) cells each, whereas the remainder produce a total of 518 cells which collectively contribute in a complex pattern to a variety of tissues(1). A central problem in embryonic development is to understand how the developmental potential of blastomeres is restricted to permit the terminal expression of such complex differentiation patterns, Here we identify a gene, lit-1, that appears to play a central role in controlling the asymmetry of cell division during embryogenesis in C. elegans. Mutants in lit-1 suggest that its product controls up to six consecutive binary snitches which cause one of the two equivalent cells produced at each cleavage to assume a posterior fate. Most blastomere identities in C, elegans may therefore stem from a process of stepwise binary diversification.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 24
TC 137
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 294
EP 298
DI 10.1038/36869
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700065
PM 9384382
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gunshin, H
   Mackenzie, B
   Berger, UV
   Gunshin, Y
   Romero, MF
   Boron, WF
   Nussberger, S
   Gollan, JL
   Hediger, MA
AF Gunshin, H
   Mackenzie, B
   Berger, UV
   Gunshin, Y
   Romero, MF
   Boron, WF
   Nussberger, S
   Gollan, JL
   Hediger, MA
TI Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat small-intestine; intracellular parasites; natural-resistance; xenopus-oocytes; messenger-rna; iron; cells; cotransporter; infection; reduction
AB Metal ions are essential cofactors for a wealth of biological processes, including oxidative phosphorylation, gene regulation and free-radical homeostasis. Failure to maintain appropriate levels of metal ions in humans is a feature of hereditary haemoduomatosis(1), disorders of metal-ion deficiency, and certain neurodegenerative diseases(2). Despite their pivotal physiological roles, however, there is no molecular information on how metal ions are actively absorbed by mammalian cells. We have now identified a new metal-ion transporter in the rat, DCT1, which has an unusually broad substrate range that includes Fe2+ Zn2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+. DCT1 mediates active transport that is proton-coupled and depends on the cell membrane potential, It is a 561-amino-acid protein with 12 putative membrane-spanning domains and is ubiquitously expressed, most notably in the proximal duodenum. DCT1 is upregulated by dietary iron deficiency, and may represent a key mediator of intestinal iron absorption. DCT1 is a member of the 'natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein' (Nramp) family(3-5) and thus its properties provide insight into how these proteins confer resistance to pathogens.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHYSIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV GASTROENTEROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOL PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Yale University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Gunshin, H (corresponding author), BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV RENAL,77 AVE LOUIS PASTEUR,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [F32 DK009342] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 2697
Z9 3079
U1 5
U2 226
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 482
EP 488
DI 10.1038/41343
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300051
PM 9242408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williamson, JC
   Cao, JM
   Ihee, H
   Frey, H
   Zewail, AH
AF Williamson, JC
   Cao, JM
   Ihee, H
   Frey, H
   Zewail, AH
TI Clocking transient chemical changes by ultrafast electron diffraction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photodissociation; resolution; kinetics
AB With the advent of femtosecond (fs) time resolution in spectroscopic experiments, it is now possible to study the evolution of nuclear motions in chemical and photobiochemical reactions. In general, the reaction is clocked by an initial fs laser pulse (which establishes a zero of time) and the dynamics are probed by a second fs pulse; the detection methods include conventional and photoelectron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry(1-4). Replacing the probe laser with electron pulses offers a means for imaging ultrafast structural changes with diffraction technique(5-8), which should permit the study of molecular systems of greater complexity (such as biomolecules). On such timescales, observation of chemical changes using electron scattering is non-trivial, because space-charge effects broaden the electron pulse width and because temporal overlap of the (clocking) photon pulse and the (probe) electron pulse must be established. Here we report the detection of transient chemical change during molecular dissociation using ultrafast electron diffraction. We are able to detect a change in the scattered electron beam with the zero of time established unambiguously and the timing of the changes docked in situ. This ability to clock changes in scattering is essential to studies of the dynamics of molecular structures.
C1 CALTECH,ARTHUR AMOS NOYES LAB CHEM PHYS,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
NR 24
TC 219
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/386159a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cerling, TE
   Harris, JM
   MacFadden, BJ
   Leakey, MG
   Quade, J
   Eisenmann, V
   Ehleringer, JR
AF Cerling, TE
   Harris, JM
   MacFadden, BJ
   Leakey, MG
   Quade, J
   Eisenmann, V
   Ehleringer, JR
TI Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon isotopes; faunal change; east-africa; carboxylase oxygenase; co2/o2 specificity; c-13/c-12 ratios; north-america; south-africa; fossil teeth; late miocene
AB Between 8 and 6 million years ago, there was a global increase in the biomass of plants using C-4 photosynthesis as indicated by changes in the carbon isotope ratios of fossil tooth enamel in Asia, Africa, North America and South America. This abrupt and widespread increase in C-4 biomass may be related to a decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentrations below a threshold that favoured C-3-photosynthesizing plants. The change occurred earlier at lower latitudes, as the threshold for C-3 photosynthesis is higher at warmer temperatures.
C1 GEORGE C PAGE MUSEUM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90036 USA.
   UNIV FLORIDA, FLORIDA MUSEUM NAT HIST, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA.
   NATL MUSEUMS KENYA, NAIROBI, KENYA.
   UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT GEOSCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
   MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT, INST PALEONTOL, F-75005 PARIS, FRANCE.
   UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of Arizona; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Cerling, TE (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
NR 50
TC 1698
Z9 2038
U1 5
U2 517
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 153
EP 158
DI 10.1038/38229
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Devlin, B
   Daniels, M
   Roeder, K
AF Devlin, B
   Daniels, M
   Roeder, K
TI The heritability of IQ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bayes factors; intelligence; pregnancy; apart
AB IQ heritability, the portion of a population's IQ variability attributable to the effects of genes', has been investigated for nearly a century, yet it remains controversial. Covariance between relatives may be due not only to genes, but also to shared environments, and most previous models have assumed different degrees of similarity induced by environments specific to twins, to non-twin siblings (henceforth siblings), and to parents and offspring. We now evaluate an alternative model that replaces these three environments by two maternal womb environments, one for twins and another for siblings, along with a common home environment. Meta-analysis of 212 previous studies shows that our 'maternal-effects' model fits the data better than the 'family-environments' model. Maternal effects, often assumed to be negligible, account for 20% of covariance between twins and 5% between siblings, and the effects of genes are correspondingly reduced, with two measures of heritability being less than 50%. The shared maternal environment may explain the striking correlation between the IQs of twins, especially those of adult twins that were reared apart. IQ heritability increases during early childhood, but whether it stabilizes thereafter remains unclear. A recent study of octogenarians(2), for instance, suggests that IQ heritability either remains constant through adolescence and adulthood(3), or continues to increase with age(2). Although the latter hypothesis has recently been endorsed(4), it gathers only modest statistical support in our analysis when compared to the maternal-effects hypothesis. Our analysis suggests that it will be important to understand the basis for these maternal effects if ways in which IQ might be increased are to be identified.
C1 CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV,DEPT STAT,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213.
C3 Carnegie Mellon University
RP Devlin, B (corresponding author), UNIV PITTSBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT PSYCHIAT,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213, USA.
NR 29
TC 305
Z9 343
U1 4
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 468
EP 471
DI 10.1038/41319
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300047
PM 9242404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oparka, KJ
   Roberts, AG
   SantaCruz, S
   Boevink, P
   Prior, DAM
   Smallcombe, A
AF Oparka, KJ
   Roberts, AG
   SantaCruz, S
   Boevink, P
   Prior, DAM
   Smallcombe, A
TI Using GFP to study virus invasion and spread in plant tissues
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; movement proteins
C1 BIO RAD MICROSCOPY DIV, HEMEL HEMPSTEAD HP2 7TD, HERTS, ENGLAND.
RP Oparka, KJ (corresponding author), SCOTTISH CROP RES INST, CELL BIOL UNIT, DUNDEE DD2 5DA, SCOTLAND.
NR 16
TC 43
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 401
EP 402
DI 10.1038/41145
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Newman, R
   White, N
AF Newman, R
   White, N
TI Rheology of the continental lithosphere inferred from sedimentary basins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strain-rate variation; extension
AB The steady-state flow properties of the continental lithosphere play an important role in a wide range of geological processes(1). A complete dynamic description of lithospheric deformation requires information about the magnitude of driving forces and the rheology of the crust and lithospheric mantle, about which there is little agreement(2-6). Here we constrain these properties by analysing variations in strain rate during the extension of continental lithosphere. We determine the temporal variation of strain rate from the subsidence curves of a global sample of Phanerozoic sedimentary basins. The peak strain rate and final strain estimated from these strain-rate histories suggest that the cessation of extension is governed by cooling and concomitant strengthening of the underlying lithospheric mantle. Dynamic modelling of these data indicates that the rheology of the lithosphere is controlled by power-law creep with a stress exponent of three and an activation energy of similar to 500 kJ mol(-1). This rheology is consistent with that inferred from laboratory experiments on dry olivine(7) extrapolated to lithospheric conditions.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,BULLARD LABS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EZ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
NR 18
TC 35
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 621
EP 624
DI 10.1038/385621a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Groux, H
   OGarra, A
   Bigler, M
   Rouleau, M
   Antonenko, S
   deVries, JE
   Roncarolo, MG
AF Groux, H
   OGarra, A
   Bigler, M
   Rouleau, M
   Antonenko, S
   deVries, JE
   Roncarolo, MG
TI A CD4(+) T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-helper-2 populations; interleukin-10 il-10; mice; proliferation; stimulation; expression; clones; anergy
AB Induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance are important mechanisms to maintain the balance of the immune system. In addition to the deletion of T cells and their failure to respond in certain circumstances, active suppression mediated by T cells or T-cell factors has been proposed as a mechanism for maintaining peripheral tolerance(1). However, the inability to isolate and clone regulatory T cells involved in antigen-specific inhibition of immune responses has made it difficult to understand the mechanisms underlying such active suppression. Here we show that chronic activation of both human and murine CD4(+) T cells in the presence of interleukin (IL)-10 gives rise to CD4(+) T-cell clones with low proliferative capacity, producing high levels of IL-10, low levels of IL-2 and no IL-4. These antigen-specific T-cell clones suppress the proliferation of CD4(+) T cells in response to antigen, and prevent colitis induced in SCID mice by pathogenic CD4(+)CD45RB(high) splenic T cells. Thus IL-10 drives the generation of a CD4(+) T-cell subset, designated T regulatory cells 1 (Tr1), which suppresses antigen-specific immune responses and actively downregulates a pathological immune response in vivo.
C1 DNAX RES INST MOL & CELLULAR BIOL INC, DEPT HUMAN IMMUNOL, PALO ALTO, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.
FU Telethon [TGT06S01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 3056
Z9 3488
U1 0
U2 104
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 737
EP 742
DI 10.1038/39614
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900057
PM 9338786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bezrukov, SM
   Vodyanoy, I
AF Bezrukov, SM
   Vodyanoy, I
TI Stochastic resonance in non-dynamical systems without response thresholds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noise
AB The addition of noise to a system can sometimes improve its ability to transfer information reliably. This phenomenon-known as stochastic resonance-was originally proposed to account for periodicity in the Earth's ice ages', but has now been shown to occur in many systems in physics and biology(2-4). Recent experimental and theoretical work has shown that the simplest system exhibiting 'stochastic resonance' consists of nothing more than signal and noise with a threshold-triggered device (when the signal plus noise exceeds the threshold, the system responds momentarily, then relaxes to equilibrium to await the next triggering event)(4-6). Here we introduce a class of non-dynamical and threshold-free systems that also exhibit stochastic resonance. We present and analyse a general mathematical model for such systems, in which a sequence of pulses is generated randomly with a probability (per unit time) that depends exponentially on an input. When this input is a sine-wave masked by additive noise, we observe an increase in the output signal-to-noise ratio as the level of noise increases. This result shows that stochastic resonance can occur in a broad class of thermally driven physico-chemical systems, such as semiconductor p-n junctions, mesoscopic electronic devices and voltage-dependent ion channels(7), in which reaction rates are controlled by activation barriers.
C1 ST PETERSBURG NUCL PHYS INST, GATCHINA 188530, RUSSIA.
   OFF NAVAL RES EUROPE, LONDON NW1 5TH, ENGLAND.
   UCL, LONDON, ENGLAND.
C3 National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute; University of London; University College London
RP Bezrukov, SM (corresponding author), NIH, DIV COMP RES & TECHNOL, BETHESDA, MD USA.
NR 17
TC 215
Z9 230
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 319
EP 321
DI 10.1038/385319a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400043
PM 9002515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cumming, BG
   Parker, AJ
AF Cumming, BG
   Parker, AJ
TI Responses of primary visual cortical neurons to binocular disparity without depth perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human stereo vision; cortex; monkey
AB The identification of brain regions that are associated with the conscious perception of visual stimuli is a major goal in neuroscience(1). Here we present a test of whether the signals on neurons in cortical area V1 correspond directly to our conscious perception of binocular stereoscopic depth. Depth perception requires that image features on one retina are first matched with appropriate features on the other retina. The mechanisms that perform this matching can be examined by using random-dot stereograms(2), in which the left and right eyes view randomly positioned but binocularly correlated dots. We exploit the fact that anticorrelated random-dot stereograms (in which dots in one eye are matched geometrically to dots of the opposite contrast in the other eye) do not give rise to the perception of depth(3) because the matching process does not find a consistent solution. Anticorrelated random-dot stereograms contain binocular features that could excite neurons that have not solved the correspondence problem. We demonstrate that disparity-selective neurons in V1 signal the disparity of anticorrelated random-dot stereograms, indicating that they do not unambiguously signal stereoscopic depth. Hence single V1 neurons cannot account for the conscious perception of stereopsis, although combining the outputs of many V1 neurons could solve the matching problem. The accompanying paper(4) suggests an additional function for disparity signals from V1: they may be important for the rapid involuntary control of vergence eye movements (eye movements that bring the images on the two foveae into register).
RP Cumming, BG (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,PHYSIOL LAB,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 17
TC 344
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 280
EP 283
DI 10.1038/38487
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200046
PM 9305841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cohn, MJ
   Patel, K
   Krumlauf, R
   Wilkinson, DG
   Clarke, JDW
   Tickle, C
AF Cohn, MJ
   Patel, K
   Krumlauf, R
   Wilkinson, DG
   Clarke, JDW
   Tickle, C
TI Hox9 genes and vertebrate limb specification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID additional limb; expression; flank
AB Development of paired appendages at appropriate levels along the primary body axis is a hallmark of the body plan of jawed vertebrates. Hox genes are good candidates for encoding position in lateral plate mesoderm along the body axis(1,2) and thus for determining where limbs are formed. Local application of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) to the anterior prospective flank of a chick embryo induces development of an ectopic wing, and FGF applied to posterior flank induces an ectopic leg(3). If particular combinations of Hox gene expression determine where wings and legs develop, then formation of additional limbs from flank should involve changes in Hox gene expression that reflect the type of limb induced. Here we show that the same population of flank cells can be induced to form either a wing or a leg, and that induction of these ectopic limbs is accompanied by specific changes in expression of three Hox genes in lateral plate mesoderm. This then reproduces, in the flank, expression patterns found at normal Limb levels. Hox gene expression is reprogrammed in lateral plate mesoderm, but is unaffected in paraxial mesoderm. Independent regulation of Hox gene expression in lateral plate mesoderm may have been a key step in the evolution of paired appendages.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
   NATL INST MED RES,DIV DEV NEUROBIOL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 18
TC 180
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 97
EP 101
DI 10.1038/387097a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800055
PM 9139829
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, N
   Lovell, B
AF White, N
   Lovell, B
TI Measuring the pulse of a plume with the sedimentary record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iceland plume; north-sea; tertiary; basin
AB Magmatic underplating associated with mantle plume activity is an important mechanism for driving regional surface uplift and denudation of large portions of the continents(1,2). Such uplift occurs rapidly because substantial volumes of basaltic melt are added to the crust over geologically short periods of time (1-10 Myr)(2), and can lead to large amounts of elastic sediment being shed into surrounding basins(3). An intensively studied example of this process occurred in the North Sea basin during the Palaeogene period, where discrete pulses of deposition were triggered when sands were remobilized downslope from the shelf by turbidity currents and debris flows as a result of episodic changes of relative sea level(3), Here we correlate the timing of these sediment pulses with the timing of surface uplift inferred to have been caused by episodic magmatic underplating on the continental shelf of northwestern Europe. This magmatism was related to activity of the Iceland plume, suggesting that individual pulses of sedimentation provide a potentially sensitive measure of plume activity, and so may be used to resolve time-dependent fluctuations in mantle plume activity predicted by theoretical studies of mantle convection.
C1 BP EXPLORAT CO LTD,LONDON EC2M 7BA,ENGLAND.
C3 BP
RP White, N (corresponding author), BULLARD LABS,MADINGLEY RISE,MADINGLEY RD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EZ,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 267
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 888
EP 891
DI 10.1038/43151
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, YZ
   Small, DL
   Stanimirovic, DB
   Morley, P
   Durkin, JP
AF Wang, YZ
   Small, DL
   Stanimirovic, DB
   Morley, P
   Durkin, JP
TI AMPA receptor-mediated regulation of a G(i)-protein in cortical neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-binding-proteins; metabotropic glutamate-receptor; beta-gamma-subunits; pertussis toxin; acid; localization; mechanisms; agonist; kinases
AB Excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system is mediated primarily by the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals onto postsynaptic channels gated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors(1,2). The myriad intracellular responses arising from the activation of the NMDA and AMPA receptors have previously been attributed to the flow of Ca2+ and/or Na+ through these ion channels(1-6). Here we report that the binding of the agonist AMPA. to its receptor can generate intracellular signals that are independent of Ca2+ and Na+ in rat cortical neurons, In the absence of intracellular Ca2+ and Na+, AMPA, but not NMDA, brought about changes in a guanine-nucleotide-binding protein (G alpha(il)) that inhibited pertussis toxin-mediated ADP-ribosylation of the protein in an in vitro assay, This effect was observed in intact neurons treated with AMPA as well as in isolated membranes exposed to AMPA, and was also found in MIN6 cells, which express functional AMPA receptors but have no metabotropic glutamate receptors, AMPA also inhibited forskolin-stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase in neurons, demonstrating that G(i) proteins were activated. Moreover, both G beta gamma blockage and co-precipitation experiments demonstrated that the modulation of the G(i) protein arose from the association of G alpha(il) with the glutamate receptor-1 (GluR1) subunit, These results suggest that, as well as acting as an ion channel, the APA receptor can exhibit metabotropic activity.
RP Wang, YZ (corresponding author), NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,INST BIOL SCI,CELLULAR NEUROBIOL GRP,100 SUSSEX DR,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0R6,CANADA.
NR 23
TC 129
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 502
EP 504
DI 10.1038/39062
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900058
PM 9333240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, DF
   Schneider, GE
   Martinou, JC
   Tonegawa, S
AF Chen, DF
   Schneider, GE
   Martinou, JC
   Tonegawa, S
TI Bcl-2 promotes regeneration of severed axons in mammalian CNS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; transgenic mice; nervous-system; in-vitro; death; apoptosis; survival; protein; neurons; growth
AB Most neurons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) lose the ability to regenerate severed axons in vivo after a certain point in development(1). At least part of this loss in regenerative potential is intrinsic to neuron(2-4). Although embryonic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can grow axons into tectum of any age, most RGCs from older animals fail to extend axons into CNS tissue derived from donors of any age, including the embryonic tectum(2). Here we report that the proto-oncogene bcl-2 plays a key role in this developmental change by promoting the growth and regeneration of retinal axons. This effect does not seem to be an indirect consequence of its well-known anti-apoptotic activity. Another anti-apoptotic drug, ZVAD, supported neuronal survival but did noe promote axon regeneration in culture. This finding could lead to new strategies for the treatment of injuries to the CNS.
C1 MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT BRAIN & COGNIT SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   GLAXO INST MOL BIOL SA,CH-1228 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland
RP Chen, DF (corresponding author), MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CTR LEARNING & MEMORY,CTR CANC RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 30
TC 414
Z9 469
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 434
EP 439
DI 10.1038/385434a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700052
PM 9009190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loeb, V
   Siegel, V
   HolmHansen, O
   Hewitt, R
   Fraser, W
   Trivelpiece, W
   Trivelpiece, S
AF Loeb, V
   Siegel, V
   HolmHansen, O
   Hewitt, R
   Fraser, W
   Trivelpiece, W
   Trivelpiece, S
TI Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID euphausia-superba; austral summer; variability; peninsula; ocean
AB Krill (Euphausia superba) provide a direct link between primary producers and higher trophic levels in the Antarctic marine food web(1-6). The pelagic tunicate Salpa thompsoni can also be important during spring and summer through the formation of extensive and dense blooms(6-9). Although salps are not a major dietary item for Antarctic vertebrate predators(7,10), their blooms can affect adult krill reproduction and survival of krill larvae. Here we provide data from 1995 and 1996 that support hypothesized relationships between krill, salps and region-wide sea-ice conditions(11,12). We have assessed salp consumption as a proportion of net primary production, and found correlations between herbivore densities and integrated chlorophyll-a that indicate that there is a degree of competition between krill and salps. Our analysis of the relationship between annual sea-ice cover and a longer time series of air temperature measurements(12,13) indicates a decreased frequency of winters with extensive sea-ice development over the last five decades. Our data suggest that decreased krill availability may affect the levels of their vertebrate predators. Regional warming and reduced krill abundance therefore affect the marine food web and krill resource management.
C1 BUNDESFORSCH ANSTALT FISCHEREI,INST SEEFISCHEREI,D-22767 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,SW FISHERIES SCI CTR,LA JOLLA,CA 92038.
   MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,POLAR OCEANS RES GRP,BOZEMAN,MT 59717.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman
RP Loeb, V (corresponding author), MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS,POB 450,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039, USA.
NR 29
TC 599
Z9 688
U1 1
U2 198
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 897
EP 900
DI 10.1038/43174
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inbal, B
   Cohen, O
   PolakCharcon, S
   Kopolovic, J
   Vadai, E
   Eisenbach, L
   Kimchi, A
AF Inbal, B
   Cohen, O
   PolakCharcon, S
   Kopolovic, J
   Vadai, E
   Eisenbach, L
   Kimchi, A
TI DAP kinase links the control of apoptosis to metastasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lung-carcinoma; extracellular-matrix; cells; tumorigenesis; suppression; selection; death; gene
AB DAP kinase is a new type of calcium/calmodulin-dependent enzyme that phosphorylates serine/threonine residues on proteins. Its structure contains ankyrin repeats and the 'death' domain, and it is associated with the cell cytoskeleton(1-3). The gene encoding DAP kinase was initially isolated as a positive mediator of apoptosis induced by interferon-gamma, by using a strategy of functional cloning(4). We have now tested whether this gene has tumour-suppressive activity We found that lung carcinoma clones, characterized by their highly aggressive metastatic behaviour and originating from two independent murine lung tumours, did not express DAP kinase, in contrast to their low-metastatic counterparts. Restoration of DAP kinase to physiological levels in high-metastatic Lewis carcinoma cells suppressed their ability to form lung metastases after intravenous injection into syngeneic mice, and delayed local tumour growth in a foreign 'microenvironment'. Conversely, in vivo selection of rare lung lesions following injection into syngeneic mice of low-metastatic Lewis carcinoma cells or of DAP kinase transfectants, was associated with loss of DAP kinase expression. In situ TUNEL staining of tumour sections revealed that DAP kinase expression from the transgene raised the incidence of apoptosis in vivo. DAP-kinase transfectants also showed increased sensitivity in vitro to apoptotic stimuli, of the sort encountered by metastasizing cells at different stages of malignancy. We propose that loss of DAP kinase expression provides a unique mechanism that links suppression of apoptosis to metastasis.
C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT MOL GENET, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT IMMUNOL, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
   CHAIM SHEBA MED CTR, DEPT HISTOPATHOL, IL-52621 TEL HASHOMER, ISRAEL.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; Chaim Sheba Medical Center; Tel Aviv University
NR 30
TC 349
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 180
EP 184
DI 10.1038/36599
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400056
PM 9367156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Djorgovski, SG
   Metzger, MR
   Kulkarni, SR
   Odewahn, SC
   Gal, RR
   Pahre, MA
   Frail, DA
   Feroci, M
   Costa, E
   Palazzi, E
AF Djorgovski, SG
   Metzger, MR
   Kulkarni, SR
   Odewahn, SC
   Gal, RR
   Pahre, MA
   Frail, DA
   Feroci, M
   Costa, E
   Palazzi, E
TI The optical counterpart to the gamma-ray burst GRB970508
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photometry; stars
AB Understanding the nature of the gamma-ray burst phenomenon is one of the outstanding problems of modern astrophysics, The identification of counterparts at optical wavelengths is considered a crucial factor for determining the origin of these events, Here we report the detection and temporal properties of a variable optical source, which has been identified(1,2) as the counterpart of the X-ray transient associated with the gamma-ray burst GRB970508 (ref. 3). The initial optical images were obtained only 5.8 hours after the initial gamma-ray burst, after which the optical source was observed to brighten over the next two days before declining in luminosity with a t(-1) power law, The decline in brightness follows a form predicted by many relativistic fireball models(4-7) for gamma-ray bursts, although the initial rise does not appear to be compatible with the simplest of these models, The observed fluence of the source at visible wavelengths over the period spanned by our observations is greater than or equal to 4.6 x 10(-8) erg cm(-2), about 3% of the fluence of the gamma-ray burst itself.
C1 NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,SOCORRO,NM 87801.
   CNR,IST ASTROFIS SPAZIALE,I-00044 FRASCATI,ITALY.
   CNR,IST TECHNOL & STUDIO RADIAZ EXTRATERR,I-40129 BOLOGNA,ITALY.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Djorgovski, SG (corresponding author), CALTECH,PALOMAR OBSERV,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 34
TC 127
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 876
EP 878
DI 10.1038/43126
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maas, LRM
   Benielli, D
   Sommeria, J
   Lam, FPA
AF Maas, LRM
   Benielli, D
   Sommeria, J
   Lam, FPA
TI Observation of an internal wave attractor in a confined, stably stratified fluid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID core
AB When a container of water is vibrated, its response can be described in terms of large-scale standing waves-the eigenmodes of the system. The belief that enclosed continuous media always possess eigenmodes is deeply rooted. Internal gravity waves in uniformly stratified fluids, however, present a counter-example, Such waves propagate at a fixed angle to the vertical that is determined solely by the forcing frequency, and a sloping side wall of the container will therefore act as a lens, resulting in ray convergence or divergence, An important consequence of this geometric focusing is the prediction(1) that, following multiple reflections, these waves will evolve onto specific paths-or attractors-whose locations are determined only by the frequency. Here we report the results of laboratory experiments that confirm that internal-wave attractors, rather than eigenmodes, determine the response of a confined, stably stratified fluid over a broad range of vibration frequencies. The existence of such attractors could be important for mixing processes in ocean basins and lakes, and may be useful for analysing oscillations of the Earth's liquid core and the stability of spinning, fluid-filled spacecraft.
C1 ECOLE NORMALE SUPER LYON,PHYS LAB,F-69364 LYON 07,FRANCE.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON)
RP Maas, LRM (corresponding author), NETHERLANDS INST SEA RES,POB 59,NL-1790 AB TEXEL,NETHERLANDS.
NR 22
TC 164
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 557
EP 561
DI 10.1038/41509
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ringach, DL
   Hawken, MJ
   Shapley, R
AF Ringach, DL
   Hawken, MJ
   Shapley, R
TI Dynamics of orientation tuning in macaque primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat striate cortex; lateral inhibition; simple cells; selectivity; organization; direction; monkey; specificity; sensitivity; potentials
AB Orientation tuning of neurons is one of the chief emergent characteristics of the primary visual cortex, V1 (refs 1, 2). Neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which comprise the thalamic input to V1, are not orientation-tuned, but the majority of VI neurons are quite selective. How orientation tuning arises within V1 is still controversial(1,3-17). To study this problem, we measured how the orientation tuning of neurons evolves with time(18-20) using a new method: reverse correlation in the orientation domain. Orientation tuning develops after a delay of 30-45 milliseconds and persists-for 40-85 ms. Neurons in layers 4C alpha or 4C beta, which receive direct input from the thalamus, show a single orientation preference which remains unchanged throughout the response period. In contrast, the preferred orientations of output layer neurons (in layers 2, 3, 4B, 5 or 6) usually change with time, and in many cases the orientation tuning may have more than one peak This difference in dynamics is accompanied by a change in the sharpness of orientation tuning; cells in the input layers are more broadly tuned than cells in the output layers. Many of these observed properties of output layer neurons cannot be explained by simple feedforward models(1,3-6), whereas they arise naturally in feedback networks(7-17). Our results indicate that V1 is more than a bank of static oriented filters; the dynamics of output layer cells appear to be shaped by intracortical feedback.
RP Ringach, DL (corresponding author), NYU,CTR NEURAL SCI,4 WASHINGTON PL,NEW YORK,NY 10003, USA.
NR 30
TC 446
Z9 506
U1 1
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 281
EP 284
DI 10.1038/387281a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700052
PM 9153392
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Metzger, MR
   Djorgovski, SG
   Kulkarni, SR
   Steidel, CC
   Adelberger, KL
   Frail, DA
   Costa, E
   Frontera, F
AF Metzger, MR
   Djorgovski, SG
   Kulkarni, SR
   Steidel, CC
   Adelberger, KL
   Frail, DA
   Costa, E
   Frontera, F
TI Spectral constraints on the redshift of the optical counterpart to the gamma-ray burst of 8 May 1997
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Brief, intense bursts of gamma-rays occur approximately daily from random directions in space, but their origin has remained unknown since their initial detection almost 25 years ago(1). Arguments based on their observed isotropy and apparent brightness distribution(2) are not sufficient to constrain the location of the bursts to a local(3) or cosmological origin(4). The recent detection of a counterpart to a gamma-ray burst at other wavelengths(5,6) has therefore raised the hope that the sources of these energetic events might soon be revealed. Here we report spectroscopic observations of the possible optical counterpart(7,8) to the gamma-ray burst GRB970508. The spectrum is mostly featureless, except for a few prominent absorption lines which we attribute to the presence of an absorption system along the line of sight at redshift z = 0.835. Coupled with the absence of Lyman-alpha forest features in the spectra, our results imply that the optical transient lies at 0.835 less than or equal to z less than or similar to 2.3. If the optical transient is indeed the counterpart of GRB970508, our results provide the first direct limits on the distance to a gamma-ray burst, confirming that at least some of these events lie at cosmological distances, and are thus highly energetic.
C1 NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV, SOCORRO, NM 87801 USA.
   CNR, IST ASTROFIS SPAZIALE, I-00044 FRASCATI, ITALY.
   CNR, IST TESRE, I-40129 BOLOGNA, ITALY.
   UNIV FERRARA, DIPARTIMENTO FIS, I-40129 BOLOGNA, ITALY.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Ferrara
RP Metzger, MR (corresponding author), CALTECH, PALOMAR OBSERV, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 33
TC 566
Z9 636
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 878
EP 880
DI 10.1038/43132
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petosa, C
   Collier, RJ
   Klimpel, KR
   Leppla, SH
   Liddington, RC
AF Petosa, C
   Collier, RJ
   Klimpel, KR
   Leppla, SH
   Liddington, RC
TI Crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lethal factor; mammalian-cells; membrane; channels
AB Protective antigen (PA) is the central component of the three-part protein toxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis, the organism responsible for anthrax(1). After proteolytic activation on the host cell surface, PA forms a membrane-inserting heptamer that translocates the toxic enzymes, oedema factor and lethal factor, into the cytosol(2-4). PA, which has a relative molecular mass of 83,000 (M(r) 83K), can also translocate heterologous proteins, and is being evaluated for use as a general protein delivery system(5,6). Here we report the crystal structure of monomeric PA at 2.1 Angstrom resolution and the water-soluble heptamer at 4.5 Angstrom resolution, The monomer is organized mainly into antiparallel beta-sheets and has four domains: an amino-terminal domain (domain 1) containing two calcium ions and the cleavage site for activating proteases; a heptamerization domain (domain 2) containing a large flexible loop implicated in membrane insertion; a small domain of unknown function (domain 3); and a carboxy-terminal receptor-binding domain (domain 4). Removal of a 20K amino-terminal fragment from domain 1 allows the assembly of the heptamer, a ring-shaped structure with a negatively charged lumen, and exposes a large hydrophobic surface for binding the toxic enzymes. We propose a model of pH-dependent membrane insertion involving the formation of a porin-like, membrane-spanning beta-barrel.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL & MOL GENET, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   NIDR, MICROBIAL ECOL LAB, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20982 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Petosa, C (corresponding author), UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT BIOCHEM, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, LEICS, ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 668
Z9 829
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 833
EP 838
DI 10.1038/385833a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000058
PM 9039918
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Castillo, PE
   Malenka, RC
   Nicoll, RA
AF Castillo, PE
   Malenka, RC
   Nicoll, RA
TI Kainate receptors mediate a slow postsynaptic current in hippocampal CA3 neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutamate-receptor; ampa receptors; binding-sites; subunits; localization; responses; desensitization; depolarizations; antagonist; cloning
AB Glutamate, the neurotransmitter at most excitatory synapses in the brain, activates a variety of receptor subtypes that can broadly be divided into ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and metabotropic (G-protein-coupled) receptors. Ionotropic receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission, and based on pharmacological and molecular biological studies are divided into NMDA and non-NMDA subtypes. The non-NMDA receptor group is further divided into AMPA and kainate subtypes(1). Virtually all fast excitatory postsynaptic currents studied so far in the central nervous system are mediated by the AMPA and NMDA subtypes of receptors. Surprisingly, despite extensive analysis of their structural biophysical properties and anatomical distribution, a synaptic role for kainate receptors in the brain has not been found(2). Here we report that repetitive activation of the hippocampal messy fibre pathway, which is associated with high-affinity kainate binding(3) and many of the kainate receptor subtypes(4-8), generates a slow excitatory synaptic current with all of the properties expected of a kainate receptor. This activity-dependent synaptic current greatly augments the excitatory drive of CA3 pyramidal cells.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL & PSYCHIAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 31
TC 439
Z9 502
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 182
EP 186
DI 10.1038/40645
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900052
PM 9217159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiegert, PA
   Innanen, KA
   Mikkola, S
AF Wiegert, PA
   Innanen, KA
   Mikkola, S
TI An asteroidal companion to the Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Near-Earth asteroids range in size from a few metres to more than 30 km: in addition to playing an important role in past and present impact rates on the Earth, they might one day be exploited as bases for space exploration or as mineral resources. Many near-Earth asteroids move on orbits crossing that of the Earth, but none has hitherto been identified as a dynamical companion to the Earth. Here we show that the orbit of asteroid 3753 (1986 TO), when viewed in the reference frame centred on the Sun but orbiting with the Earth, has a distinctive shape characteristic of 'horseshoe' orbits. Although horseshoe orbits are a well-known feature of the gravitational three-body problem(1), the only other examples of objects moving on such orbits are the saturnian satellites Janus and Epimetheus(2)-and their behaviour is much less intricate than that of 3753. Moreover, the fact that 3753 exhibits such a dynamical relationship with the Earth shows that, although it is not a satellite of our planet per se, it is, apart from the Moon, the only known natural companion of the Earth.
C1 TURKU UNIV,TUORLA OBSERV,PIIKKIO,FINLAND.
C3 University of Turku
RP Wiegert, PA (corresponding author), YORK UNIV,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,4700 KEELE ST,N YORK,ON M3J 1P3,CANADA.
NR 9
TC 61
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 685
EP 686
DI 10.1038/42662
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goodrich, J
   Puangsomlee, P
   Martin, M
   Long, D
   Meyerowitz, EM
   Coupland, G
AF Goodrich, J
   Puangsomlee, P
   Martin, M
   Long, D
   Meyerowitz, EM
   Coupland, G
TI A polycomb-group gene regulates homeotic gene expression in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID floral organ identity; flower development; antirrhinum-majus; transcription factors; drosophila embryos; ectopic expression; cell fate; protein; enhancer; binding
AB Cell fate is determined when the commitment of cells to a particular fate Is autonomously maintained, irrespective of their environment. In Drosophila, fate determination is maintained through the action of the Polycomb-group and trithorax-group genes, which are required so that states of homeotic gene activity are inherited through cell division. It is shown here that the CURLY LEAF gene of Arabidopsis is necessary for stable repression of a floral homeotic gene and encodes a protein with homology to the product of the Polycomb-group gene Enhancer of zeste. We suggest that Polycomb-group genes have a similar role in fate determination in plants and animals.
C1 JOHN INNES CTR PLANT SCI RES,NORWICH NR4 7UH,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
   CALTECH,DIV BIOL 15629,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; California Institute of Technology
NR 50
TC 662
Z9 745
U1 0
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 44
EP 51
DI 10.1038/386044a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600044
PM 9052779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vanderLee, S
   Nolet, G
AF vanderLee, S
   Nolet, G
TI Seismic image of the subducted trailing fragments of the Farallon plate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western united-states; upper-mantle; cenozoic volcanism; tectonic evolution; slabs
AB The Farallon plate was an enormous oceanic plate located west of the Americas during the Cenozoic and Mesozoic eras. This plate has now been almost completely subducted beneath the American plates. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Farallon plate broke up to form a number of independent smaller plates(1-3) when its western edge approached the North American plate. Here we present a tomographic image of the subducted trailing fragments of the Farallon plate in the upper mantle beneath the western margin of North America. The relatively cold, subducted fragments appear as an intricate region of high seismic S-wave velocity, Comparison of the structure of this high-velocity region with tectonic plate reconstructions and volcanic records enables us to identify individual fragments of the subducted Farallon plate and thus reconstruct qualitatively the kinematic evolution of the Farallon slab in the upper mantle beneath North America.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Princeton University
NR 26
TC 107
Z9 125
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 266
EP 269
DI 10.1038/386266a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, GY
   Liu, Y
   Ruoho, AE
   Hurley, JH
AF Zhang, GY
   Liu, Y
   Ruoho, AE
   Hurley, JH
TI Structure of the adenylyl cyclase catalytic core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calmodulin-binding domain; electron-density maps; protein structures; forskolin; transporter; mutagenesis; diterpene; calcium; mutants; program
AB Mammalian adenylyl cyclases contain two conserved regions, C-1 and C-2, which are responsible for forskolin- and G-protein-stimulated catalysis. The structure of the C-2 catalytic region of type II rat adenylyl cyclase has an alpha/beta class fold in a wreath-like dimer, which has a central cleft. Two forskolin molecules bind in hydrophobic pockets at the ends of cleft. The central part of the cleft is lined by charged residues implicated in ATP binding. Forskolin appears to activate adenylyl cyclase by promoting the assembly of the active dimer and by direct interaction within the catalytic cleft. Other adenylyl cyclase regulators act at the dimer interface or on a flexible C-terminal region.
C1 NIDDKD,MOL BIOL LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 50
TC 331
Z9 375
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 247
EP 253
DI 10.1038/386247a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300042
PM 9069282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodionov, VI
   Borisy, GG
AF Rodionov, VI
   Borisy, GG
TI Self-centring activity of cytoplasm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracellular-transport; microtubule polarity; pigment transport; fish melanophores; kinesin; protein; chromatophores; organization; direction; granules
AB Fish melanophore cells aggregate pigment granules at the centre or redisperse them throughout the cytoplasm. The granules move along radial microtubules by means of molecular motors(1-3) Cytoplasmic fragments of melanophores organize a radial array of microtubules and aggregate pigment at its centre(4-7). Here we report self-centring in microsurgically produced cytoplasmic fragments of black tetra melanophores. We observed rapid (10 min) formation of a radial microtubule array after stimulation of aggregation. Arrangement of microtubules in the fragments returned to random during pigment redispersion. Apparently, formation of the radial array does not depend on a pre-existing microtubule-organizing centre. The array did not form in granule-free fragments nor in fragments treated with inhibitors of the intracellular motor protein cytoplasmic dynein. We conclude that formation of the radial microtubule array is induced by directional motion of pigment granules along microtubules and present evidence that its position is defined by interaction of microtubules with the surface.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,MOL BIOL LAB,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 20
TC 99
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 170
EP 173
DI 10.1038/386170a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300061
PM 9062188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McGradySteed, J
   Harris, PM
   Morin, PJ
AF McGradySteed, J
   Harris, PM
   Morin, PJ
TI Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID empirical-evidence; productivity; population; stability; performance; alter
AB Links between biodiversity and ecosystem function provide compelling reasons for conserving maximal numbers of species in ecosystems(1-6). Here we describe a previously unrecognized effect of biodiversity on ecosystem predictability, where predictability is inversely related to temporal and spatial variation in ecosystem properties, By manipulating biodiversity in aquatic microbial communities, we show that one process, ecosystem respiration, becomes more predictable as biodiversity increases, Analysis of similar patterns extracted from other studies(2,3,6) indicates that biodiversity also enhances predictability in terrestrial ecosystems, Biodiversity can also affect average levels of ecosystem performance, but the extent to which different species make unique or redundant contributions to ecosystem processes remains controversial(3,7-10). Nonlinear effects of biodiversity on the decomposition of particulate organic matter and resistance of communities to invasion indicate that different species have redundant functions in our system, The consequences of biodiversity are also not restricted to early successional situations as described in previous studies(1-4,6), because strong effects persist even after ecosystems develop for periods corresponding to 40-80 generations of dominant organisms.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV, COOK COLL, DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & NAT RESOURCES, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
NR 20
TC 529
Z9 636
U1 0
U2 192
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/36561
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, ZH
   Horwich, AL
   Sigler, PB
AF Xu, ZH
   Horwich, AL
   Sigler, PB
TI The crystal structure of the asymmetric GroEL-GroES-(ADP)(7) chaperonin complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; groel; protein; binding; release; cooperativity; polypeptide; aggregation; hydrolysis; microscopy
AB Chaperonins assist protein folding with the consumption of ATP. They exist as multi-subunit protein assemblies comprising rings of subunits stacked back to back. in Escherichia coli, asymmetric Intermediates of GroEL are formed with the co-chaperonin GroES and nucleotides bound only to one of the seven-subunit rings (the cis ring) and not to the opposing ring (the trans ring). The structure of the GroEL-GroES-(ADP), complex reveals how large en bloc movements of the cis ring's intermediate and apical domains enable bound GroES to stabilize a foiling chamber with ADP confined to the cis ring. Elevation and twist of the apical domains double the volume of the central cavity anal bury hydrophobic peptide-binding residues in the interface with GroES, as well as between GroEL subunits, leaving a hydrophilic cavity lining that is conducive to protein folding. An inward tilt of the cis equatorial domain causes an outward tilt in the trans ring that opposes the binding of a second GroES. When combined with new functional results, this negative allosteric mechanism suggests a model for an ATP-driven folding cycle that requires a double toroid.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MOL BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,BOYER CTR MOL MED,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
NR 59
TC 1042
Z9 1174
U1 0
U2 125
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 741
EP 750
DI 10.1038/41944
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700042
PM 9285585
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jack, RS
   Fan, XL
   Bernheiden, M
   Rune, G
   Ehlers, M
   Weber, A
   Kirsch, G
   Mentel, R
   Furll, B
   Freudenberg, M
   Schmitz, G
   Stelter, F
   Schutt, C
AF Jack, RS
   Fan, XL
   Bernheiden, M
   Rune, G
   Ehlers, M
   Weber, A
   Kirsch, G
   Mentel, R
   Furll, B
   Freudenberg, M
   Schmitz, G
   Stelter, F
   Schutt, C
TI Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is required to combat a murine Gram-negative bacterial infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID free-flow isotachophoresis; cd14; endotoxin; mice; lps; lipoproteins; monocytes; receptor; shock
AB An invading pathogen must be held in check by the innate immune system until a specific immune response can be mounted. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria, the principal stimulator of the innate immune system is Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the bacterial outer membrane(1). In vitro, LPS is bound by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP)(2) and transferred to CD14-the LPS receptor on the macrophage surface(3,4)-or to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles(5,6). Transfer to CD14 triggers an inflammatory response which is crucial for keeping an infection under control. Here we investigate how LBP functions in vivo by using LBP-deficient mice. Surprisingly, we find that LBP is not required in vivo for the clearance of LPS from the circulation, but is essential for the rapid induction of an inflammatory response by small amounts of LPS or Gram-negative bacteria and for survival of an intraperitoneal Salmonella infection.
C1 UNIV GREIFSWALD,INST ANAT,D-17489 GREIFSWALD,GERMANY.
   UNIV GREIFSWALD,NUKL MED KLIN & POLIKLIN,D-17489 GREIFSWALD,GERMANY.
   UNIV GREIFSWALD,INST MED MIKROBIOL,D-17489 GREIFSWALD,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST IMMUNBIOL,D-79108 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   UNIV KLINIKUM REGENSBURG,KLIN CHEM & LAB MED,D-93042 REGENSBURG,GERMANY.
C3 Universitat Greifswald; Universitat Greifswald; Universitat Greifswald; Max Planck Society; University of Regensburg
RP Jack, RS (corresponding author), UNIV GREIFSWALD,INST IMMUNOL & TRANSFUS MED,SAUERBRUCHSTR,D-17489 GREIFSWALD,GERMANY.
NR 18
TC 292
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 742
EP 745
DI 10.1038/39622
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900058
PM 9338787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peeper, DS
   Upton, TM
   Ladha, MH
   Neuman, E
   Zalvide, J
   Bernards, R
   DeCaprio, JA
   Ewen, ME
AF Peeper, DS
   Upton, TM
   Ladha, MH
   Neuman, E
   Zalvide, J
   Bernards, R
   DeCaprio, JA
   Ewen, ME
TI Ras signalling linked to the cell-cycle machinery by the retinoblastoma protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nih 3t3 cells; growth suppression; inhibition; transformation; proliferation; d1; microinjection; nih-3t3-cells; p16(ink4); p16
AB The Ras proto-oncogene is a central component of mitogenic signal-transduction pathways, and is essential for cells both to leave a quiescent state (G0) and to pass through the G1/S transition of the cell cycle(1-6). The mechanism by which Ras signalling regulates cell-cycle progression is unclear, however. Here we report that the retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor protein (Rb), a regulator of G1 exit(7), functionally Links pas to passage through the G1 phase. Inactivation of Ras in cycling cells-caused a decline in cyclin D1 protein levels, accumulation of the hypophosphorylated, growth-suppressive form of Rb, and G1 arrest. When Rb was disrupted either genetically or biochemically, cells failed to arrest in G1 following Ras inactivation. In contrast, inactivation of Ras in quiescent cells prevented growth-factor induction of both immediate-early gene transcription and exit from G0 in an Rb-independent manner. These data suggest that Rb is an essential G1-specific mediator that links Ras-dependent mitogenic signalling to cell-cycle regulation.
C1 DANA FARBER CANC INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   NETHERLANDS CANC INST,DEPT MOL CARCINOGENESIS,NL-1066 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Netherlands Cancer Institute
NR 30
TC 321
Z9 346
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 177
EP 181
DI 10.1038/386177a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300063
PM 9062190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amelung, F
   King, G
AF Amelung, F
   King, G
TI Large-scale tectonic deformation inferred from small earthquakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID current plate motions; loma-prieta; central california; stress tensor; fault; slip; aftershocks; strain
AB It is a long-standing question whether the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes can be used to provide information about tectonic deformation on a regional scale. Here we address this question by using a 28-year record of seismicity in the San Francisco Bay area to compare the strain released by small earthquakes with geological, geodetic and plate-tectonic measurements of deformation in this region. We show that on a small spatial scale, the strain released by small earthquakes is closely related to specific geological features. But when averaged over a regional scale, strain release more closely follows the regional pattern of tectonic deformation: this relationship holds for all but the largest earthquakes, indicating that the earthquake strain is self-similar(1,2) over a broad range of earthquake magnitudes. The lack of selfsimilarity observed for the largest earthquakes suggests that the time interval studied is not large enough to sample a complete set of events-the fault with the highest probability(3) for hosting one such missing event is the Hayward fault.
C1 INST PHYS GLOBE STRASBOURG, F-67084 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
NR 33
TC 61
Z9 67
U1 2
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/386702a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsuei, CC
   Kirtley, JR
   Ren, ZF
   Wang, JH
   Raffy, H
   Li, ZZ
AF Tsuei, CC
   Kirtley, JR
   Ren, ZF
   Wang, JH
   Raffy, H
   Li, ZZ
TI Pure d(x(2-)-y(2)) order-parameter symmetry in the tetragonal superconductor Tl2Ba2CUO6+delta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID d-wave superconductivity; pairing state; yba2cu3o7-delta; junctions; pb
AB Crucial to the successful development of a theoretical model for high-temperature superconductivity is knowledge of the symmetry of the order parameter (or wavefunction) that describes the pairing of electrons in the superconducting state. Several experimental studies(1-8) provide convincing evidence for an anisotropic order parameter, consistent with a d(x2-y2) symmetry, But none of these earlier experiments could rule out unambiguously an additional contribution from isotropic s-wave pairing; these experiments either involved superconductors with an orthorhombic crystal structure (for which a mixed s+d state is becoming increasingly recognized as a likely consequence(9,10)), or their interpretation required detailed modelling of the uncertain effects of disorder and defects. Here we report the results of an experiment designed to circumvent these difficulties: the material studied is the single-layer tetragonal superconductor Tl2Ba2CuO6+delta, and the experimental configuration is such that the interpretation of the results relies solely on symmetry considerations, Our results indicate that this material has pure d(x2-y2) pairing symmetry, so providing a starting point for understanding the more complex mixed s+d state that appears to characterize other high-temperature superconductors.
C1 SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT CHEM,SUPERCONDUCT MAT LAB,BUFFALO,NY 14260.
   SUNY BUFFALO,STATE INST SUPERCONDUCT,BUFFALO,NY 14260.
   UNIV PARIS 11,PHYS SOLIDES LAB,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Tsuei, CC (corresponding author), IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,POB 218,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598, USA.
NR 24
TC 115
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 481
EP 483
DI 10.1038/387481a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Charnov, EL
AF Charnov, EL
TI Trade-off-invariant rules for evolutionarily stable life histories
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID offspring size
AB Optimization models have been widely and successfully used in evolutionary ecology to predict the attributes of organisms(1-8). Most such models maximize darwinian fitness in the face of tradeoffs and constraints; the numerical results usually depend on the exact form of the trade-offs or constraints. But not always(9): for example, earlier work(9) predicted that the optimal range in offspring size ought to show a -1 scaling with small litter size, independent of most details of the underlying offspring-survival/offspring-size trade-off relation. Here I report that in nongrowing (stationary), age-structured populations, three major life-history attributes (age at first breeding, size of an offspring in large litters, and reproductive effort) are likely to evolve to equilibrium values that satisfy a universal numerical rule; the underlying trade-off will have a slope of -1 at the optimum, independent of most other aspects of the trade-off. Each of these three attributes can be viewed as an allocation problem between just two alternatives; the trade-off is then between having more of one alternative and less of the other. The slope of the trade-off is simply the slope of the curve of allowed combinations of the two alternatives. The theory predicts that natural selection will push to an equilibrium where the slope is always -1. The economic structure is the same as that which underlies evolution of the sex ratio where the two alternatives are sons and daughters(2,10).
RP Charnov, EL (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
NR 16
TC 83
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 393
EP 394
DI 10.1038/387393a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600058
PM 9163423
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Budai, JD
   White, CW
   Withrow, SP
   Chisholm, MF
   Zhu, J
   Zuhr, RA
AF Budai, JD
   White, CW
   Withrow, SP
   Chisholm, MF
   Zhu, J
   Zuhr, RA
TI Controlling the size, structure and orientation of semiconductor nanocrystals using metastable phase recrystallization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cadmium selenide nanocrystals; clusters; sapphire; alumina; growth; sio2
AB Materials engineering at the nanometre scale should provide smaller technological devices than are currently available(1,2). In particular, research on semiconductor nanostructures with size-dependent optical and electronic properties is motivated by potential applications which include quantum-dot lasers and high-speed nonlinear optical switches(3,4). Here we describe an approach for controlling the size, orientation and lattice structure of semiconductor nanocrystals embedded in a transparent matrix. We form nanocrystalline precipitates by implanting ions of the semiconductor into a single-crystal alumina substrate and applying thermal annealing(5-7). Control over the microstructure of the nanocrystals is achieved using substrate amorphization and recrystallization. In essence, the substrate microstructure is manipulated using ion beams to induce changes in impurity solubility, crystal symmetry and cation bonding, which exert a profound influence on the microstructure of the embedded precipitates-a concept familiar in metallurgy(8). This approach can be extended to exercise control over virtually any type of precipitate (such as metals, insulators or magnetic clusters) as well as epitaxial thin films.
RP Budai, JD (corresponding author), OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV SOLID STATE,POB 2008,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831, USA.
NR 21
TC 99
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 384
EP 386
DI 10.1038/37079
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shinbrot, T
AF Shinbrot, T
TI Competition between randomizing impacts and inelastic collisions in granular pattern formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertical vibration; chaotic scattering; layer; waves; transition; solids; gases
AB The flow and mixing of granular materials occur during handling of a wide variety of substances, from pharmaceuticals to cement to cereal grains(1,2). The understanding of such flows is, however, considerably more limited than it is for fluids(3); even basic processes such as tumbling(4,5), simple shear(6-8) and shaking(9-12) give rise to unexpected results. A case in point is granular pattern formation. A rich variety of patterns, including stripes, squares, hexagons and solitary structures, has been observed in vertically shaken, shallow granular beds(13,14). The vertical dynamics responsible for these patterns have been explored(15-19), but the role of horizontal motions of the grains is less well understood. Here I present a model of these motions that identifies two aspects as central to pattern formation: the randomization of horizontal velocities(20) by shaking, and the inelastic nature of grain collisions. These two elements alone, even without the influence of gravity, are sufficient to produce organized patterns in the horizontal plane-both those observed and others not yet seen experimentally.
RP Shinbrot, T (corresponding author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT CHEM ENGN,EVANSTON,IL 60208, USA.
NR 31
TC 69
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 574
EP 576
DI 10.1038/39264
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwab, K
   Bruckner, R
   Packard, RE
AF Schwab, K
   Bruckner, R
   Packard, RE
TI Detection of the Earth's rotation using superfluid phase coherence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helium
AB It has long been recognized that the macroscopic quantum properties of superfluid helium could form the basis of a technique for measuring the state of absolute rotation of the Containment vessel(1-5): circulation of superfluid helium is quantized, so providing a reference state of zero rotation with respect to inertial space, Here we provide experimental proof of this concept by detecting the rotation of the Earth using the spatial phase coherence of superfluid He-4, thus providing independent corroboration of an earlier report(6) that demonstrated the feasibility of making such a measurement, Our superfluid container is constructed on a centimetre-size silicon wafer, and has an essentially toroidal geometry but with the flow path interrupted by partition incorporating a sub-micrometre aperture. Rotation of the container induces a measurable now velocity through the aperture in order to maintain coherence in the quantum phase of the superfluid, Using this device, we determine the Earth's rotation rate to a precision of 0.5% with a measurement time of one hour, and argue that improvements in sensitivity of several orders of magnitude should be feasible.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 13
TC 50
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 585
EP 587
DI 10.1038/386585a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yokomizo, T
   Izumi, T
   Chang, K
   Takuwa, Y
   Shimizu, T
AF Yokomizo, T
   Izumi, T
   Chang, K
   Takuwa, Y
   Shimizu, T
TI A G-protein-coupled receptor for leukotriene B-4 that mediates chemotaxis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human neutrophils; cloning; binding; analogs; cells; acid
AB Leukotriene B-4 (LTB4)(1) is a potent chemoattractant that is primarily involved in inflammation, immune responses and host defence against infection(2). LTB4 activates inflammatory cells by binding to its cell-surface receptor (BLTR)(3). LTB4 can also bind and activate the intranuclear transcription factor PPAR alpha, resulting in the activation of genes that terminate inflammatory processess(4). Here we report the cloning of the complementary DNA encoding a cell-surface LTB4 receptor that is highly expressed in human leukocytes. Using a subtraction strategy, we isolated two cDNA clones (HL-1 and HL-5) from retinoic acid-differentiated HL-60 cells. These two clones contain identical open reading frames encoding a protein of 352 amino acids and predicted to contain seven membrane-spanning domains, but different 5'-untranslated regions. Membrane fractions of Cos-7 cells transfected with an expression construct containing the open reading frame of HL-5 showed specific LTB4 binding, with a K-d (0.154 nM) comparable to that observed in retinoic acid-differentiated HL-60 cells. In CHO cells stably expressing this receptor, LTB4 induced increases in intracellular calcium, D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP(3)) accumulation, and inhibition of adenlyl cyclase. Furthermore, CHO cells expressing exogenous BLTR showed marked chemotactic responses towards low concentrations of LTB4 in a pertussis-toxin-sensitive manner. Our findings, together with previous reports(4,5), show that LTB4 is a unique lipid mediator that interacts with both cell-surface and nuclear receptors.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT CARDIOVASC BIOL,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
NR 30
TC 830
Z9 947
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 620
EP 624
DI 10.1038/42506
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200060
PM 9177352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malofeev, VM
   Malov, OI
AF Malofeev, VM
   Malov, OI
TI Detection of Geminga as a radio pulsar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray source; 1e 0630+178
AB Geminga was discovered as a strong gamma-ray source in the constellation Gemini over two decades ago(1,2), and was later detected at X-ray(3) and optical(4) wavelengths. X-ray pulsations(5) with a period of 237 ms established that it is a rotating neutron star. Although gamma-ray pulses were subsequently discovered (once the period was known) in archived data(6), no evidence for radio emission (either continuum or pulsed) was found; in this respect, Geminga is different from every other neutron star with pulsed emission. Here we report the detection of pulsed 102.5-MHz radio emission from Geminga, with a period of 237 ms. The nux density varies within the range 5-500 mJy and the pulse width varies between 10 and 80 ms. The small dispersion measure (2.9 +/- 0.5 pc cm(-3)) confirms Geminga's proximity to the Sun and establishes it as the weakest known radio pulsar. This observation poses a considerable challenge for pulsar emission models, which must now be able to explain the exceptional contrast between the strength of the gamma-ray and radio emission from this object.
RP Malofeev, VM (corresponding author), PN LEBEDEV PHYS INST, PUSHCHINO RADIO ASTRON OBSERV, ASTRO SPACE CTR, PUSHCHINO 142292, MOSCOW REG, RUSSIA.
NR 23
TC 66
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 697
EP 699
DI 10.1038/39530
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruggiu, M
   Speed, R
   Taggart, M
   McKay, SJ
   Kilanowski, F
   Saunders, P
   Dorin, J
   Cooke, HJ
AF Ruggiu, M
   Speed, R
   Taggart, M
   McKay, SJ
   Kilanowski, F
   Saunders, P
   Dorin, J
   Cooke, HJ
TI The mouse Dazla gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein essential for gametogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID y-chromosome; autosomal gene; zona pellucida; azoospermia; homolog; spermatogenesis; deletions; candidate; oocytes; humans
AB RBM and DAZ/SPGY are two families of genes located on the Y chromosome that encode proteins containing RNA-binding motifs, and both have been described as candidate human spermatogenesis genes(1,2). Transmission of deletions from father to son has been observed in the case of DAZ(3-5), but neither gene family has been shown to be essential for spermatogenesis in human males. The DAZ/SPGY genes are particularly amenable to a knockout approach, as they are found on the Y chromosome in Old World primates and apes(6), but in other mammals, they are represented only by an autosomal gene, DAZLA(7-10), which is also present in Old World primates and apes. It has also been shown that a Dazla homologue is essential for spermatogenesis in Drosophila(11). Here we show that Dazla protein is cytoplasmic in male and female germ cells, unlike the nuclear RBM protein(12) Disruption of the Dazla gene leads to loss of germ cells and complete absence of gamete production, demonstrating that Dazla is essential for the differentiation of germ cells.
C1 WESTERN GEN HOSP, MRC, HUMAN GENET UNIT, EDINBURGH EH4 2XU, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
   MRC, REPROD BIOL UNIT, EDINBURGH EH3 9EW, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh
FU Fondazione Telethon Funding Source: Custom
NR 17
TC 523
Z9 589
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 73
EP 77
DI 10.1038/37987
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600047
PM 9288969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walter, FM
   Matthews, LD
AF Walter, FM
   Matthews, LD
TI The optical counterpart of the isolated neutron star RX J185635-3754
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pulsars
AB The extreme densities(1) of neutron stars make them an ideal system in which to investigate the equation of state of nuclear matter; accurate determinations of neutron star masses and radii are crucial for this, Current observations of neutron stars in binary systems yield masses that are generally consistent with theory(2). But measurements of radii are more difficult as they require the detection of thermal radiation from the surface, which in general is masked by emission from non-thermal processes in radio pulsars(3) and X-ray binary systems(4). Isolated radio-quiet neutron stars' offer the best opportunity to observe the surface thermal emission, Here we report the detection of the optical counterpart of a candidate isolated neutron star, RX J185635-3754 (ref. 6). Our optical flux data, combined with existing extreme ultraviolet(7) and X-ray(6) observations, show the spectrum to be approximately thermal. By adopting the upper bound to the distance of the source, and assuming a plausible model for the spectral energy distribution, we find that the radius of the object cannot exceed 14 km. This result is inconsistent with a number of recent equations of states proposed for neutron stars.
RP Walter, FM (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,Z-3800,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 21
TC 116
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 358
EP 360
DI 10.1038/38682
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakao, A
   Afrakhte, M
   Moren, A
   Nakayama, T
   Christian, JL
   Heuchel, R
   Itoh, S
   Kawabata, N
   Heldin, NE
   Heldin, CH
   tenDijke, P
AF Nakao, A
   Afrakhte, M
   Moren, A
   Nakayama, T
   Christian, JL
   Heuchel, R
   Itoh, S
   Kawabata, N
   Heldin, NE
   Heldin, CH
   tenDijke, P
TI Identification of Smad7, a TGF beta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoderm induction; xenopus-embryos; expression; proteins
AB TGF-beta signals from the membrane to the nucleus through serine. threonine kinase receptors and their downstream effecters, termed SMAD proteins(1). The activated TGF-beta receptor induces phosphorylation of two such proteins, Smad2 and Smad3 (refs 2-6), which form hetero-oligomeric complex(es) with Smad4/DPC4 (refs 5-10) that translocate to the nucleus(2,4,5,7), where they then regulate transcriptional responses(11,12). However, the mechanisms by which the intracellular signals of TGF-beta are switched off are unclear. Here we report the identification of Smad7, which is related to Smad6 (ref. 13). Transfection of Smad7 blocks responses mediated by TGF-beta in mammalian cells, and injection of Smad7 RNA into Xenopus embryos blocks activin/TGF-beta signalling. Smad7 associates stably with the TGF-beta receptor complex, but is not phosphorylated upon TGF-beta stimulation. TGF beta-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 is inhibited by Smad7, indicating that the antagonistic effect of Smad7 is exerted at this important regulatory step. TGF-beta rapidly induces expression of Smad7 mRNA, suggesting that Smad7 may participate in a negative feedback loop to control TGF-beta responses.
C1 LUDWIG INST CANC RES,CTR BIOMED,S-75124 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
   UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL & DEV BIOL,L215,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
   JAPANESE FDN CANC RES,INST CANC,DEPT BIOCHEM,TOSHIMA KU,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
   JAPAN SOC PROMOT SCI,RES FUTURE PROGRAM,TOSHIMA KU,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
C3 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Uppsala University; Uppsala University Hospital; Oregon Health & Science University; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
NR 29
TC 1588
Z9 1911
U1 0
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 631
EP 635
DI 10.1038/39369
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800067
PM 9335507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ouyed, R
   Pudritz, RE
   Stone, JM
AF Ouyed, R
   Pudritz, RE
   Stone, JM
TI Episodic jets from black holes and protostars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydromagnetic disk winds; young stellar objects; magnetized accretion disks; forbidden-line formation; local shear instability; active galactic nuclei; numerical simulations; mass-loss; outflows; evolution
AB Energetic, highly collimated, episodic jets are observed in active galactic nuclei, binary stellar systems harbouring a black hole or white dwarf, and in association with stars in the process of formation. The common feature of these systems is that gas is fed onto the central object through an accretion disk. Time-dependent magnetohydrodynamical simulations show that magnetic fields anchored in the accretion disk can accelerate and collimate outflows into jets. For certain magnetic field configurations, episodic knots within the jet are produced.
C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ASTRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Ouyed, R (corresponding author), MCMASTER UNIV,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,HAMILTON,ON L8S 4M1,CANADA.
NR 48
TC 109
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 409
EP 414
DI 10.1038/385409a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNutt, MK
   Caress, DW
   Reynolds, J
   Jordahl, KA
   Duncan, RA
AF McNutt, MK
   Caress, DW
   Reynolds, J
   Jordahl, KA
   Duncan, RA
TI Failure of plume theory to explain midplate volcanism in the southern Austral islands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific-ocean basin; elastic thickness; mantle; flexure; chain; cook
AB It has long been recognized that the properties of the Cook-Austral chain (Fig. 1) of volcanoes in the South Pacific are difficult to reconcile with the theory that volcanic activity in plate interiors is produced by the drift of tectonic plates over narrow, stationary plumes(1) of hot mantle material upwelling from depth. Radiometric dates(2,3) from many island samples are younger or older than would be predicted if a single plume currently located at volcanically active Macdonald seamount(4) was responsible for all of the volcanoes. Indeed, only the southernmost part of the Austral volcanic line has hitherto appeared to be consistent with plume activity, and then only within the past 6 million years (Myr)(5,6). Here we report radiometric dates that demonstrate that these southern Austral volcanoes are actually composed of three distinct volcanic chains with a range of ages spanning 34 Myr and with inconsistent age progressions. Gravity anomalies and seafloor fabric suggest that the volume and location of volcanism in this region is controlled by stress in the lithosphere rather than the locus of narrow plumes rising from the deep Earth.
C1 SEABEAM INSTRUMENTS,E WALPOLE,MA 02032.
   LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964.
   MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RES INST,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039.
   MIT WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST JOUNT PROGRAM OCEANOG,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331.
C3 Columbia University; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Oregon State University
RP McNutt, MK (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 25
TC 123
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 479
EP 482
DI 10.1038/39013
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haarmeier, T
   Thier, P
   Repnow, M
   Petersen, D
AF Haarmeier, T
   Thier, P
   Repnow, M
   Petersen, D
TI False perception of motion in a patient who cannot compensate for eye movements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortical areas mt; mst
AB We are usually unaware of the motion of an image across our retina that results from our own movement. For instance, during slow-tracking eye movements we do not mistake the shift of the image projected onto the retina for motion of the world around us, but instead perceive a stable world. Following early suggestions by von Helmoltz(1), it is commonly believed that this spatial stability is achieved by subtracting the retinal motion signal from an internal reference signal, such as a copy of the movement command (efference copy)(2-4). Object motion is perceived only if the two differ. Although this concept is widely accepted, its anatomical underpinning remains unknown. Here we describe the case of a patient with bilateral extrastriate cortex lesions, suffering from false perception of motion due to an inability to take eye movements into account when faced with self-induced retinal image slip. This is indicated by the fact that during smooth-pursuit eye movements, he perceives motion of the stationary world at a velocity that corresponds to the velocity of his eye movement; that is, he perceives the raw retinal image slip uncorrected for his own eye movements. We suspect that this deficiency reflects damage of a distinct parieto-occipital region that disentangles self-induced and externally induced visual motion by comparing retinal signals with a reference signal encoding eye movements and possibly ego-motion in general.
C1 UNIV TUBINGEN,DEPT NEUROL,SECT SENSORIMOTOR RES,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV TUBINGEN,DEPT NEURORADIOL,SECT SENSORIMOTOR RES,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
NR 20
TC 116
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 849
EP 852
DI 10.1038/39872
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800057
PM 9349816
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weliky, M
   Katz, LC
AF Weliky, M
   Katz, LC
TI Disruption of orientation tuning in visual cortex by artificially correlated neuronal activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basic network principles; neural architecture; columns; cells; connections; receptors; emergence; mechanism; inputs; model
AB In the primary visual cortex, the development of orientation selectivity is influenced by patterns of neural activity. The introduction of artificially correlated activity into the visual pathway (through synchronous activation of retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve) substantially weakens the orientation selectivity of neurons In superficial and deep cortical layers. This is consistent with activity having an instructive role sin shaping cortical neuron receptive field tuning properties.
C1 DUKE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
C3 Duke University
RP Weliky, M (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA.
NR 29
TC 155
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 680
EP 685
DI 10.1038/386680a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700046
PM 9109486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ellegren, H
   Lindgren, G
   Primmer, CR
   Moller, AP
AF Ellegren, H
   Lindgren, G
   Primmer, CR
   Moller, AP
TI Fitness loss and germline mutations in barn swallows breeding in Chernobyl
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hirundo-rustica; mismatch repair; dna; radiation; evolution; accident
AB The severe nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986 resulted in the worst reported accidental exposure of radioactive material to free-living organisms(1). Short-term effects on human populations inhabiting polluted areas include increased incidence of thyroid cancer(2), infant leukaemia(3), and congenital malformations in newborns(4). Two recent studies(5,6) have reported, although with some controversy(7,8), that germline mutation rates were increased in humans and voles living close to Chernobyl, but little is known about the viability of the organisms affected(9). Here we report an increased frequency of partial albinism, a morphological aberration associated with a loss of fitness, among barn swallows, Hirundo rustica, breeding close to Chernobyl. Heritability estimates indicate that mutations causing albinism were at least partly of germline origin. Furthermore, evidence for an increased germline mutation rate was obtained from segregation analysis at two hypervariable microsatellite loci, indicating that mutation events in barn swallows from Chernobyl were two-to tenfold higher than in birds from control areas in Ukraine and Italy.
C1 UNIV PARIS 06,CNRS,URA 258,ECOL LAB,F-75252 PARIS 5,FRANCE.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Ellegren, H (corresponding author), SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT ANIM BREEDING & GENET,BOX 597,S-75124 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
NR 23
TC 229
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 107
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 593
EP 596
DI 10.1038/39303
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800057
PM 9335497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McGuire, WJ
   Howarth, RJ
   Firth, CR
   Solow, AR
   Pullen, AD
   Saunders, SJ
   Stewart, IS
   VitaFinzi, C
AF McGuire, WJ
   Howarth, RJ
   Firth, CR
   Solow, AR
   Pullen, AD
   Saunders, SJ
   Stewart, IS
   VitaFinzi, C
TI Correlation between rate of sea-level change and frequency of explosive volcanism in the Mediterranean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eruptions; tephrochronology; sediments; record; area
AB Volcanic activity has frequently been linked to Quaternary environmental change, either by driving climate modification(1,2) or in response to environmental changed(3). Although a link has been established between large explosive eruptions and small (0.5 degrees C), brief (1-2 years) falls in global temperatures(4), both the evidence and mechanisms responsible for longer episodes of eruption-induced planetary cooling remain questionable(1,2,5,6,). In contrast, recent research based on ice-core data suggests that rapid climate changes during the past 110,000 years increased explosive volcanic activity(7). Here we present a statistical analysis relating the frequency of explosive activity of Mediterranean volcanoes-based on dated(8-11) tephra layers in deep-sea sediment cores-to the rate of late Quaternary sea-level change. The nonlinear correlation between the two is tentatively explained in terms of dynamic responses of the volcanoes to stress-related influences on various spatial scales. The correlation supports a mechanism or mechanisms by which the climate-driven growth and decay of large ice sheets can influence the eruptive chronologies of distant volcanic edifices via changes in global sea level.
C1 BRUNEL UNIV, NEOTECTON RES CTR, DEPT GEOG & EARTH SCI, ISLEWORTH TW7 5DU, MIDDX, ENGLAND.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, MARINE POLICY CTR, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
   UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, LONDON SW7 2BU, ENGLAND.
C3 Brunel University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Imperial College London
RP McGuire, WJ (corresponding author), UCL, RES SCH GEOL & GEOPHYS SCI, GREIG FESTER CTR HAZARD RES, GOWER ST, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 121
Z9 129
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 473
EP 476
DI 10.1038/38998
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beck, JW
   Recy, J
   Taylor, F
   Edwards, RL
   Cabioch, G
AF Beck, JW
   Recy, J
   Taylor, F
   Edwards, RL
   Cabioch, G
TI Abrupt changes in early Holocene tropical sea surface temperature derived from coral records
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last glacial maximum; younger dryas; climate; dependence; carbonates; sr/ca; reef
AB For many high-latitude regions of the globe, it is now clear that the transition to modern climate following the Last Glacial Maximum was punctuated by a number of rapid and substantial climate oscillations(1,2). In contrast, relatively little is known about how the tropics responded to the deglaciation, because few high-resolution records are available from lower latitudes. Corals have recently been shown to provide an important source of tropical climate records because they can be easily and accurately dated, using either C-14 or Th-230, and because past sea surface temperatures can be recovered from the Sr/Ca ratios in coral skeletons. Here we use this technique to derive several early Holocene sea surface temperature records from a coral drill core recovered from Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu in the tropical southwest Pacific Ocean. These records indicate that sea surface temperatures in this region were depressed by as much as 6.5 degrees C below modern values at similar to 10,350 calendar years BP, but rose very abruptly during the following 1,500 years. This temperature increase lags the post-Younger Dryas increase observed in a coral record from the tropical Atlantic Ocean(3) by about 3,000 years, an unexpected phase-shift that may ultimately shed light on the mechanisms of deglacial climate change.
C1 IFREMER, ORSTOM, LAB GEODYNAM, OBSERV OCEANOG, F-06230 VILLEFRANCHE SUR MER, FRANCE.
   UNIV TEXAS, INST GEOPHYS, AUSTIN, TX 78759 USA.
   UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT GEOL & GEOG, MINNESOTA ISOTOPE LAB, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
C3 Ifremer; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Beck, JW (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT PHYS, NSF ARIZONA AMS FACIL, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 35
TC 206
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 705
EP 707
DI 10.1038/385705a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freiberg, C
   Fellay, R
   Bairoch, A
   Broughton, WJ
   Rosenthal, A
   Perret, X
AF Freiberg, C
   Fellay, R
   Bairoch, A
   Broughton, WJ
   Rosenthal, A
   Perret, X
TI Molecular basis of symbiosis between Rhizobium and legumes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sp ngr234; nitrogen-fixation; vigna-unguiculata; plasmid transfer; strain ngr234; genes; psophocarpus; genome
AB Access to mineral nitrogen often limits plant growth, and so symbiotic relationships have evolved between plants and a variety of nitrogen-fixing organisms, These associations are responsible for reducing 120 million tonnes of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia each year, In agriculture, independence from nitrogenous fertilizers expands crop production and minimizes pollution of water tables, lakes and rivers. Here we present the complete nucleotide sequence and gene complement of the plasmid from Rhizobium sp. NGR234 that endows the bacterium with the ability to associate symbiotically with leguminous plants, In conjunction with transcriptional analyses, these data demonstrate the presence of new symbiotic loci and signalling mechanisms. The sequence and organization of genes involved in replication and conjugal transfer are similar to those of Agrobacterium, suggesting a recent lateral transfer of genetic information.
C1 INST MOL BIOTECHNOL,ABT GENOMANAL,D-07745 JENA,GERMANY.
   UNIV GENEVA,CTR MED UNIV,CH-1292 CHAMBESY 4,GENEVE,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Geneva
NR 32
TC 569
Z9 1005
U1 2
U2 289
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 394
EP 401
DI 10.1038/387394a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600059
PM 9163424
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schindelin, N
   Kisker, C
   Sehlessman, JL
   Howard, JB
   Rees, DC
AF Schindelin, N
   Kisker, C
   Sehlessman, JL
   Howard, JB
   Rees, DC
TI Structure of ADP center dot AIF(4)(-)-stabilized nitrogenase complex and its implications for signal transduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molybdenum-iron protein; azotobacter-vinelandii; crystal-structure; gtp hydrolysis; crystallographic structure; conformational-changes; fe-protein; mechanism; mgatp; program
AB The coupling of ATP hydrolysis to electron transfer by the enzyme nitrogenase during biological nitrogen fixation is an important example of a nucleotide-dependent transduction mechanism. The crystal structure has been determined for the complex between the Fe-protein and MoFe-protein components of nitrogenase stabilized by ADP AlF4-, previously used as a nucleoside triphosphate analogue in nucleotide-switch proteins. The structure reveals that the dimeric re-protein has undergone substantial conformational changes. The beta-phosphate and AlF4- groups are stabilized through intersubunit contacts that are critical for catalysis and the redox centre is repositioned to facilitate electron transfer. Interactions in the nitrogenase complex have broad implications for signal and energy transduction mechanisms In multiprotein complexes.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT BIOCHEM, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
   CALTECH, DIV CHEM & CHEM ENGN, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; California Institute of Technology
NR 44
TC 450
Z9 521
U1 2
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 370
EP 376
DI 10.1038/387370a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600051
PM 9163420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ecker, A
   Weckert, E
   Schnockel, H
AF Ecker, A
   Weckert, E
   Schnockel, H
TI Synthesis and structural characterization of an Al-77 cluster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Molecular species containing metal-metal bonds have been known for a long time(1). But these have generally involved transition metals; metal-metal bonds between main-group elements were discovered only more recently(2). Within the past decade, polyhedral Al-4, Al-12 and Ga-4 species have all been characterized by X-ray diffraction(3,4), and the chemistry of low-valent polynuclear Al species in particular has nourished owing to the development of condensation techniques for preparing them by disproportionation of aluminium monohalides(4). By using this approach, we now report the identification and characterization of an Al-77 cluster, which is dramatically larger than any seen hitherto and can be considered an intermediate species to the formation of the bulk metal, X-ray diffraction shows that the cluster has a central Al atom surrounded by three concentric polyhedral shells containing 12, 44 and 20 Al atoms. This Al-77 core is stabilized by 20 organic ligands, preventing the formation of the bulk metal, Studies of such clusters should provide insights into the crossover between molecular species and the bulk metal for main-group elements.
C1 UNIV KARLSRUHE,INST ANORGAN CHEM,D-76128 KARLSRUHE,GERMANY.
   UNIV KARLSRUHE,INST KRISTALLOG,D-76128 KARLSRUHE,GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
NR 11
TC 214
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 379
EP 381
DI 10.1038/387379a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramstein, G
   Fluteau, F
   Besse, J
   Joussaume, S
AF Ramstein, G
   Fluteau, F
   Besse, J
   Joussaume, S
TI Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; late cenozoic uplift; southern asia; american west; numerical experiments; tibetan plateau; indian monsoon; sensitivity; miocene; mountains
AB The Eurasian climates of today, 10 million and 30 million years ago are simulated using an atmospheric general circulation model that incorporates realistic continental geography and epicontinental sea distributions. The resulting climates compare well with various palaeoclimate records. The retreat of the Paratethys-an epicontinental sea-shifts the central Asian climate from temperate to continental conditions, and plays as important a role as uplift, of the Himalayan/Tibetan plateau in driving the Asian monsoon changes.
C1 UNIV PARIS 06,ORSTOM,CNRS,LAB OCEANOG DYNAM & CLIMATOL,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
C3 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Ramstein, G (corresponding author), CENS,DSM,LAB MODELISAT CLIMAT & ENVIRONM,BAT 709,F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
NR 50
TC 484
Z9 612
U1 0
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 788
EP 795
DI 10.1038/386788a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU VanEssen, DC
AF VanEssen, DC
TI A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; rhesus-monkey; cerebral-cortex; striate cortex; migrating neurons; tissue-culture; cortical areas; callosal axons; macaque monkey; organization
AB Many structural features of the mammalian central nervous system can be explained by a morphogenetic mechanism that involves mechanical tension along axons, dendrites and glial processes. In the cerebral cortex, for example, tension along axons in the white matter can explain how and why the cortex folds in a characteristic species-specific pattern. in the cerebellum, tension along parallel fibres can explain why the cortex is highly elongated but folded like an accordion. By keeping the aggregate length of axonal and dendritic wiring low, tension should contribute to the compactness of neural circuitry throughout the adult brain.
RP VanEssen, DC (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL,660 S EUCLID AVE,ST LOUIS,MO 63110, USA.
NR 77
TC 1385
Z9 1524
U1 0
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 313
EP 318
DI 10.1038/385313a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400042
PM 9002514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, SD
   Fu, J
   Soto, C
   Chen, X
   Zhu, HJ
   AlMohanna, F
   Collison, K
   Zhu, AP
   Stern, E
   Saido, T
   Tohyama, M
   Ogawa, S
   Roher, A
   Stern, D
AF Yan, SD
   Fu, J
   Soto, C
   Chen, X
   Zhu, HJ
   AlMohanna, F
   Collison, K
   Zhu, AP
   Stern, E
   Saido, T
   Tohyama, M
   Ogawa, S
   Roher, A
   Stern, D
TI An intracellular protein that binds amyloid-beta peptide and mediates neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precursor protein; in-vitro; presenilin-1; accumulation; apoptosis; secretion; neurons; cells; generation; expression
AB Amyloid-beta is a neurotoxic peptide which Is implicated In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. It binds an intracellular polypeptide known as ERAB, thought to be a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme, which Is expressed in normal tissues, but is overexpressed In neurons affected In Alzheimer's disease, ERAB immunoprecipitates with amyloid-beta, and when cell cultures are exposed to amyloid-beta, ERAB inside the cell is rapidly redistributed to the plasma membrane, The toxic effect of amyloid-beta on these cells is prevented by blocking ERAB and is enhanced by overexpression of ERAB. By Interacting with intracellular amyloid-beta, ERAB may therefore contribute to the neuronal dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, COLL PHYS & SURG, DEPT SURG & PHYSIOL, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV, COLL PHYS & SURG, DEPT CELLULAR BIOPHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
   NYU, MED CTR, DEPT PATHOL, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA.
   KING FAISAL SPECIALIST HOSP & RES CTR, RIYADH 11211, SAUDI ARABIA.
   OSAKA UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT ANAT & NEUROSCI, SUITA, OSAKA 565, JAPAN.
   SUN HLTH RES INST, HALDEMAN LAB ALZHEIMERS DIS RES, SUN CITY, AZ 85372 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; New York University; King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center; University of Osaka; Banner Research; Banner Health; Banner Sun Health Research Institute
RP Yan, SD (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV, COLL PHYS & SURG, DEPT PATHOL, 630 W 168TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
NR 48
TC 340
Z9 409
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 689
EP 695
DI 
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900043
PM 9338779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vanheusden, K
   Warren, WL
   Devine, RAB
   Fleetwood, DM
   Schwank, JR
   Shaneyfelt, MR
   Winokur, PS
   Lemnios, ZJ
AF Vanheusden, K
   Warren, WL
   Devine, RAB
   Fleetwood, DM
   Schwank, JR
   Shaneyfelt, MR
   Winokur, PS
   Lemnios, ZJ
TI Non-volatile memory device based on mobile protons in SiO2 thin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interface
AB The silicon/silicon-dioxide system provides the cornerstone of integrated-circuit technology(1). Since the introduction of devices based on this system, the (largely deleterious) effects on device operation of mobile and trapped charges in the oxide layer have been studied in great detail, Contamination by alkali ions, for example, was a major concern in the early days of metal-oxide-semiconductor device fabrication(2), But not all SiO2 impurities are undesirable: the addition of hydrogen, for example, has the beneficial property of rendering charge traps inactive(1), Here we show that mobile H+ ions introduced by annealing into the buried oxide layer of Si/SiO2/Si structures, rather than being detrimental, can form the basis of a non-volatile memory device, These mobile protons are confined to the oxide layer, and their space-charge distribution can be controlled and rapidly rearranged at room temperature by an applied electric field. Memory devices based on this effect are expected to be competitive with current state-of-the-art Si-based memories, with the additional advantage of simplicity-only a few standard processing steps are required.
C1 FRANCE TELECOM, CTR NATL ETUD TELECOMMUN, F-38243 MEYLAN, FRANCE.
   DEF ADV RES PROJECTS AGCY, ARLINGTON, VA 22203 USA.
C3 Orange SA; United States Department of Defense; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
RP Vanheusden, K (corresponding author), SANDIA NATL LABS, POB 5800, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87185 USA.
NR 10
TC 157
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 587
EP 589
DI 10.1038/386587a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nowak, MA
   Boerlijst, MC
   Cooke, J
   Smith, JM
AF Nowak, MA
   Boerlijst, MC
   Cooke, J
   Smith, JM
TI Evolution of genetic redundancy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-tyrosine kinases; duplicate loci; mice; tenascin; develop
AB Genetic redundancy means that two or more genes are performing the same function and that inactivation of one of these genes has little or no effect on the biological phenotype. Redundancy seems to be widespread in genomes of higher organisms(1-9). Examples of apparently redundant genes come from numerous studies of developmental biology(10-15), immunology(16,17), neurobiology(18,19) and the cell cycle(20,21). Yet there is a problem: genes encoding functional proteins must be under selection pressure, If a gene was truly redundant then it would not be protected against the accumulation of deleterious mutations. A widespread view is therefore that such redundancy cannot be evolutionarily stable. Here we develop a simple genetic model to analyse selection pressures acting on redundant genes. We present four cases that can explain why genetic redundancy is common, In three cases, redundancy is even evolutionarily stable. Our theory provides a framework for exploring the evolution of genetic organization.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,RIDGEWAY,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   UNIV SUSSEX,SCH BIOL SCI,BRIGHTON BN1 9QG,E SUSSEX,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Sussex
RP Nowak, MA (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ZOOL,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 562
Z9 675
U1 2
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 167
EP 171
DI 10.1038/40618
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900048
PM 9217155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bence, K
   Ma, W
   Kozasa, T
   Huang, XY
AF Bence, K
   Ma, W
   Kozasa, T
   Huang, XY
TI Direct stimulation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase by G(q)-protein alpha-subunit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinase; coli expression system; beta-gamma-subunits; phospholipase-c; escherichia-coli; map kinase; cytoplasmic domain; purification; receptor; cells
AB Heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) transduce signals from a wide variety of cell-surface receptors to generate physiological responses(1). Protein-tyrosine kinases are another group of critical cellular signal transducers and their malfunction often leads to cancer(2). Although activation of G-protein-coupled receptors can elicit rapid stimulation cellular protein-tyrosine phosphorylation(3), the mechanism used by G proteins to activate protein-tyrosine kinases is unclear. Here we show that the purified alpha-subunit of the G(q) class of G proteins (G alpha q) directly stimulates the activity of a purified non-receptor kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)(4), whereas purified alpha-subunits from G(i1), G(0) or G(z) proteins do not, G alpha q can also activate Btk in vivo, Furthermore, in Btk-deficient cells, stimulation of another kinase, a p38 MAP kinase, by Gq-coupled receptors is blocked. Our results demonstrate that certain protein-tyrosine kinases can be direct effecters of G proteins.
C1 CORNELL UNIV, COLL MED, DEPT PHYSIOL, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT PHARMACOL, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
C3 Cornell University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
NR 28
TC 167
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 296
EP 299
DI 10.1038/38520
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200051
PM 9305846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geim, AK
   Grigorieva, IV
   Dubonos, SV
   Lok, JGS
   Maan, JC
   Filippov, AE
   Peeters, FM
AF Geim, AK
   Grigorieva, IV
   Dubonos, SV
   Lok, JGS
   Maan, JC
   Filippov, AE
   Peeters, FM
TI Phase transitions in individual sub-micrometre superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The properties of a superconductor are expected to change radically when its size becomes comparable to that of the Cooper pairs, the quasiparticles responsible for superconductivity. The effect of such confinement is well understood for the case of the suppression of superconductivity by magnetic fields (which gives rise to so-called Little-Parks oscillations of the phase boundary)(1-4). But little is known about what happens in small superconductors in the zero-resistance state, which cannot be probed by resistance measurements. Here we apply a new technique of ballistic Hall magnetometry(5) to study the magnetization of individual superconducting discs of diameters down to 100 nm. The superconducting state of these discs is found to be qualitatively different from both macroscopic and microscopic(6) superconductors, with numerous phase transitions whose character changes rapidly with size and temperature. This exotic behaviour is due to size quantization of the Cooper-pair motion and resulting transitions between discrete states of the superconducting Bose condensate in a magnetic field.
C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST MICROELECT TECHNOL,CHERNOGOLOVKA 142432,RUSSIA.
   NASU,PHYS TECH INST,UA-340114 DONETSK,UKRAINE.
   UNIV ANTWERP,DEPT PHYS,B-2610 ANTWERP,BELGIUM.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Sciences Ukraine; Donetsk Institute for Physics & Engineering named after O.O. Galkin of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; University of Antwerp
RP Geim, AK (corresponding author), CATHOLIC UNIV NIJMEGEN,MAT RES INST,TOERNOOIVELD,NL-6525 ED NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 11
TC 391
Z9 407
U1 1
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 259
EP 262
DI 10.1038/36797
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stokes, S
   Thomas, DSG
   Washington, R
AF Stokes, S
   Thomas, DSG
   Washington, R
TI Multiple episodes of aridity in southern Africa since the last interglacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial climate; late pleistocene; cape province; fluctuations; holocene; coast
AB There is generally a dearth of evidence of the nature of Quaternary climate change within desert systems, which has limited precious interpretations of past environmental change at low latitudes. The Last Glacial Maximum has previously been identified as the peak of Late Quaternary aridity, when desert systems expanded to five times their present extent(1-3), and low-latitude aridity has been described for previous glaciations(4). But little evidence has been derived directly for large desert basins, particularly southern Africa. Here we report new chronological (optical dating) evidence of arid episodes recorded in aeolian sediments from the Mega Kalahari sand sea. Episodic aeolian activity is recorded at the northeastern desert margin, whereas more sustained activity is evident from the southwestern desert core. Several significant arid events are apparent since the last interglacial period, with dune-building (arid) phases at similar to 95-115, 41-46, 20-26 and 9-16kyr before present. Existing atmospheric general circulation model simulations and independent palaeoclimate data indicate that the changes in aridity are related to changes in the northeast-southwest summer rainfall gradient, which are in turn related to sea surface temperatures in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, ARCHAEOL & HIST ART RES LAB, OXFORD OX1 3TB, ENGLAND.
   UNIV SHEFFIELD, DEPT GEOG, SHEFFIELD CTR INT DRYLANDS RES, SHEFFIELD S10 2TN, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Sheffield
RP Stokes, S (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, SCH GEOG, MANSFIELD RD, OXFORD OX1 3QJ, ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 192
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 154
EP 158
DI 10.1038/40596
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aziz, MJ
   Circone, S
   Agee, CB
AF Aziz, MJ
   Circone, S
   Agee, CB
TI Vanishing atomic migration barrier in SiO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced coordination changes; high-pressure; molecular-dynamics; ion mobility; fused-silica; quartz; melts; diffusivity; temperature; enhancement
AB Understanding the high-pressure behaviour of SiO2, a prototypical network-forming material, is important for resolving many problems in the Earth sciences, For pressures of 1-3 GPa (similar to 1-3 x 10(4) atm), it has been shown that increases in pressure result in higher rate constants for atomic transport processes such as diffusion, viscous flow and crystal growth in SiO2 as well as in some silicate melts(1-5). Structural transitions and coordination changes observed beyond 10 GPa (refs 5-9) may also be related to this pressure-induced increase in atomic mobility. There must be limits, however, on the extent to which pressure can enhance mobility, as a migration barrier decreasing linearly with pressure should vanish at a critical pressure, beyond which a sudden change in behaviour should be observed(10,11), Here we report measurements of the pressure dependence of the growth rate of quartz from amorphous SiO2 for pressures up to 6 GPa. We observe a sharp peak in growth rate-implying a minimum in viscosity-at 3 GPa, which we interpret as evidence that the critical pressure is being traversed, The corresponding depth below the Earth's surface at which this peak occurs (similar to 100 km) suggests that this critical pressure may be related to the ubiquitous cut-off in subduction-related volcanism observed when oceanic plates reach roughly this depth.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University
RP Aziz, MJ (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DIV ENGN & APPL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 28
TC 24
Z9 26
U1 4
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 596
EP 599
DI 10.1038/37581
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engel, MH
   Macko, SA
AF Engel, MH
   Macko, SA
TI Isotopic evidence for extraterrestrial non-racemic amino acids in the Murchison meteorite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-molecules; mass-spectrometry; carbon; life; hydrocarbons; enantiomers; earth; chirality; delivery; origins
AB Many amino acids contain an asymmetric centre, occurring as laevorotatory, L, or dextrorotatory, D, compounds. It is generally assumed that abiotic synthesis of amino acids on the early Earth resulted in racemic mixtures (L-and D-enantiomers in equal abundance). But the origin of life required, owing to conformational constraints, the almost exclusive selection of either L-or D-enantiomers(1,2), and the question of why living-systems on the Earth consist of L-enantiomers rather than D-enantiomers is unresolved(3). A substantial fraction of the organic compounds on the early Earth may have been derived from comet and meteorite impacts(4-6). It has been reported previously that amino acids in the Murchison meteorite exhibit an excess of L-enantiomers(7), raising the possibility that a similar excess was present in the initial inventory of organic compounds on the Earth. The stable carbon isotope compositions of individual amino acids in Murchison support an extraterrestrial origin(8)-rather than a terrestrial overprint of biological amino acids-although reservations have persisted (see, for example, ref. 9). Here we show that individual amino-acid enantiomers from Murchison are enriched in N-15 relative to their terrestrial counterparts, so confirming an extraterrestrial source for an L-enantiomer excess in the Solar System that may predate the origin of life on the Earth.
C1 UNIV VIRGINIA, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA.
C3 University of Virginia
RP Engel, MH (corresponding author), UNIV OKLAHOMA, SCH GEOL & GEOPHYS, NORMAN, OK 73019 USA.
NR 32
TC 415
Z9 444
U1 1
U2 122
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 265
EP 268
DI 10.1038/38460
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200041
PM 9305838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DiDonato, JA
   Hayakawa, M
   Rothwarf, DM
   Zandi, E
   Karin, M
AF DiDonato, JA
   Hayakawa, M
   Rothwarf, DM
   Zandi, E
   Karin, M
TI A cytokine-responsive I kappa B kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kappa B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha proteolysis; phosphorylation; family; dissociation; degradation; sufficient; proteins; receptor; domain
AB Nuclear transcription factors of the NF-kappa B/Rel family are inhibited by I kappa B proteins, which inactivate NF-kappa B by trapping it in the cell cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I kappa Bs marks them out for destruction, thereby relieving their inhibitory effect on NF-kappa B. A cytokine-activated protein kinase complex, IKK (for I kappa B kinase), has now been purified that phosphorylates I kappa Bs on the sites that trigger their degradation. A component of IKK was molecularly cloned and identified as a serine kinase. IKK turns out to be the long-sought-after protein kinase that mediates the critical regulatory step In NF-kappa B activation.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT PHARMACOL,LAB GENE REGULAT & SIGNAL TRANSDUCT,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 31
TC 1901
Z9 2218
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 548
EP 554
DI 10.1038/41493
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200039
PM 9252186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cohen, LG
   Celnik, P
   PascualLeone, A
   Corwell, B
   Faiz, L
   Dambrosia, J
   Honda, M
   Sadato, N
   Gerloff, C
   Catala, MD
   Hallett, M
AF Cohen, LG
   Celnik, P
   PascualLeone, A
   Corwell, B
   Faiz, L
   Dambrosia, J
   Honda, M
   Sadato, N
   Gerloff, C
   Catala, MD
   Hallett, M
TI Functional relevance of cross-modal plasticity in blind humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcranial magnetic stimulation; visual-cortex; occipital cortex; coil suppression; perception; discrimination; activation
AB Functional imaging studies of people who were blind from an early age have revealed that their primary visual cortex can be activated by Braille reading and other tactile discrimination task(1). Other studies have also shown that visual cortical areas can be activated by somatosensory input in blind subjects but not those with sight(2-7). The significance of this cross-modal plasticity is unclear, however, as it is not known whether the visual cortex can process somatosensory information in a functionally relevant way. To address this issue, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to disrupt the function of different cortical areas in people who were blind from an early age as they identified Braille or embossed Roman letters, Transient stimulation of the occipital (visual) cortex induced errors in both tasks and distorted the tactile perceptions of blind subjects, In contrast, occipital stimu lation had no effect on tactile performance in normal-sighted subjects, whereas similar stimulation is known to disrupt their visual performance. We conclude that blindness from an early age can cause the visual cortex to be recruited to a role in somatosensory processing. We propose that this cross-modal plasticity may account in part for the superior tactile perceptual abilities of blind subjects.
C1 NINCDS,BIOMETRY & FIELD STUDIES BRANCH,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV BUENOS AIRES,DEPT NEUROL REHABIL,FDN LUCHA ENFERMEDADES NEUROL INFANTILES,RA-1053 BUENOS AIRES,DF,ARGENTINA.
   BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MED CTR,LAB MAGNET BRAIN STIMULAT,BOSTON,MA.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA.
   UNIV VALENCIA,INST CAJAL,VALENCIA,SPAIN.
   FUKUI MED SCH,BIOMED IMAGING RES CTR,MATUOKA,FUKUI 91011,JAPAN.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); University of Buenos Aires; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Valencia; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto Cajal (IC); University of Fukui
RP Cohen, LG (corresponding author), NINCDS,HUMAN CORT PHYSIOL UNIT,NIH,BLDG 36,RM 4D04,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 30
TC 690
Z9 785
U1 2
U2 83
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 180
EP 183
DI 10.1038/38278
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700048
PM 9296495
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naatanen, R
   Lehtokoski, A
   Lennes, M
   Cheour, M
   Huotilainen, M
   Iivonen, A
   Vainio, M
   Alku, P
   Ilmoniemi, RJ
   Luuk, A
   Allik, J
   Sinkkonen, J
   Alho, K
AF Naatanen, R
   Lehtokoski, A
   Lennes, M
   Cheour, M
   Huotilainen, M
   Iivonen, A
   Vainio, M
   Alku, P
   Ilmoniemi, RJ
   Luuk, A
   Allik, J
   Sinkkonen, J
   Alho, K
TI Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linguistic experience; sensory memory; perception; infants
AB There is considerable debate about whether the early processing of sounds depends on whether they form part of speech. Proponents of such speech specificity postulate the existence of language-dependent memory traces, which are activated in the processing of speech(1-3) but not when equally complex, acoustic non-speech stimuli are processed. Here we report the existence of these traces in the human brain, We presented to Finnish subjects the Finnish phoneme prototype /e/ as the frequent stimulus, and other Finnish phoneme prototypes or a non-prototype (the Estonian prototype /(o) over tilde/) as the infrequent stimulus. We found that the brain's automatic change-detection response, reflected electrically as the mismatch negativity (MMN)(4-10), was enhanced when the infrequent, deviant stimulus was a prototype (the Finnish /o/) relative to when it was a non-prototype (the Estonian /(o) over tilde/). These phonemic traces, revealed by MMN, are language-specific, as /(o) over tilde/ caused enhancement of MMN in Estonians. Whole-head magnetic recordings(11,12) located the source of this native-language, phoneme-related response enhancement, and thus the language-specific memory traces, in the auditory cortex of the left hemisphere.
C1 UNIV HELSINKI, DEPT PHONET, FIN-00014 HELSINKI, FINLAND.
   UNIV HELSINKI, CENT HOSP, MED ENGN CTR, BIOMAG LAB, FIN-00014 HELSINKI, FINLAND.
   UNIV TURKU, DEPT APPL PHYS ELECT & INFORMAT TECHNOL, SF-20500 TURKU, FINLAND.
   HELSINKI UNIV TECHNOL, ACOUST LAB, FIN-02150 ESPOO, FINLAND.
   TARTU STATE UNIV, DEPT PSYCHOL, EE-202400 TARTU, ESTONIA.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Central Hospital; University of Turku; Aalto University; University of Tartu
RP Naatanen, R (corresponding author), UNIV HELSINKI, DEPT PSYCHOL, COGNIT BRAIN RES UNIT, FIN-00014 HELSINKI, FINLAND.
NR 24
TC 973
Z9 1063
U1 2
U2 233
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 432
EP 434
DI 10.1038/385432a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700051
PM 9009189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU delGiorgio, PA
   Cole, JJ
   Cimbleris, A
AF delGiorgio, PA
   Cole, JJ
   Cimbleris, A
TI Respiration rates in bacteria exceed phytoplankton production in unproductive aquatic systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dissolved organic-carbon; fresh-water; continental-shelf; bacterioplankton; matter; metabolism; estuarine; nearshore; plankton; biomass
AB PLANKTONIC bacteria are a fundamental component of the organic carbon cycle in aquatic systems(1). Organic carbon consumption by planktonic bacteria is the sum of bacterial production (BP) and bacterial respiration (BR), IL is now estimated that. 30-60% of phytoplankton production (the amount of inorganic carbon fixed by phytoplankton photosynthesis, corrected far phytoplankton respiration) in marine and freshwater systems is processed by bacterial(1-3). These estimates of carbon flow through bacteria are conservative, however, because losses due to bacterial respiration are seldom directly measured(4,5). We report here that bacterial respiration is generally high, and tends to exceed phytoplankton net production in unproductive systems (less than 70 to 120 mu g carbon per litre per day). A large proportion of the world's aquatic systems have phytoplankton productivities below this value(6). Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is the result of BP and BR[BGE = BP/(BR + BP)]. Comparisons of our models of bacterial respiration with published models of bacterial secondary production(1,7) show that bacterial growth efficiency must range fi om less than 10% to 25% in most freshwater and marine systems, well below the values commonly assumed in many current ecological models(1,2,8,9). The imbalance between bacterial respiration and phytoplankton production suggests that in unproductive aquatic systems, the biological system is a net source of CO2.
C1 MCGILL UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 1B1,CANADA.
C3 McGill University
RP delGiorgio, PA (corresponding author), INST ECOSYST STUDIES,BOX AB,MILLBROOK,NY 12545, USA.
NR 30
TC 586
Z9 658
U1 1
U2 163
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 148
EP 151
DI 10.1038/385148a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cherry, JM
   Ball, C
   Weng, S
   Juvik, G
   Schmidt, R
   Adler, C
   Dunn, B
   Dwight, S
   Riles, L
   Mortimer, RK
   Botstein, D
AF Cherry, JM
   Ball, C
   Weng, S
   Juvik, G
   Schmidt, R
   Adler, C
   Dunn, B
   Dwight, S
   Riles, L
   Mortimer, RK
   Botstein, D
TI Genetic and physical maps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Genetic and physical maps for the 16 chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are presented. The genetic map is the result of 40 years of genetic analysis. The physical map was produced from the results of an international systematic sequencing effort. The data for the maps are accessible electronically from the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD: http://genome-www.stanford. edu/Saccharomyces/).
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOL & CELL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Cherry, JM (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [P41 HG001315] Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 336
Z9 405
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 67
EP 73
DI 10.1038/387s067
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600006
PM 9169866
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takizawa, PA
   Sil, A
   Swedlow, JR
   Herskowitz, I
   Vale, RD
AF Takizawa, PA
   Sil, A
   Swedlow, JR
   Herskowitz, I
   Vale, RD
TI Actin-dependent localization of an RNA encoding a cell-fate determinant in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; microfilaments; microtubules; oocytes; myosin; ash1p; move
AB The cytoplasmic localization of messenger RNA creates an asymmetric distribution of proteins that specify cell fate during development in multicellular eukaryotes(1,2). The protein Ash1 is a cell-fate determinant in budding yeast which localizes preferentially to the presumptive daughter nucleus, where it inhibits mating-type switching(3'4). Here we show that Ash1 mRNA is localized to the distal tip of daughter buds in post-anaphase cells. Three-dimensional imaging reveals that Ash1 mRNA is assembled into particles that associate with the cell cortex, To achieve this localization, Ash1 mRNA must have its 3' untranslated region and the actin cytoskeleton must be intact, Ash1 mRNA is not localized correctly in the absence of a myosin (Myo4) and is mislocalized to the mother-bud neck in the absence of a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton known as Bni1. We propose that Ash1 mRNA particles are transported into the daughter bud along actin filaments and are anchored at the distal tip. Thus, as in higher eukaryotes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae employs RNA localization to generate an asymmetric distribution of proteins and hence to determine cell fate.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHARMACOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 17
TC 319
Z9 397
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 90
EP 93
DI 10.1038/38015
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600051
PM 9288973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rudd, PM
   Guile, GR
   Kuster, B
   Harvey, DJ
   Opdenakker, G
   Dwek, RA
AF Rudd, PM
   Guile, GR
   Kuster, B
   Harvey, DJ
   Opdenakker, G
   Dwek, RA
TI Oligosaccharide sequencing technology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID performance liquid-chromatography; anionic oligosaccharides; saccharides; electrophoresis; gelatinase; glycans; system
C1 CATHOLIC UNIV LEUVEN,REGA INST MED RES,B-3000 LOUVAIN,BELGIUM.
C3 KU Leuven
RP Rudd, PM (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT BIOCHEM,GLYCOBIOL INST,S PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 127
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 205
EP 207
DI 10.1038/40677
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900058
PM 9217165
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cabral, JHM
   Jackson, AP
   Smith, CV
   Shikotra, N
   Maxwell, A
   Liddington, RC
AF Cabral, JHM
   Jackson, AP
   Smith, CV
   Shikotra, N
   Maxwell, A
   Liddington, RC
TI Crystal structure of the breakage-reunion domain of DNA gyrase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a protein; complex; topoisomerase; transport; graphics; program
AB DNA gyrase is a type II DNA topoisomerase from bacteria that introduces supercoils into DNA(1,2). It catalyses the breakage of a DNA duplex (the G segment), the passage of another segment (the T segment) through the break, and then the reunification of the break. This activity involves the opening and dosing of a series of molecular 'gates' which is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. Here we present the crystal structure of the 'breakage-reunion' domain of the gyrase at 2.8 Angstrom resolution. Comparison of the structure of this 59K (relative molecular mass, 59,000) domain with that of a 92K fragment of yeast topoisomerase II (ref. 3) reveals a very different quaternary organization, and we propose that the two structures represent two principal conformations that participate in the enzymatic pathway. The gyrase structure reveals a new dimer contact with a grooved concave surface for binding the G segment and a duster of conserved charged residues surrounding the active-site tyrosines. It also shows how breakage of the G segment can occur and, together with the topoisomerase II structure, suggests a pathway by which the T segment can be released through the second gate of the enzyme. Mutations that confer resistance to the quinolone antibacterial agents cluster at the new dimer interface, indicating how these drugs might interact with the gyrase-DNA complex.
C1 UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT BIOCHEM, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, LEICS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Leicester
NR 22
TC 400
Z9 451
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 903
EP 906
DI 10.1038/42294
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400056
PM 9278055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thome, M
   Schneider, P
   Hofmann, K
   Fickenscher, H
   Meinl, E
   Neipel, F
   Mattmann, C
   Burns, K
   Bodmer, JL
   Schroter, M
   Scaffidi, C
   Krammer, PH
   Peter, ME
   Tschopp, J
AF Thome, M
   Schneider, P
   Hofmann, K
   Fickenscher, H
   Meinl, E
   Neipel, F
   Mattmann, C
   Burns, K
   Bodmer, JL
   Schroter, M
   Scaffidi, C
   Krammer, PH
   Peter, ME
   Tschopp, J
TI Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interacts; domain
AB Viruses have evolved many distinct strategies to avoid the host's apoptotic response(1,2). Here we describe a new family of viral inhibitors (v-FLIPs) which interfere with apoptosis signalled through death receptors(3) and which are present in several gamma-herpesviruses (including Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus-8), as well as in the tumorigenic human molluscipoxvirus(4). v-FLIPs contain two death-effector domains which interact with the adaptor protein FADD(5,6) and this inhibits the recruitment and activation of the protease FLICE(7,8) by the CD95 death receptor(3). Cells expressing v-FLIPs are protected against apoptosis induced by CD95 or by the related death receptors TRAMP(9-12) and TRAIL-R. The herpesvirus saimiri FLIP is detected late during the lytic viral replication cycle, at a time when host cells are partially protected from CD95-ligand-mediated apoptosis, protection of virus-infected cells against death-receptor-induced apoptosis may lead to higher virus production and contribute to the persistence and oncogenicity(13) of several FLIP-encoding viruses.
C1 UNIV LAUSANNE,INST BIOCHEM,CH-1066 EPALINGES,SWITZERLAND.
   SWISS INST EXPT CANC RES,BIL BIOMED RES CTR,CH-1066 EPALINGES,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ERLANGEN NURNBERG,INST CLIN & MOL VIROL,D-91054 ERLANGEN,GERMANY.
   GERMAN CANC RES CTR,TUMOR IMMUNOL PROGRAM,DIV IMMUNOGENET,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 University of Lausanne; Swiss Institute Experimental Cancer Research; University of Erlangen Nuremberg; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
NR 30
TC 927
Z9 1080
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 517
EP 521
DI 10.1038/386517a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600058
PM 9087414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaupmann, K
   Huggel, K
   Heid, J
   Flor, PJ
   Bischoff, S
   Mickel, SJ
   McMaster, G
   Angst, C
   Bittiger, H
   Froestl, W
   Bettler, B
AF Kaupmann, K
   Huggel, K
   Heid, J
   Flor, PJ
   Bischoff, S
   Mickel, SJ
   McMaster, G
   Angst, C
   Bittiger, H
   Froestl, W
   Bettler, B
TI Expression cloning of GABA(B) receptors uncovers similarity to metabotropic glutamate receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; amino-acid-transport; rat cerebral-cortex; high-affinity; b-receptors; nucleotide-sequences; physiological-role; binding-proteins; brain; sites
AB GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, signals through ionotropic (GABA(A)/ GABA(C)) and metabotropic (GABA(B)) receptor systems. Here we report the cloning of GABA(B) receptors. Photoaffinity labelling experiments suggest that the cloned receptors correspond to two highly conserved GABA(B) receptor forms present in the vertebrate nervous system. The cloned receptors negatively couple to adenylyl cyclase and show sequence similarity to the metabotropic receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate.
C1 NOVARTIS PHARMA INC,RES DEPT,THERAPEUT AREA NERVOUS SYST,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Novartis
NR 51
TC 851
Z9 991
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 239
EP 246
DI 10.1038/386239a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300041
PM 9069281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falvo, MR
   Clary, GJ
   Taylor, RM
   Chi, V
   Brooks, FP
   Washburn, S
   Superfine, R
AF Falvo, MR
   Clary, GJ
   Taylor, RM
   Chi, V
   Brooks, FP
   Washburn, S
   Superfine, R
TI Bending and buckling of carbon nanotubes under large strain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID instability; flexibility; energetics
AB The curling of a graphitic sheet to form carbon nanotubes(1) produces a class of materials that seem to have extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties(2). In particular, the high elastic modulus of the graphite sheets means that the nanotubes might be stiffer and stronger than and other known material(3-5), with beneficial consequences for their application in composite bulk materials and as individual elements of nanometre-scale devices and sensors(6). The mechanical properties are predicted to be sensitive to details of their structure and to the presence of defects(7), which means that measurements on individual nanotubes are essential to establish these properties. Here we show that multiwalled carbon nanotubes can be bent repeatedly through large angles using the tip of an atomic force microscope, without undergoing catastrophic failure. We observe a range of responses to this high-strain deformation, which together suggest that nanotubes are remarkably flexible and resilient.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT COMP SCI,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
NR 25
TC 1367
Z9 1587
U1 3
U2 435
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 582
EP 584
DI 10.1038/39282
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800053
PM 9335495
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petrov, V
   Ouyang, Q
   Swinney, HL
AF Petrov, V
   Ouyang, Q
   Swinney, HL
TI Resonant pattern formation in a chemical system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID waves; modulation; dynamics; light
AB A periodic force applied to a nonlinear pendulum can cause the pendulum to become entrained at a frequency that is rationally related to the applied frequency, a phenomenon known as frequency-locking(1). A recent theoretical analysis showed that an array of coupled nonlinear oscillators can exhibit spatial reorganization when subjected to external periodic forcing(2). We present here experimental evidence that reaction-diffusion processes, which govern pattern evolution and selection in many chemical and biological systems(3), can also exhibit frequency-locking phenomena. For example, periodic optical forcing of the light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction transforms a rotating spiral wave(4) to a labyrinthine standing-wave pattern (Fig. 1). As the forcing frequency is varied, we observe a sequence of frequency-locked regimes, analogous to the frequency-locked 'tongues' of a driven nonlinear pendulum, except that in the reactor different frequencies correspond to different spatial patterns. Resonant interactions leading to standing-wave patterns have not been observed previously in chemical or biological media, but periodic forcing (such as circadian rhythm) is abundant in nature and may lead to similar pattern-forming phenomena.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,CTR NONLINEAR DYNAM,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
   UNIV TEXAS,DEPT PHYS,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
NR 16
TC 354
Z9 376
U1 0
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 655
EP 657
DI 10.1038/41732
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faist, J
   Capasso, F
   Sirtori, C
   West, KW
   Pfeiffer, LN
AF Faist, J
   Capasso, F
   Sirtori, C
   West, KW
   Pfeiffer, LN
TI Controlling the sign of quantum interference by tunnelling from quantum wells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-inversion; intersubband absorption; lasers
AB The sign of the interference (constructive or destructive) between quantum-mechanical paths depends on the phase difference between the paths, In the Fano effect(1) two optical paths from the ground state of a system-one direct and one mediated by a resonance-to a state in an energy continuum interfere to produce an asymmetric absorption spectrum that falls to zero near the absorption maximum. Zero absorption occurs as the wavelength is scanned across the resonance, at a photon energy corresponding to a 180 degrees phase difference between the paths, Similar interference effects occur when two absorption paths are mediated by two different states, and they provide the basis for lasers that operate without a population inversion(2-7). Here we report the control, by quantum mechanical tunnelling, of interference in optical absorption. The two intermediate states are resonances that arise from the mixing of the states in two adjacent semiconductors quantum wells, which are broadened by tunnelling into the same energy continuum through an ultra-thin potential-energy barrier, Inverting the direction of tunnelling by reversing the position of the barrier with respect to the two quantum wells changes the interference from destructive to constructive, as predicted theoretically, This effect might provide a way to make semiconductor lasers without population inversions(8).
C1 AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; AT&T
NR 14
TC 359
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 589
EP 591
DI 10.1038/37562
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chang, P
   Ji, L
   Li, H
AF Chang, P
   Ji, L
   Li, H
TI A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface-temperature; interannual variability; model; circulation; cycle
AB Rainfall variability in northeast South America(1) and the Sahel region of Africa(2-4) is profoundly influenced by the sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Of particular importance are relative changes in SST between the hemispheres on decadal timescales, a phenomenon often called the Atlantic SST dipole(1,5). Here we propose that the decadal variation in the tropical SST dipole may be attributed to an unstable thermodynamic ocean-atmosphere interaction between wind-induced heat fluxes and SST, Using coupled ocean-atmosphere models, we show that the coupled dipole mode has a typical oscillation period of about a decade. The notion that the Atlantic dipole-like SST variability may be related to an oscillatory coupled mode might assist attempts to predict decadal climate variability in the tropical Atlantic region.
RP Chang, P (corresponding author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA.
NR 20
TC 552
Z9 612
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 516
EP 518
DI 10.1038/385516a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sahu, KC
   Livio, M
   Petro, L
   Macchetto, FD
   vanParadijs, J
   Kouveliotou, C
   Fishman, GJ
   Meegan, CA
   Groot, PJ
   Galama, T
AF Sahu, KC
   Livio, M
   Petro, L
   Macchetto, FD
   vanParadijs, J
   Kouveliotou, C
   Fishman, GJ
   Meegan, CA
   Groot, PJ
   Galama, T
TI The optical counterpart to gamma-ray burst GRB970228 observed using the Hubble Space Telescope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-star
AB Although more than 2,000 astronomical gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been detected, and numerous models proposed to explain their occurrence(1), they have remained enigmatic owing to the lack of an obvious counterpart at other wavelengths(2-5). The recent groundbased detection(6,7) of a transient optical source in the vicinity of GRB970228 (refs 8-11) may therefore have provided a breakthrough. The optical counterpart appears to be embedded in an extended source which, if a galaxy as has been suggested(7,12), would lend weight to those models that place GRBs at cosmological distances. Here we report observations using the Hubble Space Telescope of the transient counterpart and extended source 26 and 39 days after the initial gamma-ray outburst. We find that the counterpart has faded since the initial detection (and continues to fade), but the extended source exhibits no significant change in brightness between the two dates of the observations reported here, The size and apparent constancy of the extended source imply that it is extragalactic, but its faintness makes a definitive statement about its nature difficult. Nevertheless, the decay profile of the transient source is consistent with a popular impulsive-fireball model(13), which assumes a merger between two neutron stars in a distant galaxy.
C1 UNIV AMSTERDAM, ASTRON INST ANTON PANNEKOEK, NL-1098 SJ AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   NASA, GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR, UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC, HUNTSVILLE, AL 35812 USA.
   CTR HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS, NL-1098 SJ AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV ALABAMA, DEPT PHYS, HUNTSVILLE, AL 35899 USA.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville
RP Sahu, KC (corresponding author), SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST, 3700 SAN MARTIN DR, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA.
NR 43
TC 163
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 476
EP 478
DI 10.1038/387476a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falkowski, PG
AF Falkowski, PG
TI Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; atmospheric co2; interglacial changes; marine ecosystems; fresh-water; carbon; iron; sea; productivity; climate
AB Over geological time, photosynthetic carbon fixation in the oceans has exceeded respiratory oxidation of organic carbon. The imbalance between the two processes has resulted in the simultaneous accumulation of oxygen in, and drawdown of carbon dioxide from, the Earth's atmosphere, and the burial of organic carbon in marine sediments(1-3). It is generally assumed that these processes are limited by the availability of phosphorus(4,5), which is supplied by continental weathering and fluvial discharge(5-7). Over the past two million years,decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during glacial periods correlate with increases in the export of organic carbon from surface waters to the marine sediments(8-11), but variations in phosphorus fluxes appear to have been too small to account for these changes(12,13). Consequently, it has been assumed that total oceanic primary productivity remained relatively constant during glacial-to-interglacial transitions, although the fraction of this productivity exported to the sediments somehow increased during glacial periods(12,14). Here I present an analysis of the evolution of biogeochemical cycles which suggests that fixed nitrogen, not phosphorus, limits primary productivity on geological timescales. Small variations in the ratio of nitrogen fixation to denitrification can significantly change atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on glacial-to-interglacial timescales. The ratio of these two processes appears to be determined by the oxidation state of the ocean and the supply of trace elements, especially iron.
RP Falkowski, PG (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DIV OCEANOG & ATMOSPHER SCI, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
NR 69
TC 986
Z9 1153
U1 9
U2 491
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 272
EP 275
DI 10.1038/387272a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimura, Y
   Vassylyev, DG
   Miyazawa, A
   Kidera, A
   Matsushima, M
   Mitsuoka, K
   Murata, K
   Hirai, T
   Fujiyoshi, Y
AF Kimura, Y
   Vassylyev, DG
   Miyazawa, A
   Kidera, A
   Matsushima, M
   Mitsuoka, K
   Murata, K
   Hirai, T
   Fujiyoshi, Y
TI Surface of bacteriorhodopsin revealed by high-resolution electron crystallography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proton translocation; purple membrane; halobacterium-halobium; diffraction patterns; schiff-base; light; protein
AB Bacteriorhodopsin is a transmembrane protein that uses light energy, absorbed by its chromophore retinal, to pump protons from the cytoplasm of bacteria such as Halobacterium salinarium into the extracellular space(1,2.) It is made up of seven alpha-helices, and in the bacterium forms natural, two-dimensional crystals called purple membranes. We have analysed these crystals by electron cryo-microscopy to obtain images of bacteriorhodopsin at 3.0 Angstrom resolution. The structure covers nearly all 248 amino acids, including loops outside the membrane, and reveals the distribution of charged residues on both sides of the membrane surface. In addition, analysis of the electron-potential map produced by this method allows the determination of the charge status of these residues. On the extracellular side, four glutamate residues surround the entrance to the proton channel, whereas on the cytoplasmic side, four aspartic acids occur in a plane at the boundary of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface. The negative charges produced by these aspartate residues is encircled by areas of positive charge that may facilitate accumulation and lateral movement of protons on this surface.
C1 RAT DRUG DESIGN LAB, MATSUKAWA, FUKUSHIMA 96012, JAPAN.
   MATSUSHITA ELECT IND CO LTD, INT INST ADV RES, SORAKU, KYOTO 61902, JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV, FAC SCI, DEPT BIOPHYS, SAKYOU KU, KYOTO 60601, JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Kimura, Y (corresponding author), BIOMOL ENGN RES INST, 6-2-3 FUREUDAI, SUITA, OSAKA 565, JAPAN.
NR 23
TC 417
Z9 455
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 206
EP 211
DI 10.1038/38323
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700055
PM 9296502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, D
AF Jones, D
TI Daedalus - The ultimate sun-block
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 450
EP 450
DI 10.1038/37247
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wong, GCL
   deJeu, WH
   Shao, H
   Liang, KS
   Zentel, R
AF Wong, GCL
   deJeu, WH
   Shao, H
   Liang, KS
   Zentel, R
TI Induced long-range order in crosslinked 'one-dimensional' stacks of fluid monolayers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-scattering; liquid-crystal; elastomers
AB Ordinary crystals are characterized by long-range translational order in all three dimensions. In lower-dimensional systems, in contrast, translational order is destroyed through the 'Landau-Peierls instability'-displacements from periodic ordering due to thermal fluctuations whose amplitude increases with the size of the system(1-4). This effect is well known for layered systems ordered in one dimension, such as surfactant membranes(5,6), smectic (layered) liquid crystals(7) and liquid crystalline polymers(8), which form ordered stacks of fluid monolayers. Smectic liquid- crystal polymers can be weakly crosslinked to form percolating elastomeric networks that still allow mobility on a molecular scale(9,10). In these smectic elastomers, fluctuations of the fluid layers are coupled to distortions of the underlying network, and are therefore energetically penalized(11), even though the network of crosslinks has a random nature and thus no three-dimensional translational order. Here we present a high-resolution X-ray diffraction study of a smectic elastomer that reveals the effects of crosslinking on long-range ordering We find that the introduction of a random network of crosslinks enhances the stability of the layered structure against thermal fluctuations and suppresses the Landau-Peierls instability so as to induce 'one-dimensional' long-range ordering at length-scales up to several micrometres.
C1 FOM,INST ATOM & MOL PHYS,NL-1098 SJ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   EXXON RES & ENGN CO,ANNANDALE,NJ 08801.
   BERG UNIV GESAMTHSCH WUPPERTAL,FACHBEREICH CHEM & BIOL 9,D-42097 WUPPERTAL,GERMANY.
C3 AMOLF; Exxon Mobil Corporation; University of Wuppertal
NR 21
TC 40
Z9 41
U1 2
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 576
EP 579
DI 10.1038/39271
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simons, M
   Hager, BH
AF Simons, M
   Hager, BH
TI Localization of the gravity field and the signature of glacial rebound
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle; models; viscosity; flow
AB The negative free-air gravity anomaly centred on Hudson Bay, Canada, shows a remarkable correlation with the location of the Laurentide ice sheet, suggesting that this gravity anomaly is the result of incomplete post-glacial rebound(1-3). This region, however, is also underlain by higher-than-average mantle seismic velocities, suggesting that the gravity low might result instead from dynamic topography associated with convective downwellings(4-7). Here we analyse the global gravity field as a simultaneous function of geographic location and spectral content, We find that the Hudson Bay gravity low is unique, with anomalously high amplitude in the spectral band where the power from the Laurentide ice load is greatest(2) and the relaxation times predicted for viable models of viscous relaxation are longest(8). We estimate that about half of the Hudson Bay gravity anomaly is the result of incomplete post-glacial rebound, and derive a mantle viscosity model that explains both this gravity signature and the characteristic uplift rates for the central Laurentide and Fennoscandian regions(6). This model has a jump in viscosity at 670 km depth, comparable to that in dynamic models of the geoid highs over subducted slabs(4,9), but lacks a low-viscosity asthenosphere, consistent with a higher viscosity in the upper mantle beneath shields than in oceanic regions.
C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 28
TC 101
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 500
EP 504
DI 10.1038/37339
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubrovinsky, LS
   Saxena, SK
   Lazor, P
   Ahuja, R
   Eriksson, O
   Wills, JM
   Johansson, B
AF Dubrovinsky, LS
   Saxena, SK
   Lazor, P
   Ahuja, R
   Eriksson, O
   Wills, JM
   Johansson, B
TI Experimental and theoretical identification of a new high-pressure phase of silica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stishovite; band
AB Following the discovery of stishovite (the highest-pressure polymorph of silica known from natural samples), many attempts have been made to investigate the possible existence of denser phases of silica at higher pressures. Based on the crystal structures observed in chemical analogues of silica(1-3), high-pressure experiments on silica(4-11) and theoretical studies(12-16), several possible post-stishovite phases have been suggested, But the likely stable phase of silica at pressures and temperatures representative of Earth's lower mantle remains uncertain, Here we report the results of an X-ray diffraction study of silica that has been heated to temperatures above similar to 2,000 K and maintained at pressures between 68 and 85 GPa. We observe the occurrence of a new high-pressure phase which we identify with the aid of first-principles total-energy calculations, The structure of this phase (space group Pnc2) is intermediate between the alpha-PbO2 and ZrO2 structures, and is denser than other known silica phases.
C1 UPPSALA UNIV,INST EARTH SCI,THEORET GEOCHEM PROGRAM,S-75236 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
   UNIV UPPSALA,DEPT PHYS,CONDENSED MATTER THEORY GRP,S-75121 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
C3 Uppsala University; Uppsala University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
NR 24
TC 174
Z9 187
U1 1
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 362
EP 365
DI 10.1038/41066
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zambelli, T
   Barth, JV
   Wintterlin, J
   Ertl, G
AF Zambelli, T
   Barth, JV
   Wintterlin, J
   Ertl, G
TI Complex pathways in dissociative adsorption of oxygen on platinum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pt(111) surface; o-2; desorption; sticking; dynamics; chemisorption; precursor
AB Gas adsorption on solid surfaces is the basis of heterogeneous catalysis. Gas-surface interactions may be complex and in many cases the fundamental mechanisms of the chemisorption process are hard to discern. The macroscopic kinetics of a heterogeneous catalytic reaction are usually modelled within the Langmuir model(1), which assumes that free adsorption sites are occupied at random. The adsorption of oxygen on a platinum (111) surface has been studied extensively as a model system for surface chemical processes generally(2-15), owing to its significance in platinum catalysed oxidation reactions such as that of CO and NO. Here we show that even for this web studied system the chemisorption process may be much more complicated than the Langmuir model implies. Our observations with the scanning tunnelling microscope show that the dissociation probability for an oxygen molecule becomes affected by chemisorbed species in the vicinity that have dissociated already. This introduces a dynamic heterogeneity in the adsorption mechanism which leads to kinetically limited ordering of the adsorbate. This effect is likely to be quite general and to affect the bulk kinetics of catalytic reactions conducted at the high temperatures and pressures of most industrial heterogeneous catalysis.
C1 ECOLE POLYTECH FED LAUSANNE,INST PHYS EXPT,CH-1015 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
NR 17
TC 160
Z9 186
U1 3
U2 102
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 495
EP 497
DI 10.1038/37329
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simon, AM
   Goodenough, DA
   Li, E
   Paul, DL
AF Simon, AM
   Goodenough, DA
   Li, E
   Paul, DL
TI Female infertility in mice lacking connexin 37
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gap junction proteins; cumulus-oocyte complex; functional expression; molecular-cloning; gene; mutations; lethality; cells
AB The signals regulating ovarian follicle development and the mechanisms by which they are communicated are largely undefined(1). At birth, the ovary contains primordial follicles consisting of meiotically arrested oocytes surrounded by a single layer of supporting (granulosa) cells. Periodically, subsets of primordial follicles undergo further development during which the oocyte increases in size and the granulosa cells proliferate, stratify and develop a fluid-filled antrum. After ovulation, oocytes resume meiosis and granulosa cells retained in the follicle differentiate into steroidogenic cells, forming the corpus luteum(1,2). It has been proposed that intercellular signalling through gap junction channels may influence aspects of follicular development(3,4). Gap junctions are aggregations of intercellular channels composed of connexins, a family of at least 13 related proteins that directly connect adjacent cells allowing the diffusional movement of ions, metabolites, and other potential signalling molecules(5). Here we show that connexin 37 is present in gap junctions between oocyte and granulosa cells and that connexin-37-deficient mice lack mature (Graafian) follicles, fail to ovulate and develop numerous inappropriate corpora lutea. In addition, oocyte development arrests before meiotic competence is achieved. Thus, cell-cell signalling through intercellular channels critically regulates the highly coordinated set of cellular interactions required for successful oogenesis and ovulation.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP EAST,CARDIOVASC RES CTR,CHARLESTOWN,MA 02129.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 24
TC 572
Z9 673
U1 1
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 525
EP 529
DI 10.1038/385525a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500045
PM 9020357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Debanne, D
   Guerineau, NC
   Gahwiler, BH
   Thompson, SM
AF Debanne, D
   Guerineau, NC
   Gahwiler, BH
   Thompson, SM
TI Action-potential propagation gated by an axonal I-A-like K+ conductance in hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slice cultures; potassium currents; pyramidal neurons; rat hippocampus; cells; ca3; mechanism; frequency; release
AB Integration of membrane-potential changes is traditionally reserved for neuronal somatodendritic compartments. Axons are typically considered to transmit reliably the result of this integration, the action potential(1), to nerve terminals(2,3). By recording from pairs of pyramidal cells in hippocampal slice cultures(4-6), we show here that the propagation of action potentials to nerve terminals is impaired if presynaptic action potentials are preceded by brief or tonic hyperpolarization. Action-potential propagation fails only when the presynaptic action potential is triggered within the first 15-20 ms of a depolarizing step from hyperpolarized potentials; action-potential propagation failures are blocked when presynaptic cells are impaled with electrodes containing 4-aminopyridine, indicating that a fast-inactivating, A-type K+ conductance is involved. Propagation failed between some, but not all, of the postsynaptic cells contacted by a single presynaptic cell, suggesting that the presynaptic action potentials failed at axonal branch points. We conclude that the physiological activation of an I-A-like potassium conductance can locally block propagation of presynaptic action potentials in axons of the central nervous system, Thus axons do not always behave as simple electrical cables: their capacity to transmit action potentials is determined by a time-dependent integration of recent membrane-potential changes.
C1 UNIV ZURICH, BRAIN RES INST, CH-8029 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich
NR 21
TC 226
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 286
EP 289
DI 10.1038/38502
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200048
PM 9305843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polyak, K
   Xia, Y
   Zweier, JL
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
AF Polyak, K
   Xia, Y
   Zweier, JL
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
TI A model for p53-induced apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-death; gene; p53; identification; expression
AB The inactivation of the p53 gene in a large proportion of human cancers has inspired an intense search for the encoded protein's physiological and biological properties. Expression of p53 induces either a stable growth arrest or programmed cell death (apoptosis). In human colorectal cancers, the growth arrest is dependent on the transcriptional induction of the protein p21(WAF1/CIP1) (ref. 1), but the mechanisms underlying the development of p53-dependent apoptosis are largely unknown(2). As the most well documented biochemical property of p53 is its ability to activate transcription of genes, we examined in detail the transcripts induced by p53 expression before the onset of apoptosis. Of 7,202 transcripts identified, only 14 (0.19%) were found to be markedly increased in p53-expressing cells compared with control cells. Strikingly, many of these genes were predicted to encode proteins that could generate or respond to oxidative stress, including one that is implicated in apoptosis in plant meristems, These observations stimulated additional biochemical and pharmacological experiments suggesting that p53 results in apoptosis through a three-step process: (1) the transcriptional induction of redox-related genes; (2) the formation of reactive oxygen species; and (3) the oxidative degradation of mitochondrial components, culminating in cell death.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS ONCOL CTR, BALTIMORE, MD 21231 USA.
   HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BALTIMORE, MD 21231 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED, DIV CARDIOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University
NR 29
TC 2256
Z9 2534
U1 1
U2 144
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 300
EP 305
DI 10.1038/38525
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200052
PM 9305847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iwahashi, H
   Eguchi, Y
   Yasuhara, N
   Hanafusa, T
   Matsuzawa, Y
   Tsujimoto, Y
AF Iwahashi, H
   Eguchi, Y
   Yasuhara, N
   Hanafusa, T
   Matsuzawa, Y
   Tsujimoto, Y
TI Synergistic anti-apoptotic activity between Bcl-2 and SMN implicated in spinal muscular atrophy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor-neuron gene; mitochondrial-membranes; endoplasmic-reticulum; cell-death; survival; protein; expression; bcl-x(l); adult; bad
AB Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a motor neuron disease characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. It is a common fatal autosomal recessive disorder and linkage studies have identified two candidate genes, SMN (ref. 1) and NAIP (ref. 2), both on chromosome 5q13. Although NAIP protein is know to have an anti-apoptotic function(3), the function of SMN has been unclear and it shows no significant sequence similarity to any other protein. The SMN gene is deleted or interrupted on both chromosomes in nearly all SMA patients(1) Here we show that SMN interacts with Bcl-2, another anti-apoptotic that co-expression of SMN with Bcl-2 confers a synergistic preventive effect against Bar-induced or Fas-mediated apoptosis, although SMN itself has only a weak anti-apoptotic activity. SMNY272C, which carries a missense mutation and was found in an SMA patient who exceptionally retained SMN on one allele(1), exerts no synergism with Bcl-2. Furthermore, the product of a truncated transcript lacking exon 7, which was derived from an SMN gene carrying an intragenic mutation or from the SMN copy gene (C)BCD541 (ref. 1) retained in all SMA patients, had no synergistic activity but instead had a dominant-negative effect on full-length SMN. Our results indicate that an absent or decreased anti-apoptotic activity of SMN in concert with Bcl-2 underlies the pathogenesis of SMA.
C1 OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED GENET,BIOMED RES CTR,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED 2,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka
NR 17
TC 176
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 413
EP 417
DI 10.1038/37144
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900067
PM 9389483
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hwang, HY
   Cheong, SW
AF Hwang, HY
   Cheong, SW
TI Low-field magnetoresistance in the pyrochlore Tl2Mn2O7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant magnetoresistance; double exchange; films; resistivity; transport
AB The discovery of colossal magnetoresistance in perovskite manganites derived from LaMnO3 has renewed interest in these and related materials for possible technological applications(1-7). But the high magnetic fields and narrow temperature windows where the large magnetoresistive responses are observed present daunting limitations. A possible avenue for overcoming these limitations is to improve the low-field response by modifying the manganites to enhance the contribution to magnetoresistance from spin-polarized tunnelling of the conduction electrons; such tunnelling, which can be very sensitive to an applied magnetic field, takes place across grain boundaries (natural or artificial) or between the manganite planes of the layered derivatives of the perovskite compounds(8-13). Here ive show that low-field (H < 1 kOe) grain-boundary magnetoresistance can also be realized in a non-perovskite magnetoresistive oxide, the pyrochlore Tl2Mn2O7. Moreover, this low-field response, which persists for all temperatures below the transition to the ferromagnetic state, does not show the strong temperature-dependent decay characteristic of the perovskite-based systems. We suggest that this improved response is in part due to weaker electron-spin coupling and the lack of strong electron-lattice interactions in the pyrochlore.
RP Hwang, HY (corresponding author), AT&T BELL LABS, LUCENT TECHNOL, 600 MT AVE, MURRAY HILL, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 21
TC 78
Z9 86
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 942
EP 944
DI 10.1038/40093
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gleeson, JT
AF Gleeson, JT
TI Dendritic growth of electrohydrodynamic convection in a nematic liquid crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern-formation; marginal stability; front propagation; unstable states; selection
AB When a liquid is supercooled and begins to crystallize, the stable solid phase grows and penetrates into the metastable liquid phase. The resulting crystallites often appear as finger-like dendrites(1,2) which branch as they grow into complex structures, similar in appearance to the arms of a snowflake(3). The basic pattern of dendritic growth is common to many systems undergoing phase transitions, is observed during viscous fingering and electrochemical deposition, and plays an important role in determining the strength of cast metals(4). Here we report the results of experiments which show that dendritic growth can also occur in the very different context of electrohydrodynamic convection. In a nematic liquid crystal, convective now fan be induced by the application of a sufficiently strong electric field. We find that, at the onset of convection, the convective state can invade the equilibrium state in the form of dendritic patterns. These results, which cannot be explained in terms of the existing theory for electrohydrodynamic convection, imply that the phenomenon of dendritic growth is far more ubiquitous than was previously suspected.
RP Gleeson, JT (corresponding author), UNIV CALGARY,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,CALGARY,AB T2N 1N4,CANADA.
NR 27
TC 14
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 511
EP 513
DI 10.1038/385511a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Menard, R
   Sultan, AA
   Cortes, C
   Altszuler, R
   vanDijk, MR
   Janse, CJ
   Waters, AP
   Nussenzweig, RS
   Nussenzweig, V
AF Menard, R
   Sultan, AA
   Cortes, C
   Altszuler, R
   vanDijk, MR
   Janse, CJ
   Waters, AP
   Nussenzweig, RS
   Nussenzweig, V
TI Circumsporozoite protein is required for development of malaria sporozoites in mosquitoes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-berghei; anopheles-stephensi; thrombospondin; expression; parasite; cell; transfection; hepatocytes
AB Malaria parasites undergo a sporogonic cycle in the mosquito vector, Sporozoites, the form of the parasite injected into the host during a bloodmeal, develop inside oocysts in the insect midgut, then migrate to and eventually invade the salivary glands, The circumsporozoite protein (CS), one of the major proteins synthesized by salivary gland sporozoites', is a surface-associated molecule which is important in sporozoite infectivity to the host(2). Here, by gene targeting, we created Plasmodium berghei lines in which the single-copy CS gene was disrupted, The CS(-) and wild-type parasites produced similar numbers of oocysts of comparable size in the mosquito midgut, In the CS(-) oocysts, however, sporozoite formation was profoundly inhibited. CS therefore appears to have a pleiotropic role and to be vital for malaria parasites in both the vector and the host: in mosquitoes, CS is essential for sporozoite development within oocysts, and in the vertebrate host it promotes sporozoite attachment to hepatocytes(3-7).
C1 NYU,MED CTR,DEPT MED & MOL PARASITOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   LEIDEN UNIV,DEPT PARASITOL,NL-2300 RC LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 New York University; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC
RP Menard, R (corresponding author), NYU MED CTR,KAPLAN CANC CTR,DEPT PATHOL,MICHAEL HEIDELBERGER DIV IMMUNOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016, USA.
NR 26
TC 264
Z9 299
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 336
EP 340
DI 10.1038/385336a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400049
PM 9002517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wright, BA
   Lombardino, LJ
   King, WM
   Puranik, CS
   Leonard, CM
   Merzenich, MM
AF Wright, BA
   Lombardino, LJ
   King, WM
   Puranik, CS
   Leonard, CM
   Merzenich, MM
TI Deficits in auditory temporal and spectral resolution in language-impaired children
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception
AB Between 3 and 6 per cent of children who are otherwise unimpaired have extreme difficulties producing and understanding spoken language(1). This disorder is typically labelled specific language impairment. Children diagnosed with specific language impairment often have accompanying reading difficulties (dyslexia)(2), but not all children with reading difficulties have specific language impairment(3). Some researchers claim that language impairment arises from failures specific to language or cognitive processing(4-6). Others hold that language impairment results from a more elemental problem that makes affected children unable to hear the acoustic distinctions among successive brief sounds in speech(7-11). Here we report the results of psychophysical tests employing simple tones and noises showing that children with specific language impairment have severe auditory perceptual deficits for brief but not long tones in particular sound contexts. Our data support the view that language difficulties result from problems in auditory perception, and provide further information about the nature of these perceptual problems that should contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of language impairment and related disorders.
C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT COMMUN PROC & DISORDERS,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611.
   UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT NEUROSCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611.
   UNIV FLORIDA,INST BRAIN,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Wright, BA (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,WM KECK AUTOIMMUNE DIS CTR,BOX 0732,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 26
TC 389
Z9 436
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 176
EP 178
DI 10.1038/387176a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500053
PM 9144287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baorto, DM
   Gao, ZM
   Malaviya, R
   Dustin, ML
   vanderMerwe, A
   Lublin, DM
   Abraham, SN
AF Baorto, DM
   Gao, ZM
   Malaviya, R
   Dustin, ML
   vanderMerwe, A
   Lublin, DM
   Abraham, SN
TI Survival of FimH-expressing enterobacteria in macrophages relies on glycolipid traffic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID urinary-tract infections; escherichia-coli; type-1 fimbriae; adhesion; pili; identification; colonization; endocytosis; bacteremia; activation
AB Strains of Escherichia coli persist within the human gut as normal commensals, but are frequent pathogens and can cause recurrent infection(1-3). Here we show that, in contrast to E. coli subjected to opsonic interactions stimulated by the host's immune response, E. coli that bind to the macrophage surface exclusively through the bacterial lectin FimH can survive inside the cell following phagocytosis. This viability is largely due to the attenuation of intracellular free-radical release and of phagosome acidification during FimH-mediated internalization, both of which are triggered by antibody-mediated internalization. This different processing of non-opsonized bacteria is supported by morphological evidence of tight-fitting phagosomes compared with looser, antibody-mediated phagosomes. We propose that non-opsonized FimH-expressing E. coli co-opt internalization of lipid-rich microdomains following binding to the FimH receptor, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein CD48, because (1) the sterol-binding agents filipin, nystatin and methyl beta-cyclodextrin specifically block FimH-mediated internalization; (2) CD48 and the protein caveolin both accumulate on macrophage membranes surrounding bacteria; and (3) antibodies against CD48 inhibit FimH-mediated internalization. Our findings bring the traditionally extracellular E. coli into the realm of opportunistic intracellular parasitism and suggest how opportunistic infections with FimH-expressing enterobacteria could occur in a setting deprived of opsonizing antibodies.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   UNIV OXFORD,SIR WILLIAM DUNN SCH PATHOL,MRC,CELLULAR IMMUNOL UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3RE,ENGLAND.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); University of Oxford
NR 30
TC 243
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 636
EP 639
DI 10.1038/39376
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800068
PM 9335508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knowlton, JR
   Johnston, SC
   Whitby, FG
   Realini, C
   Zhang, ZG
   Rechsteiner, M
   Hill, CP
AF Knowlton, JR
   Johnston, SC
   Whitby, FG
   Realini, C
   Zhang, ZG
   Rechsteiner, M
   Hill, CP
TI Structure of the proteasome activator REG alpha (PA28 alpha)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-degradation; 20s proteasome; multicatalytic protease; 20-s proteasome; regulator pa28; purification
AB The specificity of the 20S proteasome, which degrades many intracellular proteins, is regulated by protein complexes that bind to one or both ends of the cylindrical proteasome structure(1-5). One of these regulatory complexes, the 11S regulator (known as REG or PA28), stimulates proteasome peptidase activity(6,7) and enhances the production of antigenic peptides for presentation by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)(8,9). The three REG subunits that have been identified REG alpha, REG beta and REG gamma (also known as the Ki antigen).
C1 UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOCHEM, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84132 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
NR 30
TC 157
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 639
EP 643
DI 10.1038/37670
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300058
PM 9403698
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brzozowski, AM
   Pike, ACW
   Dauter, Z
   Hubbard, RE
   Bonn, T
   Engstrom, O
   Ohman, L
   Greene, GL
   Gustafsson, JA
   Carlquist, M
AF Brzozowski, AM
   Pike, ACW
   Dauter, Z
   Hubbard, RE
   Bonn, T
   Engstrom, O
   Ohman, L
   Greene, GL
   Gustafsson, JA
   Carlquist, M
TI Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligand-binding domain; steroid-hormone receptors; estrogen-receptor; nuclear receptors; crystal-structure; identification; mechanisms; activation; complex; sites
AB Oestrogens are involved in the growth, development and homeostasis of a number of tissues(1). The physiological effects of these steroids are mediated by a ligand-inducible nuclear transcription factor, the oestrogen receptor (ER)(2). Hormone binding to the ligand-binding domain (LED) of the ER initiates a series of molecular events culminating in the activation or repression of target genes, Transcriptional regulation arises from the direct interaction of the ER with components of the cellular transcription machinery(3,4). Here we report the crystal structures of the LED of ER in complex with the endogenous oestrogen, 17 beta-oestradiol, and the selective antagonist raloxifene(5), at resolutions of 3.1 and 2.6 Angstrom, respectively. The structures provide a molecular basis for the distinctive pharmacophore of the ER and its catholic binding properties, Agonist and antagonist bind at the same site within the core of the LED but demonstrate different binding modes, In addition, each class of ligand induces a distinct conformation in the transactivation domain of the LED, providing structural evidence of the mechanism of antagonism.
C1 UNIV YORK, DEPT CHEM, PROT STRUCT GRP, YORK YO1 5DD, N YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
   KARO BIO AB, NOVUM, S-14157 HUDDINGE, SWEDEN.
   UNIV CHICAGO, BEN MAY INST CANC RES, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
   KAROLINSKA INST, S-14186 HUDDINGE, SWEDEN.
C3 University of York - UK; Karolinska Institutet; University of Chicago; Karolinska Institutet
NR 29
TC 2883
Z9 3292
U1 1
U2 261
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 753
EP 758
DI 10.1038/39645
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900061
PM 9338790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zachos, JC
   Flower, BP
   Paul, H
AF Zachos, JC
   Flower, BP
   Paul, H
TI Orbitally paced climate oscillations across the Oligocene/Miocene boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle miocene; southwest pacific; sea; records; oxygen; ocean
AB The late Oligocene and early Miocene periods, some 21 to 27 million years ago, have generally been viewed as times of moderate global warmth and ice-free conditions. Yet several lines of evidence suggest that this interval was punctuated by at least one, and possibly several, episodes of high-latitude cooling and continental glaciation(1-3). Here, we present stable-isotope and per cent coarse-fraction data from an equatorial, western Atlantic deep-sea-sediment core that provide high-resolution records of the climate variability across the Oligocene/Miocene transition (22.5-25.7 million years ago), A strong 40-kyr periodicity in the oxygen isotope record is consistent with a high-latitude orbital (obliquity) control on ice-volume and temperature. Orbital influences are also apparent at precession and eccentricity frequencies, including a series of similar to 400-kyr oscillations that culminate in distinct maxima at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, about 23.7 million years ago. Covariance between the carbon and oxygen isotope records suggests that the oceanic carbon cycle may have contributed to global cooling during the similar to 400-kyr cycles, particularly at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Zachos, JC (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT EARTH SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064, USA.
NR 26
TC 159
Z9 174
U1 2
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/41528
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU OBrien, C
AF OBrien, C
TI Europeans benefit from collaboration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 434
EP 436
DI 10.1038/387434a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poore, SO
   SanchezHaiman, A
   Goslow, GE
AF Poore, SO
   SanchezHaiman, A
   Goslow, GE
TI Wing upstroke and the evolution of flapping flight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pigeon columba-livia; bird; china
AB Movements of the wing during upstroke in birds capable of powered flight are more complex than those of downstroke(1-3) The m. supracoracoideus (SC) is a muscle with a highly derived morphology that is generally considered to be the primary elevator of the wing(4-6). This muscle arises from the ventrally oriented sternum and its tendon of insertion passes craniodorsally through a special bony canal, around a bony process which deflects it laterally, to attach on the dorsal aspect of the humerus above the glenohumeral joint (Fig. 1). We studied the contractile properties of the SC in situ and related them to wing kinematics in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Our findings indicate that the primary role of the SC is to impart a high-velocity rotation about the longitudinal axis of the humerus. This rapid 'twisting' of the humerus, coupled with limited humeral elevation, is responsible for positioning the forearm and hand so that their subsequent extension orients the outstretched wing appropriately for the following downstroke. This reinterpretation of the primary function of the SC provides insight into the selective advantage of its unique musculoskeletal organization in the evolution of powered flapping flight in birds.
RP Poore, SO (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV, DEPT ECOL & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA.
NR 30
TC 89
Z9 100
U1 4
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 799
EP 802
DI 10.1038/42930
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slusarski, DC
   Corces, VG
   Moon, RT
AF Slusarski, DC
   Corces, VG
   Moon, RT
TI Interaction of Wnt and a frizzled homologue triggers G-protein-linked phosphatidylinositol signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathway; receptor; phospholipase-a2
AB In Drosophila, members of the frizzled family of tissue-polarity genes encode proteins that are likely to function as cell-surface receptors of the type known as Wnt receptors, and to initiate signal transduction across the cell membrane(1,2), although how they do this is unclear. We show here that the rat protein Frizzled-2 causes an increase in the release of intracellular calcium which is enhanced by Xwnt-5a, a member of the Wnt family. This release of intracellular calcium is suppressed by an inhibitor of the enzyme inositol monophosphatase and hence of the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway; this suppression can be rescued by injection of the compound myo-inositol, which overcomes the decrease in this intermediate caused by the inhibitor. Agents that inhibit specific G-protein subunits, pertussis toxin, GDP-beta-S and alpha-transducin also inhibit the calcium release triggered by Xwnt-5a and rat Frizzled-2. Our results indicate that some Wnt proteins work through specific Frizzled homologues to stimulate the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway via heterotrimeric G-protein subunits.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
   UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH MED, DEPT PHARMACOL, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, DEPT BIOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Johns Hopkins University
NR 17
TC 550
Z9 670
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 410
EP 413
DI 10.1038/37138
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900066
PM 9389482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sagoo, MS
   Lagnado, L
AF Sagoo, MS
   Lagnado, L
TI G-protein deactivation is rate-limiting for shut-off of the phototransduction cascade
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclic-gmp phosphodiesterase; rod outer segments; light adaptation; retinal rods; salamander rods; calcium-concentration; saturating flashes; rhodopsin; kinetics; transduction
AB Photoreceptors detect light through a seven-helix receptor (rhodopsin) and heterotrimeric G protein (transducin) coupled to a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase(1,2). Similar pathways are used to amplify responses to hormones, taste and smell(3-5). The amplification of phototransduction is reduced by a fall in cytoplasmic Ca2+ (refs 6-10), but it is not known how the deactivation of rhodopsin and transducin influence this response and hence the extent and duration of phosphodiesterase activity(11-14). Here we investigate this by recording the electrical response to flashes of light in truncated rod photoreceptors(10). By removing ATP to block the deactivation of rhodopsin by phosphorylation(15), we show that this reaction limits the amplitude of the response and begins within 3.2 s of a flash in a solution containing 1 mu M Ca2+, falling to 0.9 s in a zero-Ca2+ solution. In contrast, the activation and amplitude of the response were unaffected when transducin deactivation by GTP hydrolysis was blocked by replacing GTP with its nonhydrolysable analogue GTP-gamma S-11, demonstrating that there is little GTP hydrolysis occurring over the period in which photoexcited rhodopsin is quenched. The rapid deactivation of rhodopsin is therefore a Ca2+-sensitive step controlling the amplitude of the light response, whereas transducin deactivation is slower and controls recovery.
C1 MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 30
TC 69
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/38750
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500055
PM 9311782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McDonald, TV
   Yu, ZH
   Ming, Z
   Palma, E
   Meyers, MB
   Wang, KW
   Goldstein, SAN
   Fishman, GI
AF McDonald, TV
   Yu, ZH
   Ming, Z
   Palma, E
   Meyers, MB
   Wang, KW
   Goldstein, SAN
   Fishman, GI
TI A minK-HERG complex regulates the cardiac potassium current I-Kr
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rectifier k+ current; xenopus-oocytes; channel; expression; protein; cells; localization; arrhythmia; mutations; membrane
AB MinK is a widely expressed protein of relative molecular mass similar to 15K that forms potassium channels by aggregation with other membrane proteins(1-3) MinK: governs :ion channel activiation(4) regulation by second messengers(5,6), and the function and structure of the ion conduction pathway(7,8). Association of minK with a channel protein known as KvLQT1 produces a voltage-gated outward K+ current (I-sK) resembling the slow cardiac repolarization current (I-Ks)(9,10). HERG, a human homologue of the ether-a-go-go gene of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, encodes a protein that produces the rapidly activating cardiac delayed rectifier (I-Kr)(11,12). These two potassium currents, I-Kc, and I-Kr, provide the principal repolarizing currents in cardiac myocytes for the termination of action potentials(13,14). Although heterologously expressed HERG channels are largely indistinguishable from native cardiac I-Kr, a role for minK in this current is suggested by the diminished I-Kr in an atrial tumour line subjected to minK antisense suppression(15). Here we show that HERG and minK form a stable complex, and that this heteromultimerization regulates I-Kr activity. MinK, through the formation of heteromeric channel complexes, is thus central to the control of the heart rate and rhythm.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,BOYER CTR MOL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06536.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,BOYER CTR MOL MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHYSIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06536.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP McDonald, TV (corresponding author), ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,SECT MOL CARDIOL,1300 MORRIS PK AVE,BRONX,NY 10461, USA.
NR 30
TC 306
Z9 349
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 289
EP 292
DI 10.1038/40882
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100054
PM 9230439
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krishnan, A
   Dujardin, E
   Treacy, MMJ
   Hugdahl, J
   Lynum, S
   Ebbesen, TW
AF Krishnan, A
   Dujardin, E
   Treacy, MMJ
   Hugdahl, J
   Lynum, S
   Ebbesen, TW
TI Graphitic cones and the nucleation of curved carbon surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arc-discharge; growth; fullerenes; particles; mechanism; model; rings; soot
AB The nucleation and growth of curved carbon structures, such as fullerenes, nanotubes and soot, are still not well understood. A variety of models have been proposed(1-17), and it seems clear that the occurrence of pentagons, which yield 60 degrees disclination defects in the hexagonal graphitic network, is a key element in the puzzle. The problem of nucleation has been complicated by the great variety of structures observed in any one sample. Here we report an unusual carbon sample generated by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons, consisting entirely of graphitic microstructures with total disclinations that are multiples of +60 degrees. The disclination of each structure corresponds to the presence of a given number of pentagons in the seed from which it grew: disks (no pentagons), five types of cones (one to five pentagons), of which only one was known previously(18), and open tubes (six pentagons). Statistical analysis of these domains shows some unexpected features, which suggest that entropy plays a dominant role in the formation of disclinations. Furthermore, the total disclination of a domain is determined mainly at the nucleation stage.
C1 NEC RES INST, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA.
   COLL FRANCE, CHIM LAB, F-75005 PARIS, FRANCE.
   KVAERNER ENGN AS, N-1324 LYSAKER, NORWAY.
   UNIV STRASBOURG 1, ISIS, F-67000 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
C3 NEC Corporation; Universite PSL; College de France; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
NR 20
TC 616
Z9 687
U1 2
U2 162
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 451
EP 454
DI 10.1038/41284
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vanSteensel, B
   deLange, T
AF vanSteensel, B
   deLange, T
TI Control of telomere length by the human telomeric protein TRF1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immortal cells; yeast; gene; variability; elongation; carcinoma
AB Human telomeres, the nucleoprotein complexes at chromosome ends, consist of tandem arrays of TTAGGG repeats bound to specific proteins. In normal human cells, telomeres shorten with successive cell divisions(1,2), probably due to the terminal sequence loss that accompanies DNA replication. In tumours and immortalized cells, this decline is halted through the activation of telomerase(3-5), a reverse transcriptase that extends the telomeric TTAGGG-repeat arrays(6-7). Telomere length is stable in several immortal human-tell lines(3), suggesting that a regulatory mechanism exists for limiting telomere elongation by telomerase. Here we show that the human telomeric-repeat binding factor TRF1 (ref. 8) is involved in this regulation, Long-term overexpression of TRF1 in the telomerase-positive tumour-cell Line HT1080 resulted in a gradual and progressive telomere shortening, Conversely, telomere elongation was induced by expression of a dominant-negative TRF1 mutant that inhibited binding of endogenous TRF1 to telomeres. Our results identify TRF1 as a suppressor of telomere elongation and indicate that TRF1 is involved in the negative feedback mechanism that stabilizes telomere length. As TRF1 does not detectably affect the expression of telomerase, we propose that the binding of TRF1 controls telomere length in cis by inhibiting the action of telomerase at the ends of individual telomeres.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University
NR 29
TC 1043
Z9 1208
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 740
EP 743
DI 10.1038/385740a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300051
PM 9034193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shibasaki, F
   Kondo, E
   Akagi, T
   McKeon, F
AF Shibasaki, F
   Kondo, E
   Akagi, T
   McKeon, F
TI Suppression of signalling through transcription factor NF-AT by interactions between calcineurin and Bcl-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; protein; gene; oncoprotein; expression; regulator; survival; members; family
AB It is not known how the protein Bcl-2 inhibits cell death induced by calcium signalling and growth-factor withdrawal(1-3). Here we report that Bcl-2 forms a tight complex with calcineurin, resulting in the targeting of calcineurin to Bcl-2 sites on cytoplasmic membranes, and show that this interaction is dependent on the BH4 domain of Bcl-2. Calcineurin bound to Bcl-2 is an active phosphatase but is unable to promote the nuclear translocation of NF-AT, a transcription-factor required for induction of interleukin-2 expression, suggesting a mechanism by which Bcl-2 suppresses NF-AT activity(4). We also show that Bar, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, interferes with interactions between calcineurin and Bcl-2. We propose that the ability of Bcl-2 to block NF-AT signalling is due to the sequestering of active calcineurin to the same domain of Bcl-2 which associates with Rad-1 (ref. 5), and that calcineurin may act in Bcl-2-regulated functions.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   OKAYAMA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL 2,OKAYAMA 700,JAPAN.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Okayama University
NR 23
TC 324
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 728
EP 731
DI 10.1038/386728a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700059
PM 9109491
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sunda, WG
   Huntsman, SA
AF Sunda, WG
   Huntsman, SA
TI Interrelated influence of iron, light and cell size on marine phytoplankton growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; diatom thalassiosira-weissflogii; central north pacific; limited ecosystem; use efficiency; southern-ocean; limitation; picophytoplankton; productivity; availability
AB The sub-optimal growth of phytoplankton and the resulting persistence of unutilized plant nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) in the surface waters of certain ocean regions has been a longstanding puzzle(1,2). Of these regions, the Southern Ocean seems to play the greatest role in the global carbon cycle(3,4), but controversy exists as to the dominant controls on net algal production. Limitation by iron deficiency(4,5), light availability(1,6,7) and grazing by zooplankton(2) have been proposed. Here we present the results from culture experiments showing that the amount of cellular iron needed to support growth is higher under lower light intensities, owing to a greater requirement for photosynthetic iron-based redox proteins by low-light acclimatized algae. Moreover, algal iron uptake varies with cell surface area, such that the growth of small cells is favoured under iron limitation, as predicted theoretically(8). Phytoplankton growth can therefore be simultaneously limited by the availability of both iron and light. Such a co-limitation may be experienced by phytoplankton in iron-poor regions in which the surface mixed layer extends below the euphotic zone-as often occurs in the Southern Ocean(6,7)-or near the bottom of the euphotic zone in more stratified waters. By favouring the growth of smaller cells, iron/light co-limitation should increase grazing by microzooplankton, and thus minimize the loss of fixed carbon and nitrogen from surface waters in settling particles(9,10).
RP Sunda, WG (corresponding author), NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,101 PIVERS ISL RD,BEAUFORT,NC 28516, USA.
NR 26
TC 662
Z9 735
U1 8
U2 258
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 389
EP 392
DI 10.1038/37093
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU SosaPineda, B
   Chowdhury, K
   Torres, M
   Oliver, G
   Gruss, P
AF SosaPineda, B
   Chowdhury, K
   Torres, M
   Oliver, G
   Gruss, P
TI The Pax4 gene is essential for differentiation of insulin-producing beta cells In the mammalian pancreas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; endocrine-cells; homeobox gene; expression; neurons; xenopus
AB The mammalian pancreas contains two distinct cell populations: endocrine cells which secrete hormones into the bloodstream, and exocrine cells, which secrete enzymes into the digestive tract(1). The four endocrine cell types found in the adult pancreas-alpha, beta, delta and PP-synthesize glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, respectively(2). All of these endocrine cells arise from common multipotent precursors, which coexpress several hormones when they start to differentiate(3). Expression of some homeobox genes in the early developing pancreas has been reported(4-7). The Pax4 gene is expressed in the early pancreas, but is later restricted to beta cells, Inactivation of Pax4 by homologous recombination results in the absence of mature insulin- and somatostatin-producing cells (beta and delta, respectively) in the pancreas of Pax4 homozygous mutant mice, but glucagon-producing cr cells are present in considerably higher numbers. We propose that the early expression of Pax4 in a subset of endocrine progenitors is essential for the differentiation of the beta and delta cell lineages. A default pathway would explain the elevated number of alpha cells in the absence of Pax4.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM, D-37077 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 19
TC 658
Z9 782
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 399
EP 402
DI 10.1038/386399a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000065
PM 9121556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU HaDuong, M
   Grubb, MJ
   Hourcade, JC
AF HaDuong, M
   Grubb, MJ
   Hourcade, JC
TI Influence of socioeconomic inertia and uncertainty on optimal CO2-emission abatement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change
AB Following the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(1), governments will negotiate, in Kyoto this December, an agreement to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions, Here we use a model approach to examine optimal CO2-emission abatement paths for specified long-term constraints on atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Our analysis highlights the interplay of uncertainty (in target greenhouse-gas concentrations) and the inertia in the energy systems that produce CO2 emissions. We find that the 'integrated assessment' models previously applied to these issues under-represent inertia. A more appropriate representation of inertia increases the costs of deferring abatement and makes it optimal to spread the effort of abatement across generations, Balancing the costs of early action against the potentially higher costs of more rapid and forced later action, we show that early attention to the carbon-emitting potential of new and replacement energy investments will minimize the risk to environmental and economic systems. We conclude that if there is a significant probability of having to maintain atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations below about double those of the preindustrial era, then the economic risks associated with deferring abatement justify starting to limit CO2 emissions from energy systems immediately.
C1 ROYAL INST INT AFFAIRS,ENERGY & ENVIRONM PROGRAMME,LONDON SW1Y 4LE,ENGLAND.
   CTR INT RECH ENVIRONM & DEV,F-92120 MONTROUGE,FRANCE.
NR 15
TC 148
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 270
EP 273
DI 10.1038/36825
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghayur, T
   Banerjee, S
   Hugunin, M
   Butler, D
   Herzog, L
   Carter, A
   Quintal, L
   Sekut, L
   Talanian, R
   Paskind, M
   Wong, W
   Kamen, R
   Tracey, D
   Allen, H
AF Ghayur, T
   Banerjee, S
   Hugunin, M
   Butler, D
   Herzog, L
   Carter, A
   Quintal, L
   Sekut, L
   Talanian, R
   Paskind, M
   Wong, W
   Kamen, R
   Tracey, D
   Allen, H
TI Caspase-1 processes IFN-gamma-inducing factor and regulates LPS-induced IFN-gamma production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interleukin-1-beta converting-enzyme; interferon-gamma; endotoxic-shock; mice deficient; cells; il-1-beta; apoptosis; pathogens; cytokine; protease
AB Interferon-gamma-inducing factor (IGIF, interleukin-18) is a recently described cytokine that shares structural features with the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of proteins and functional properties with IL-12(1-4). Like IL-12, IGIF is a potent inducer of interferon (IFN)-gamma from T cells and natural killer cells(1-3,5,6). IGIF is synthesized as a biologically inactive precursor molecule (proIGIF). The cellular production of IL-1 beta, a cytokine implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases, requires cleavage of its precursor (proIL-1 beta) at an Asp-X site by interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme(7,8) (ICE, recently termed caspase-1(9)), The Asp-X sequence at the putative processing site in proIGIF(2,3) suggests that a protease such as caspase-1 might be involved in the maturation of IGIF(4). Here we demonstrate that caspase-1 processes proIGIF and pron-1 beta with equivalent efficiencies in vitro. A selective caspase-1 inhibitor blocks both lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma production from human mononuclear cells. Furthermore, caspase-1-deficient mice are defective in lipopolysaccharide-induced IFN-gamma production, Our results thus implicate caspase-1 in the physiological production of IGIF and demonstrate that it plays a critical role in the regulation of multiple proinflammatory cytokines. Specific caspase-1 inhibitors would provide a new class of antiinflammatory drugs with multipotent action.
RP Ghayur, T (corresponding author), BASF BIORES CORP,100 RES DR,WORCESTER,MA 01605, USA.
NR 25
TC 1079
Z9 1209
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 619
EP 623
DI 10.1038/386619a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300062
PM 9121587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mikolajewicz, U
   Crowley, TJ
   Schiller, A
   Voss, R
AF Mikolajewicz, U
   Crowley, TJ
   Schiller, A
   Voss, R
TI Modelling teleconnections between the North Atlantic and North Pacific during the Younger Dryas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean circulation; climate-change; record
AB Evidence for a cooling event synchronous with the Younger Dryas (12,000 calendar years before present) has been found in the North Pacific Ocean north of 30 degrees N in records of surface(1-5) and subsurface water properties(6,7). These changes may be related to a temporary shut-down of North Atlantic Deep Water formation and associated surface cooling over the North Atlantic. It has remained unclear, however, whether this North Atlantic cooling was communicated to the North Pacific Ocean through the atmosphere or the ocean. Here we report results of a sensitivity experiment with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model that support a primarily atmospheric forcing of North Pacific climate variations. Changes in wind strongly affect coastal upwelling at the North American west coast, and surface cooling by the atmosphere causes better ventilation of the thermocline waters of the northeast Pacific. This effect is amplified by oceanic progagation to the Pacific of the signal arising from collapse of North Atlantic Deep Water formation. These teleconnections may also explain earlier North Pacific and western North American millenial-scale cooling events of a similar nature(8-12).
C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843.
   CSIRO,DIV MARINE RES,HOBART,TAS 7001,AUSTRALIA.
   DEUTSCH KLIMARECHENZENTRUM,D-20146 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Mikolajewicz, U (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST METEOROL,D-20146 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 181
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 384
EP 387
DI 10.1038/387384a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomb, JF
   White, O
   Kerlavage, AR
   Clayton, RA
   Sutton, GG
   Fleischmann, RD
   Ketchum, KA
   Klenk, HP
   Gill, S
   Dougherty, BA
   Nelson, K
   Quackenbush, J
   Zhou, LX
   Kirkness, EF
   Peterson, S
   Loftus, B
   Richardson, D
   Dodson, R
   Khalak, HG
   Glodek, A
   McKenney, K
   Fitzegerald, LM
   Lee, N
   Adams, MD
   Hickey, EK
   Berg, DE
   Gocayne, JD
   Utterback, TR
   Peterson, JD
   Kelley, JM
   Cotton, MD
   Weldman, JM
   Fujii, C
   Bowman, C
   Watthey, L
   Wallin, E
   Hayes, WS
   Weidman, JM
   Fujii, C
   Borodovsky, M
   Karp, PD
   Smith, HO
   Fraser, CM
   Venter, JC
AF Tomb, JF
   White, O
   Kerlavage, AR
   Clayton, RA
   Sutton, GG
   Fleischmann, RD
   Ketchum, KA
   Klenk, HP
   Gill, S
   Dougherty, BA
   Nelson, K
   Quackenbush, J
   Zhou, LX
   Kirkness, EF
   Peterson, S
   Loftus, B
   Richardson, D
   Dodson, R
   Khalak, HG
   Glodek, A
   McKenney, K
   Fitzegerald, LM
   Lee, N
   Adams, MD
   Hickey, EK
   Berg, DE
   Gocayne, JD
   Utterback, TR
   Peterson, JD
   Kelley, JM
   Cotton, MD
   Weldman, JM
   Fujii, C
   Bowman, C
   Watthey, L
   Wallin, E
   Hayes, WS
   Weidman, JM
   Fujii, C
   Borodovsky, M
   Karp, PD
   Smith, HO
   Fraser, CM
   Venter, JC
TI The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycoplasma-genitalium; gene; protein; identification; epithelium; infection; mutation
AB Helicobacter pylori, strain 26695, has a circular genome of 1,667,867 base pairs and 1,590 predicted coding sequences, Sequence analysis indicates that H. pylori has well-developed systems for motility, for scavenging iron, and for DNA restriction and modification, Many putative adhesins, lipoproteins and other outer membrane proteins were identified, underscoring the potential complexity of host-pathogen interaction, Based on the large number of sequence-related genes encoding outer membrane proteins and the presence of homopolymeric tracts and dinucleotide repeats in coding sequences, H. pylori, like several other mucosal pathogens, probably uses recombination and slipped-strand mispairing within repeats as mechanisms for antigenic variation and adaptive evolution, Consistent with its restricted niche, H. pylori has a few regulatory networks, and a limited metabolic repertoire and biosynthetic capacity, Its survival in acid conditions depends, in part, on its ability to establish a positive inside-membrane potential in low pH.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOL BIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   UNIV STOCKHOLM,ARRHENIUS LAB,DEPT BIOCHEM,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
   GEORGIA TECH RES INST,SCH BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30332.
   SRI INT,CTR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOL BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Stockholm University; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; SRI International; Johns Hopkins University
RP Tomb, JF (corresponding author), INST GENOM RES,9712 MED CTR DR,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850, USA.
NR 50
TC 2977
Z9 3980
U1 1
U2 215
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 539
EP 547
DI 10.1038/41483
PG 17
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200038
PM 9252185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rhee, KH
   Morris, EP
   Zheleva, D
   Hankamer, B
   Kuhlbrandt, W
   Barber, J
AF Rhee, KH
   Morris, EP
   Zheleva, D
   Hankamer, B
   Kuhlbrandt, W
   Barber, J
TI Two-dimensional structure of plant photosystem II at 8-angstrom resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction-center; electron crystallography; complex; model; light; system
AB The photosystem II complex, which is the most abundant membrane protein in chloroplasts, comprises the light-harvesting complex II and a reaction-centre core. The reaction centre uses the solar energy collected by the light-harvesting complex II to withdraw electrons from water, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere, It thus generates an electrochemical potential, providing the energy for carbon dioxide fixation and the synthesis of organic molecules, which make up the hulk of the biosphere(1). The structure of the light-harvesting complex II has been determined at 3.4-Angstrom resolution by electron crystallography(2), but the high-resolution structure of the photosystem II reaction centre and other core components remained unknown. We have grown well-ordered two-dimensional crystals of a sub-core complex containing the reaction centre from spinach thylakoid membranes and used electron crystallography to obtain a projection map of its structure at 8-Angstrom resolution. The features reveal the likely location of the key components that are active in electron transport, and suggest a structural homology and evolutionary links, not only with the purple bacterial reaction centre but also with the reaction centre of photosystem I.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,WOLFSON LABS,LONDON SW7 2AY,ENGLAND.
   EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 Imperial College London; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 16
TC 139
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 522
EP 526
DI 10.1038/39103
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naeem, S
   Li, SB
AF Naeem, S
   Li, SB
TI Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID redundancy; population; diversity
AB Biodiversity may represent a form of biological insurance against the loss or poor performance of selected species'. If this is the case, then communities with larger numbers of species should be more predictable with respect to properties such as local biomass(2). That is, larger numbers of species should enhance ecosystem reliability, where reliability refers to the probability that a system will provide a consistent level of performance over a given unit of time(3). The validity of this hypothesis has important ecological, management and economic implications given the large-scale substitution of diverse natural ecosystems with less diverse managed systems(4). No experimental evidence, however, has supported this hypothesis(5). To test this hypothesis we established replicated microbial microcosms with varying numbers of species per functional group. We found that as the number of species per functional group increased, replicate communities were more consistent in biomass and density measures. These results suggest that redundancy (in the sense of having multiple species per functional group(6-8)) is a valuable commodity, and that the provision of adequate redundancy map be one reason for preserving biodiversity.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, CTR COMMUNITY GENET, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Naeem, S (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV, 100 ECOL BLDG, 1987 UPPER BUFORD CIRCLE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA.
NR 23
TC 1062
Z9 1322
U1 5
U2 491
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 507
EP 509
DI 10.1038/37348
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muller, R
   Crutzen, PJ
   Grooss, JU
   Bruhl, C
   Russell, JM
   Gernandt, H
   McKenna, DS
   Tuck, AF
AF Muller, R
   Crutzen, PJ
   Grooss, JU
   Bruhl, C
   Russell, JM
   Gernandt, H
   McKenna, DS
   Tuck, AF
TI Severe chemical ozone loss in the Arctic during the winter of 1995-96
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polar vortex conditions; depletion; stratosphere; antarctica; lidar; mls
AB Severe stratospheric ozone depletion is the result of perturbations of chlorine chemistry owing to the presence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) during periods of Limited exchange of air between the polar vortex and midlatitudes and partial exposure of the vortex to sunlight(1-4). These conditions are consistently encountered over Antarctica during the austral spring. In the Arctic, extensive PSC formation occurs only during the coldest winters, when temperatures fall as low as those regularly found in the Antarctic(1,5,6). Moreover, ozone levels in late winter and early spring are significantly higher than in the corresponding austral season(1,7,8), and usually strongly perturbed by atmospheric dynamics(9-12). For these reasons, chemical ozone loss in the Arctic is difficult to quantify. Here we use the correlation between CH4 and O-3 in the Arctic polar vortex to discriminate between changes in ozone concentration due to chemical and dynamical effects(10). Our results indicate that 120-160 Dobson units (DU) of ozone were chemically destroyed between January and March 1996-a loss greater than observed in Antarctica in 1985, when the 'ozone hole' was first reported(13,14). This loss outweighs the expected increase in total ozone over the same period through dynamical effects, leading to an observed(6) net decrease of about 50 DU. This ozone loss arises through the simultaneous occurrence of extremely low Arctic stratospheric temperatures(6,15) and large stratospheric chlorine loadings. Comparable depletion is likely to recur because stratospheric cooling(16,17) and elevated chlorine concentrations(5,18) are expected to persist for several decades.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM, D-55020 MAINZ, GERMANY.
   HAMPTON UNIV, DEPT PHYS, HAMPTON, VA 23658 USA.
   ALFRED WEGENER INST POLAR & MARINE RES, D-14473 POTSDAM, GERMANY.
   NOAA, AERON LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Hampton University; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Muller, R (corresponding author), FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JULICH, FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, INST STRATOSPHER CHEM ICG 1, POSTFACH 1913, D-52425 JULICH, GERMANY.
NR 36
TC 140
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 709
EP 712
DI 10.1038/39564
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holman, M
   Touma, J
   Tremaine, S
AF Holman, M
   Touma, J
   Tremaine, S
TI Chaotic variations in the eccentricity of the planet orbiting 16 Cygni B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The planet recently discovered(1) orbiting the star 16 Cyg B has the largest eccentricity (e = 0.67) of any known planet, Planets that form in circumstellar disks are expected to have nearly circular orbits, although gravitational interactions in a system of two or more planets could generate high-eccentricity orbits(2,3). Here we suggest that the eccentric orbit of 16 Cyg Bb arises from gravitational interactions with the distant companion star, 16 Cyg A, Assuming that 16 Cyg Bb formed in a nearly circular orbit, with the orbital plane inclined between 45 degrees and 135 degrees to the orbital plane of 16 Cyg A, and that there are no other planets with a mass similar to that of Jupiter within 30 astronomical units (hv, the average distance between the Earth and the Sun), then 16 Cyg Bb will oscillate between low-eccentricity and high-eccentricity orbits, The transitions between these orbits should occur every 10(7)-10(9) years, with the planet spending up to 35 per cent of its lifetime with an eccentricity e > 0.6, These results imply that planetary orbits in binary stellar systems commonly experience periods of high eccentricity and dynamical chaos, and that such planets may occasionally collide with the primary star.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,CIAR PROGRAM COSMOL & GRAVITAT,MCLENNAN PHYS LABS,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H8,CANADA.
   UNIV TEXAS,MCDONALD OBSERV,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Holman, M (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO,CANADIAN INST THEORET ASTROPHYS,60 ST GEORGE ST,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H8,CANADA.
NR 12
TC 326
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 254
EP 256
DI 10.1038/386254a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Courtney, SM
   Ungerleider, BG
   Keil, K
   Haxby, JV
AF Courtney, SM
   Ungerleider, BG
   Keil, K
   Haxby, JV
TI Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-term-memory; prefrontal cortex; temporal cortex; frontal-cortex; neurons; task; dissociation; activation
AB Working memory involves the short-term maintenance of an active representation of information so that it is available for further processing. Visual working memory tasks, in which subjects retain the memory of a stimulus over brief delays, require both the perceptual encoding of the stimulus and the subsequent maintenance of its representation after the stimulus is removed from view. Such tasks activate multiple areas in visual and prefrontal cortices(1-9). To delineate the roles these areas play in perception and working memory maintenance, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain dynamic measures of neural activity related to different components of a face working memory task-non-selective transient responses to visual stimuli, selective transient responses to faces, and sustained responses over memory delays. Three occipitotemporal areas in the ventral object vision pathway had mostly transient responses to stimuli, indicating their predominant role in perceptual processing, whereas three prefrontal areas demonstrated sustained activity over memory delays, indicating their predominant role in working memory. This distinction, however, was not absolute. Additionally, the visual areas demonstrated different degrees of selectivity, and the prefrontal areas demonstrated different strengths of sustained activity, revealing a continuum of functional specialization, from occipital through multiple prefrontal areas, regarding each area's relative contribution to perceptual and mnemonic processing.
C1 NATL INST HLTH,SECT NEUROCIRCUITRY,LAB BRAIN & COGNIT,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP Courtney, SM (corresponding author), NATL INST HLTH,SECT FUNCT BRAIN IMAGING,10 CTR DR,MSC 1366,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 30
TC 771
Z9 892
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 608
EP 611
DI 10.1038/386608a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300059
PM 9121584
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Journet, C
   Maser, WK
   Bernier, P
   Loiseau, A
   delaChapelle, ML
   Lefrant, S
   Deniard, P
   Lee, R
   Fischer, JE
AF Journet, C
   Maser, WK
   Bernier, P
   Loiseau, A
   delaChapelle, ML
   Lefrant, S
   Deniard, P
   Lee, R
   Fischer, JE
TI Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth
AB Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) offer the prospect of both new fundamental science and useful (nano) technological applications(1). High yields (70-90%) of SWNTs close-packed in bundles can be produced by laser ablation of carbon targets(2). The electric-are technique used to generate fullerenes and multi-walled nanotubes is cheaper and easier to implement, but previously has led to only low yields of SWNTs3,4. Here we show that this technique can generate large quantities of SWNTs with similar characteristics to those obtained by laser ablation. This suggests that the (still unknown) growth mechanism for SWNTs must be independent of the details of the technique used to make them. The ready availability of large amounts of SWNTs, meanwhile, should make them much more accessible for further study.
C1 UNIV MONTPELLIER 2,DYNAM PHASES CONDENSEES GRP,F-34095 MONTPELLIER 5,FRANCE.
   OFF NATL ETUD & RECH AEROSP,LPS,F-92322 CHATILLON,FRANCE.
   UNIV NANTES,IMN,F-44322 NANTES 3,FRANCE.
   UNIV PENN,LRSM,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 Universite de Montpellier; Universite Paris Saclay; National Office for Aerospace Studies & Research (ONERA); Nantes Universite; University of Pennsylvania
NR 12
TC 2474
Z9 2954
U1 5
U2 543
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 756
EP 758
DI 10.1038/41972
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duchene, S
   BlichertToft, J
   Luais, B
   Telouk, P
   Lardeaux, JM
   Albarede, F
AF Duchene, S
   BlichertToft, J
   Luais, B
   Telouk, P
   Lardeaux, JM
   Albarede, F
TI The Lu-Hf dating of garnets and the ages of the Alpine high-pressure metamorphism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dora-maira massif; subducted crustal rocks; nd isotopic behavior; western alps; sm-nd; coesite-bearing; swiss alps; rb-sr; pb; eclogitization
AB It remains controversial whether burial and exhumation in mountain belts represent episodic or continuous processes(1-20) Regional patterns of crystallization and closure ages of high-pressure rocks may help to discriminate one mode from the other but, unfortunately, metamorphic geochronology suffers from several limitations. Consequently, no consensus exists on the timing of high-pressure metamorphic events, even for the Alps-which have been the subject of two centuries of field work. Here we report lutetium-hafnium (Lu-Hf) mineral ages on eclogites from the Alps as obtained by plasma-source mass spectrometry. We find that the Lu/Hf ratio of garnet is particularly high, which helps to provide precise ages. Eclogites from three adjacent units of the western Alps give (from bottom to top) diachronous Lu-Hf garnet ages of 32.8 +/- 1.2, 49.1 +/- 1.2 and 69.2 +/- 2.7 Myr. These results indicate that the Alpine high-pressure metamorphism did not occur as a single episode some 80-120 Myr ago(6,7,10,18), but lather that burial and exhumation represent continuous and relatively recent processes.
C1 ECOLE NORMALE SUPER LYON,F-69364 LYON 7,FRANCE.
   UNIV LYON 1,CNRS,UMR 5570,F-69364 LYON 7,FRANCE.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON)
NR 40
TC 355
Z9 378
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 586
EP 589
DI 10.1038/42446
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sy, A
   Rhein, M
   Lazier, JRN
   Koltermann, KP
   Meincke, J
   Putzka, A
   Bersch, M
AF Sy, A
   Rhein, M
   Lazier, JRN
   Koltermann, KP
   Meincke, J
   Putzka, A
   Bersch, M
TI Surprisingly rapid spreading of newly formed intermediate waters across the North Atlantic ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID labrador sea-water; circulation
AB Ocean temperature, salinity and chlorofluorocarbon concentration data are used to track the recent spreading of cold intermediate-depth water masses from the Labrador Sea across the northern North Atlantic Ocean. These water masses, which are formed from surface waters by deep convection in the Labrador Sea, spread three to four times faster than previously estimated, with associated consequences for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.
C1 CHRISTIAN ALBRECHTS UNIV KIEL,INST MEERESKUNDE,D-24105 KIEL,GERMANY.
   BEDFORD INST OCEANOG,DARTMOUTH,NS B2Y 4A2,CANADA.
   UNIV HAMBURG,INST MEERESKUNDE,D-22529 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
   UNIV BREMEN,INST UMWELTPHYS,D-28359 BREMEN,GERMANY.
C3 University of Kiel; Bedford Institute of Oceanography; University of Hamburg; University of Bremen
RP Sy, A (corresponding author), BUNDESAMT SEESCHIFFAHRT & HYDROG,BERNHARD NOCHT STR 78,D-20359 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
NR 16
TC 173
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 675
EP 679
DI 10.1038/386675a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sykora, M
   Kincaid, JR
AF Sykora, M
   Kincaid, JR
TI Photochemical energy storage in a spatially organized zeolite-based photoredox system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoinduced redox reactions; charge separation; spectroscopic property; complexes; increase
AB Zeolites are often employed as organizational media or supports for entrapped or adsorbed transition-metal catalysts and photocatalysts(1-6). In such applications, the individual catalytic species have been associated with the framework structure of the zeolite in a purely statistical (randomized) arrangement A synthetic strategy developed recently(7) has shown how a much higher level of organization can be obtained, so pointing the way to the generation of systems in which two or more active components can be arranged-both spatially and in terms of reactivity-within the zeolite host to enhance the efficiency of a desired catalytic reaction. Here ive describe an application of this approach to photochemical storage of light energy. Such an application requires efficient photoinduced charge transfer between donor and acceptor molecules to form long-lived charge-separated states: the competing thermal back electron transfer reaction must be minimized, This is achieved in our system by arranging the active components (donor, acceptor and a 'sensitizing' intermediate molecule) such that they occupy adjacent cages within the zeolite framework and results in unprecedented levels of net charge-separation efficiency.
C1 MARQUETTE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MILWAUKEE,WI 53233.
C3 Marquette University
NR 17
TC 109
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/387162a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webster, PJ
   Palmer, TN
AF Webster, PJ
   Palmer, TN
TI The past and the future of El Nino
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern oscillation; model
AB If events run true to form, the present El Niiio is approaching a climax which is why, acknowledging a Christmas connection, the phenomenon was so named. Predicting these events and their consequences is a daunting task, but there is progress to report.
C1 EUROPEAN CTR MEDIUM RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS,READING RG2 9AX,BERKS,ENGLAND.
C3 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
RP Webster, PJ (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,PROGRAM ATMOSPHER & OCEAN SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 17
TC 103
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 562
EP 564
DI 10.1038/37499
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uozumi, N
   Kume, K
   Nagase, T
   Nakatani, N
   Ishii, S
   Tashiro, F
   Komagata, Y
   Maki, K
   Ikuta, K
   Ouchi, Y
   Miyazaki, J
   Shimizu, T
AF Uozumi, N
   Kume, K
   Nagase, T
   Nakatani, N
   Ishii, S
   Tashiro, F
   Komagata, Y
   Maki, K
   Ikuta, K
   Ouchi, Y
   Miyazaki, J
   Shimizu, T
TI Role of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in allergic response and parturition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID platelet-activating-factor; arachidonic-acid; mast-cells; gene disruption; deficient mice; receptor; mouse; phosphorylation; translocation; kinase
AB Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) comprises a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyse the ester bond of phospholipids at the sn-2 position(1-3). Among the members of this superfamily, cytosolic PLA(2) has attracted attention because it preferentially hydrolyses arachidonoyl phospholipids and is activated by submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+ ions and by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases)(4-8). Here we investigate the function of cytosolic PLA(2) in vivo by using homologous recombination to generate mice deficient in this enzyme. These mice showed a marked decrease in their production of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor in peritoneal macrophages. Their ovalbumin-induced anaphylactic responses were significantly reduced, as was their bronchial reactivity to methacholine. Female mutant mice failed to deliver offspring, but these could be rescued by administration of a progesterone-receptor antagonist to the mother at term. Considered together with previous findings(9-15), our results indicate that cytosolic PLA(2) plays a non-redundant role in allergic responses and reproductive physiology.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT GERIATR,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DIS RELATED GENE REGULAT RES SANDOZ,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   TOHOKU UNIV,INST DEV AGING & CANC,AOBA KU,SENDAI,MIYAGI 98077,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Tohoku University
NR 30
TC 606
Z9 683
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 618
EP 622
DI 10.1038/37622
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300052
PM 9403692
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nyce, JW
   Metzger, WJ
AF Nyce, JW
   Metzger, WJ
TI DNA antisense therapy for asthma in an animal model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction; allergic rabbit model; receptor; theophylline; antagonism; contraction; surfactant; airways; hoe-140; tissue
AB Asthma is an inflammatory disease characterized by bronchial hyper-responsiveness that can proceed to life-threatening airway obstruction. It is one of the most common diseases in industrialized countries, and in the United States accounts for about 1% of all healthcare costs(1). Asthma prevalence and mortality have increased dramatically over the past decade(2), and occupational asthma is predicted to be the pre-eminent occupational lung disease in the next decade(3). Increasing evidence suggests that adenosine, an endogenous purine that is involved in normal physiological processes, may be an important mediator of bronchial asthma(4-15). In contrast to normal individuals, asthmatic individuals respond to adenosine challenge with marked airway obstruction(6,7), and concentrations of adenosine are elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthma patients(9). We performed a randomized crossover study using the dust mite-conditioned allergic rabbit model of human asthma. Administration of an aerosolized phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting the adenosine A(1) receptor desensitized the animals to subsequent challenge with either adenosine or dust-mite allergen.
C1 EPIGENESIS PHARMACEUT, DEPT MOL PHARMACOL & THERAPEUT, GREENVILLE, NC 27834 USA.
   E CAROLINA UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PHARMACOL, GREENVILLE, NC 27858 USA.
   E CAROLINA UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED, SECT ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOL, GREENVILLE, NC 27858 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; East Carolina University; University of North Carolina; East Carolina University
NR 28
TC 216
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 721
EP 725
DI 10.1038/385721a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300046
PM 9034188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU OhkiHamazaki, H
   Watase, K
   Yamamoto, K
   Ogura, H
   Yamano, M
   Yamada, K
   Maeno, H
   Imaki, J
   Kikuyama, S
   Wada, E
   Wada, K
AF OhkiHamazaki, H
   Watase, K
   Yamamoto, K
   Ogura, H
   Yamano, M
   Yamada, K
   Maeno, H
   Imaki, J
   Kikuyama, S
   Wada, E
   Wada, K
TI Mice lacking bombesin receptor subtype-3 develop metabolic defects and obesity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lung-carcinoma cells; leptin levels; molecular-cloning; peptide receptor; plasma
AB Mammalian bombesin-like peptides are widely distributed in the central nervous system as well as in the gastrointestinal tract, where they modulate smooth-muscle contraction, exocrine and endocrine processes, metabolism and behaviour(1). They bind to G-protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface to elicit their effects, Bombesin-like peptide receptors cloned so far include, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R)(2,3), neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R)(4,5), and bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3)(6,7). However, despite the molecular characterization of BRS-3, determination of its function has been difficult as a result of its low affinity for bombesin and its lack of an identified natural ligand, We have generated BRS-3-deficient mice in an attempt to determine the in vivo function of the receptor, Mice lacking functional BRS-3 developed a mild obesity, associated with hypertension and impairment of glucose metabolism, They also exhibited reduced metabolic rate, increased feeding efficiency and subsequent hyperphagia, Our data suggest that BRS-3 is required for the regulation of endocrine processes and metabolism responsible for energy balance and adiposity, BRS-3-deficient mice provide a useful new model for the investigation of human obesity and associated diseases.
C1 TOKYO INST PSYCHIAT,DEPT NEUROCHEM,SETAGAYA KU,TOKYO 156,JAPAN.
   WASEDA UNIV,SCH EDUC,DEPT BIOL,SHINJUKU KU,TOKYO 16950,JAPAN.
   EISAI & CO LTD,TSUKUBA RES LABS,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 30026,JAPAN.
   OSAKA PREFECTURAL COLL HLTH SCI,HABIKINO,OSAKA 583,JAPAN.
   NIPPON MED COLL,DEPT ANAT,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry; Waseda University; Eisai Co Ltd; Nippon Medical School
RP OhkiHamazaki, H (corresponding author), NATL CTR NEUROL & PSYCHIAT,NATL INST NEUROSCI,DEPT DEGENERAT NEUROL DIS,KODAIRA,TOKYO 187,JAPAN.
NR 19
TC 249
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 165
EP 169
DI 10.1038/36568
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400052
PM 9367152
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Das, A
   Gilbert, CD
AF Das, A
   Gilbert, CD
TI Distortions of visuotopic map match orientation singularities in primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey striate cortex; functional architecture; intrinsic signals; dynamic changes; field size; organization
AB The map of orientation columns in primary visual cortex (V1) is known to show strong local distortions, with a generally smooth progression of orientation preference across extended regions of cortex, interrupted by sharp jumps (fractures) and point singularities(1-4). The map of visual space on V1, in contrast, has been assumed to be locally smooth and isotropic. We find, on the contrary, that the map of visual space on cat V1 shows strong and systematic local distortions in register with inhomogeneities in the orientation map, with the rate of receptive field movement across cortex being largely proportional to the local rate of change of orientation. This suggests possible systematic local variations in the functional connectivity of short-range lateral connections that underlie local cortical processing.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University
NR 13
TC 100
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 594
EP 598
DI 10.1038/42461
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200054
PM 9177346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dahmane, N
   Lee, J
   Robins, P
   Heller, P
   Altaba, ARI
AF Dahmane, N
   Lee, J
   Robins, P
   Heller, P
   Altaba, ARI
TI Activation of the transcription factor Gli1 and the Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway in skin tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal-cell carcinomas; human homolog; candidate gene; expression; mutations; identification; oncogene; protein
AB Sporadic basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of malignant cancer in fair-skinned adults. Familial BCCs and a fraction of sporadic BCCs have lost the function of Patched (Ptc), a Sonic hedgehog (Shh) receptor(1-3) that acts negatively on this signalling pathway. Overexpression of Shh can induce BCCs in mice(4). Here we show that ectopic expression of the zinc-finger transcription factor Gli1 in the embryonic frog epidermis results in the development of tumours that express endogenous Gli1. We also show that Shh and the Gli genes are normally expressed in hair follicles, and that human sporadic BCCs consistently express Gli1 but not Shh or Gli3. Because Gli1, but not Gli3, acts as a target and mediator of Shh signalling(5), our results suggest that expression of GLi(1) in basal cells induces BCC formation. Moreover, loss of Ptc or overexpression of Shh cannot be the sole causes of Gli1 induction and sporadic BCC formation, as they do not occur consistently. Thus any mutations leading to the expression of Gli1 in basal cells are predicted to induce CC formation.
C1 NYU,MED CTR,SKIRBALL INST,DEV GENET PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   NYU,MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   NYU,MED CTR,DEPT DERMATOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
C3 New York University; New York University; New York University
NR 29
TC 536
Z9 630
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 876
EP 881
DI 10.1038/39918
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800063
PM 9349822
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aguinaldo, AMA
   Turbeville, JM
   Linford, LS
   Rivera, MC
   Garey, JR
   Raff, RA
   Lake, JA
AF Aguinaldo, AMA
   Turbeville, JM
   Linford, LS
   Rivera, MC
   Garey, JR
   Raff, RA
   Lake, JA
TI Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary trees; phylogenetic analysis; dna; sequences; metazoa; origin
AB The arthropods constitute the most diverse animal group, but, despite their rich fossil record and a century of study, their phylogenetic relationships remain unclear(1). Taxa previously proposed to be sister groups to the arthropods include Annelida, Onychophora, Tardigrada and others, but hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships have been conflicting(2,3). For example, onychophorans, like arthropods, moult periodically, have an arthropod arrangement of haemocoel(1,4), and have been related to arthropods in morphological and mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses(4,5). Like annelids, they possess segmental nephridia and muscles that are a combination of smooth and obliquely striated fibres(6). Our phylogenetic analysis of 18S ribosomal DNA sequences indicates a close relationship between arthropods, nematodes and all other moulting phyla. The results suggest that ecdysis (moulting) arose once and support the idea of a new clade, Ecdysozoa, containing moulting animals: arthropods, tardigrades, onychophorans, nematodes, nematomorphs, kinorhynchs and priapulids. No support is found for a clade of segmented animals, the Articulata, uniting annelids with arthropods. The hypothesis that nematodes are related to arthropods has important implications for developmental genetic studies using as model systems the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the arthropod Drosophila melanogaster, which are generally held to be phylogenetically distant from each other.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, INST MOL BIOL, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
   UNIV ARKANSAS, DEPT BIOL SCI, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA.
   UNIV S FLORIDA, DEPT BIOL, TAMPA, FL 33620 USA.
   DUQUESNE UNIV, DEPT SCI BIOL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15282 USA.
   INDIANA UNIV, DEPT BIOL, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
   INDIANA UNIV, INDIANA MOL BIOL INST, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; Duquesne University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
NR 30
TC 1302
Z9 1432
U1 1
U2 196
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 489
EP 493
DI 10.1038/387489a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900045
PM 9168109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, ZZ
   Tershner, SA
   Fields, HL
AF Pan, ZZ
   Tershner, SA
   Fields, HL
TI Cellular mechanism for anti-analgesic action of agonists of the kappa-opioid receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphine analgesia; medullary mu; dependence; tolerance; reward; pharmacology; dynorphin; peptides; pathways; modulate
AB The analgesic effect of clinically used exogenous opioids, such as morphine, is mediated primarily through mu-opioid receptors(1-3), but the function of the kappa-receptor in opioid analgesia is unclear. Although kappa-receptor agonists can produce analgesia(4,5), behavioural studies indicate that kappa agonists applied intravenously or locally into the spinal cord antagonize morphine analgesia (see refs 4, 6 for reviews). As morphine, a primary mu agonist(1), also binds to kappa-receptors(7) and the analgesic effectiveness of morphine decreases with repeated use (tolerance), it is important to understand the mechanism for the functional interaction between kappa- and mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Here we present in vitro electrophysiological and in vivo behavioural evidence that activation of the kappa-receptor specifically antagonizes mu-receptor-mediated analgesia. We show that in slice preparations of a rat brainstem nucleus, which is critical for the action of opioids in controlling pain, functional kappa- and mu-receptors are each localized on physiologically different types of neuron. Activation of the kappa-receptor hyperpolarizes neurons that are activated indirectly by the mu-receptor. In rats, kappa-receptor activation in this brainstem nucleus significantly attenuates local mu-receptor-mediated analgesia. Our findings suggest a new cellular mechanism for the potentially ubiquitous opposing interaction between mu- and kappa-opioid receptors and may help in the design of treatments for pain.
RP Pan, ZZ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,WM KECK CTR INTEGRAT NEURSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 29
TC 139
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 382
EP 385
DI 10.1038/38730
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500052
PM 9311779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spector, MS
   Desnoyers, S
   Hoeppner, DJ
   Hengartner, MO
AF Spector, MS
   Desnoyers, S
   Hoeppner, DJ
   Hengartner, MO
TI Interaction between the C-elegans cell-death regulators CED-9 and CED-4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; membrane protein; bcl-2; apoptosis; encodes
AB Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is an evolutionarily conserved process used by multicellular organisms to eliminate cells that are not needed or are potentially detrimental to the organism(1,2). Members of the Bcl-2 family of mammalian proteins are intimately involved in the regulation of apoptosis, but, their precise mechanism of action remains unresolved(3-5). In Caenorhabditis elegans, the Bcl-2 homologue CED-9 prevents cell death by antagonizing the death-promoting activities of CED-3, a member of the Caspase family of death proteases, and of CED-4, a protein with no known mammalian homologue(6-9). Here we show that CED-9 interacts physically with CED-4. Mutations that reduce or eliminate CED-9 activity also disrupt its ability to bind CED-4, suggesting that this interaction is important for CED-9 function. Thus, CED-9 might control C. elegans cell death by binding to and regulating CED-4 activity. We propose that mammalian Bcl-2 family members might control apoptosis in a similar way through interaction and regulation of CED-4 homologues or analogues.
C1 COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
   SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL,GRAD PROGRAM GENET,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
NR 29
TC 264
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 653
EP 656
DI 10.1038/385653a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400055
PM 9024666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosen, ED
   Chan, JCY
   Idusogie, E
   Clotman, F
   Vlasuk, G
   Luther, T
   Jalbert, LR
   Albrecht, S
   Zhong, L
   Lissens, A
   Schoonjans, L
   Moons, L
   Collen, D
   Castellino, FJ
   Carmeliet, P
AF Rosen, ED
   Chan, JCY
   Idusogie, E
   Clotman, F
   Vlasuk, G
   Luther, T
   Jalbert, LR
   Albrecht, S
   Zhong, L
   Lissens, A
   Schoonjans, L
   Moons, L
   Collen, D
   Castellino, FJ
   Carmeliet, P
TI Mice lacking factor VII develop normally but suffer fatal perinatal bleeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visceral yolk-sac; tissue factor; blood-coagulation; expression; initiator; deficient; biology; protein; embryos; cells
AB Blood coagulation in vivo is initiated by factor VII (FVII) binding to its cellular receptor tissue factor (TF)(1-4). FVII is the only known ligand for TF, so it was expected that FVII-deficient embryos would have a similar phenotype to TF-deficient embryos, which have defective vitello-embryonic circulation and die around 9.5 days of gestation(5-8), Surprisingly, we find that FVII-deficient (FVII-/-) embryos developed normally, FVII-/- mice succumbed perinatally because of fatal haemorrhaging from normal blood vessels. At embryonic day 9.5, maternal-fetal transfer of FVII was undetectable and survival of embryos did not depend on TF-FVII-initiated fibrin formation. Thus, the TF-/- embryonic lethal and the FVII-/- survival-phenotypes suggest a role for TF during embryogenesis beyond fibrin formation.
C1 FLANDERS INTERUNIV, INST BIOTECHNOL, CTR TRANSGENE TECHNOL & GENE THERAPY, B-3000 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   UNIV NOTRE DAME, CTR TRANSGENE RES, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA.
   UNIV NOTRE DAME, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 USA.
   UNIV LOUVAIN, LAB DEV GENET, B-1348 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   CORVAS INT INC, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
   TECH UNIV DRESDEN, INST PATHOL, D-01307 DRESDEN, GERMANY.
C3 University of Notre Dame; University of Notre Dame; Technische Universitat Dresden
NR 29
TC 186
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 290
EP 294
DI 10.1038/36862
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700064
PM 9384381
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodnina, MV
   Savelsbergh, A
   Katunin, VI
   Wintermeyer, W
AF Rodnina, MV
   Savelsbergh, A
   Katunin, VI
   Wintermeyer, W
TI Hydrolysis of GTP by elongation factor G drives tRNA movement on the ribosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; transfer-rna; factor tu; escherichia-coli; ef-tu; steady-state; factor-ii; translocation; translation; mechanism
AB Elongation factor G (EF-G) is a GTPase that is involved in the translocation of bacterial ribosomes along messenger RNA during protein biosynthesis. In contrast to current models, EF-G-dependent GTP hydrolysis is shown to precede, and greatly accelerate, the rearrangement of the ribosome that leads to translocation. Domain IV of the EF-G structure is crucial for both rapid translocation and subsequent release of the factor from the ribosome. By coupling the free energy of GTP hydrolysis to translocation, EF-G serves as a motor protein to drive the directional movement of transfer and messenger RNAs on the ribosome.
C1 UNIV WITTEN HERDECKE,INST MOL BIOL,D-58448 WITTEN,GERMANY.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,ST PETERSBURG NUCL PHYS INST,GATCHINA 188350,RUSSIA.
C3 Witten Herdecke University; Russian Academy of Sciences; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute
NR 49
TC 416
Z9 536
U1 1
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 37
EP 41
DI 10.1038/385037a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100040
PM 8985244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fraser, CM
   Casjens, S
   Huang, WM
   Sutton, GG
   Clayton, R
   Lathigra, R
   White, O
   Ketchum, KA
   Dodson, R
   Hickey, EK
   Gwinn, M
   Dougherty, B
   Tomb, JF
   Fleischmann, RD
   Richardson, D
   Peterson, J
   Kerlavage, AR
   Quackenbush, J
   Salzberg, S
   Hanson, M
   vanVugt, R
   Palmer, N
   Adams, MD
   Gocayne, J
   Weidman, J
   Utterback, T
   Watthey, L
   McDonald, L
   Artiach, P
   Bowman, C
   Garland, S
   Fujii, C
   Cotton, MD
   Horst, K
   Roberts, K
   Hatch, B
   Smith, HO
   Venter, JC
AF Fraser, CM
   Casjens, S
   Huang, WM
   Sutton, GG
   Clayton, R
   Lathigra, R
   White, O
   Ketchum, KA
   Dodson, R
   Hickey, EK
   Gwinn, M
   Dougherty, B
   Tomb, JF
   Fleischmann, RD
   Richardson, D
   Peterson, J
   Kerlavage, AR
   Quackenbush, J
   Salzberg, S
   Hanson, M
   vanVugt, R
   Palmer, N
   Adams, MD
   Gocayne, J
   Weidman, J
   Utterback, T
   Watthey, L
   McDonald, L
   Artiach, P
   Bowman, C
   Garland, S
   Fujii, C
   Cotton, MD
   Horst, K
   Roberts, K
   Hatch, B
   Smith, HO
   Venter, JC
TI Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna genes; linear chromosome; circular-plasmid; escherichia-coli; agent; replication; organization; infectivity; origin; dna
AB The genome of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi B31, the aetiologic agent of Lyme disease, contains a linear chromosome of 910,725 base pairs and at least 17 linear and circular plasmids with a combined size of more than 533,000 base pairs. The chromosome contains 853 genes encoding a basic set of proteins for DNA replication, transcription, translation, solute transport and energy metabolism, but, like Mycoplasma genitalium, it contains no genes for cellular biosynthetic reactions. Because B. burgdorferi and M. genitalium are distantly related eubacteria, we suggest that their limited metabolic capacities reflect convergent evolution by gene loss from more metabolically competent progenitors. Of 430 genes on 11 plasmids, most have no known biological function; 39% of plasmid genes are paralogues that form 47 gene families. The biological significance of the multiple plasmid-encoded genes is not clear, although they may be involved in antigenic variation or immune evasion.
C1 UNIV UTAH,DEPT ONCOL SCI,DIV MOL BIOL & GENET,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84132.
   MEDIMMUNE INC,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20878.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; AstraZeneca; Medimmune
RP Fraser, CM (corresponding author), INST GENOM RES,9712 MED CTR DR,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850, USA.
NR 49
TC 1744
Z9 2483
U1 2
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 580
EP 586
DI 10.1038/37551
PG 23
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300040
PM 9403685
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tei, H
   Okamura, H
   Shigeyoshi, Y
   Fukuhara, C
   Ozawa, R
   Hirose, M
   Sakaki, Y
AF Tei, H
   Okamura, H
   Shigeyoshi, Y
   Fukuhara, C
   Ozawa, R
   Hirose, M
   Sakaki, Y
TI Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila period gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID suprachiasmatic nucleus; clock gene; melanogaster; behavior; protein; product; lesions; system
AB Many biochemical, physiological and behavioural processes in organisms ranging from microorganisms to vertebrates exhibit circadian rhythms(1). In Drosophila, the gene period (per) is required for the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and eclosion behaviour(2). Oscillation in the levels of per mRNA and Period (dPer) protein in the fly brain is thought to be responsible for the rhythmicity(3,4). However, no per homologues in animals other than insects have been identified. Here we identify the human and mouse genes (hPER and mPer, respectively) encoding PAS-domain (PAS, a dimerization domain present in Per, Amt and Sim)-containing polypeptides that aro highly homologous to dPer. Besides this structural resemblance, mPer shows autonomous circadian oscillation in its expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain(5,6). Clock, a mammalian clock gene encoding a PAS-containing polypeptide(7,8), has now been cloned: it is likely that the Per homologues dimerize with other molecule(s) such as Clock through PAS-PAS interaction in the circadian clock system.
C1 KOBE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT ANAT & BRAIN SCI, CHUO KU, KOBE, HYOGO 650, JAPAN.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Kobe University; Scripps Research Institute
RP Tei, H (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO, INST MED SCI, CTR HUMAN GENOME, MINATO KU, 4-6-1 SHIROKANEDAI, TOKYO 108, JAPAN.
NR 27
TC 680
Z9 782
U1 2
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 512
EP 516
DI 10.1038/39086
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900061
PM 9333243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maldonado, R
   Saiardi, A
   Valverde, O
   Samad, TA
   Roques, BP
   Borrelli, E
AF Maldonado, R
   Saiardi, A
   Valverde, O
   Samad, TA
   Roques, BP
   Borrelli, E
TI Absence of opiate rewarding effects in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; morphine-withdrawal syndrome; nucleus-accumbens; mesolimbic system; rats; heroin; involvement; stimulation; increase; cocaine
AB Dopamine receptors have been implicated in the behavioural response to drugs of abuse. These responses are mediated particularly by the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway arising in the ventral tegmental area and projecting to the limbic system, The rewarding properties of opiates(1) and the somatic expression of morphine abstinence(2) have been related to changes in mesolimbic dopaminergic activity that could constitute the neural substrate for opioid addiction(3), These adaptive responses to repeated morphine administration have been investigated in mice with a genetic disruption of the dopaminergic D2 receptors(4). Although the behavioural expression of morphine withdrawal was unchanged in these mice, a total suppression of morphine rewarding properties was observed in a place-preference test. This effect is specific to the drug, as mice lacking D2 receptors behaved the same as wild-type mice when food is used as reward, We conclude that the D2 receptor plays a crucial role in the motivational component of drug addiction.
C1 UNIV STRASBOURG 1, INST GENET & BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE, CNRS, INSERM, F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENSTADEN, FRANCE.
   UNIV PARIS 05, DEPT PHARMACOCHIM MOL & STRUCT,CNRS,URA D1500, INSERM,U266, F-75270 PARIS, FRANCE.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite
NR 30
TC 373
Z9 438
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 586
EP 589
DI 10.1038/41567
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200050
PM 9252189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toscani, A
   Mettus, RV
   Coupland, R
   Simpkins, H
   Litvin, J
   Orth, J
   Hatton, KS
   Reddy, EP
AF Toscani, A
   Mettus, RV
   Coupland, R
   Simpkins, H
   Litvin, J
   Orth, J
   Hatton, KS
   Reddy, EP
TI Arrest of spermatogenesis and defective breast development in mice lacking A-myb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cultured-cells; mouse genes; expression; testis; tissue; protein
AB The Myb gene family currently consists of three members, named A-, B- and c-myb(1,2). These genes encode nuclear proteins that bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner and function as regulators of transcription. In adult male mice, A-myb is expressed predominantly in male germ cells(2,3). In female mice, A-myb is expressed in breast ductal epithelium, mainly during pregnancy-induced ductal branching and alveolar development. We report here that mice homozygous for a germline mutation in A-myb develop to term but show defects in growth after birth and male infertility due to a block in spermatogenesis. Morphological examination of the testes of A-myb(-/-) males revealed that the germ cells enter meiotic prophase and arrest at pachytene. In adult homozygous null A-myb female mice, the breast epithelial compartment showed underdevelopment of breast tissue following pregnancy and the female mice were unable to nurse their newborn pups, These results demonstrate that A-myb plays a critical role in spermatogenesis and mammary gland development.
C1 TEMPLE UNIV,SCH MED,FELS INST CANC RES & MOL BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19140.
   TEMPLE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19140.
   TEMPLE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19140.
   TEMPLE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19140.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University
NR 28
TC 193
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 713
EP 717
DI 10.1038/386713a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700055
PM 9109487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ditmire, T
   Tisch, JWG
   Springate, E
   Mason, MB
   Hay, N
   Smith, RA
   Marangos, J
   Hutchinson, MHR
AF Ditmire, T
   Tisch, JWG
   Springate, E
   Mason, MB
   Hay, N
   Smith, RA
   Marangos, J
   Hutchinson, MHR
TI High-energy ions produced in explosions of superheated atomic clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-emission; laser-produced plasmas; coulomb explosion; states
AB Efficient conversion of electromagnetic energy to particle energy is of fundamental importance in many areas of physics. A promising avenue for producing matter with unprecedented energy densities is by heating atomic clusters, an intermediate form of matter between molecules and solids(1), with high-intensity, ultra-short light pulses(2-4). Studies of noble-gas clusters heated with high-intensity (>10(16)W cm(-2)) laser pulses indicate that a highly ionized, very high temperature micro-plasma is produced. The explosion of these superheated clusters ejects ions with substantial kinetic energy(3-5), Here we report the direct measurement of the ion energy distributions resulting from these explosions. We find, in the case of laser-heated xenon clusters, that such explosions produce xenon ions with kinetic energies up to 1 MeV. This energy is four orders of magnitude higher than that achieved in the Coulomb explosion of small molecules(6), indicating a fundamental difference in the nature of intense laser-matter interactions between molecules and clusters. Moreover, it demonstrates that access to an extremely high temperature state of matter is now possible with small-scale lasers.
RP Ditmire, T (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,BLACKETT LAB,PRINCE CONSORT RD,LONDON SW7 2BZ,ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 618
Z9 651
U1 2
U2 89
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/386054a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saitoh, O
   Kubo, Y
   Miyatani, Y
   Asano, T
   Nakata, H
AF Saitoh, O
   Kubo, Y
   Miyatani, Y
   Asano, T
   Nakata, H
TI RGS8 accelerates G-protein-mediated modulation of K+ currents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscarinic potassium channel; gtpase-activating proteins; beta-gamma-subunits; inward rectifier; xenopus oocytes; alpha-subunits; family; cells; desensitization; inhibition
AB Transmembrane signal transduction via heterotrimeric G proteins is reported to be inhibited by RGS (regulators of G-protein signalling) proteins(1-4). These RGS proteins work by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha-subunits (G alpha), thereby driving G proteins into their inactive GDP-bound form(5-7). However, it is not known how RGS proteins regulate the kinetics of physiological responses that depend on G proteins. Here we report the isolation of a full-length complementary DNA encoding a neural-tissue-specific RGS protein, RGS8, and the determination of its function. We show that RGS8 binds preferentially to the alpha-subunits G alpha o and G alpha i3 and that it functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). When co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes with a G-protein-coupled receptor and a G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channel (GIRK1/2), RGS8 accelerated not only the turning off but also the turning on of the GIRK1/2 current upon receptor stimulation, without affecting the dose-response relationship. We conclude that RGS8 accelerates the modulation of G-protein-coupled channels and is not just a simple negative regulator. This property of RGS8 may be crucial for the rapid regulation of neuronal excitability upon stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors.
C1 TOKYO METROPOLITAN INST NEUROSCI,DEPT NEUROPHYSIOL,FUCHU,TOKYO 183,JAPAN.
   INST DEV RES,AICHI HUMAN SERV CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,KASUGAI,AICHI 48003,JAPAN.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
RP Saitoh, O (corresponding author), TOKYO METROPOLITAN INST NEUROSCI,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR NEUROBIOL,2-6 MUSASHIDAI,FUCHU,TOKYO 183,JAPAN.
NR 24
TC 190
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 525
EP 529
DI 10.1038/37385
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500056
PM 9394004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilkinson, SR
   Bharucha, CF
   Fischer, MC
   Madison, KW
   Morrow, PR
   Niu, Q
   Sundaram, B
   Raizen, MG
AF Wilkinson, SR
   Bharucha, CF
   Fischer, MC
   Madison, KW
   Morrow, PR
   Niu, Q
   Sundaram, B
   Raizen, MG
TI Experimental evidence for non-exponential decay in quantum tunnelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB An exponential decay law is the universal hallmark of unstable systems and is observed in all fields of science. This law is not, however, fully consistent with quantum mechanics and deviations from exponential decay have been predicted for short as well as long times(1-8), Such deviations have not hitherto been observed experimentally. Here we present experimental evidence for short-time deviation from exponential decay in a quantum tunnelling experiment, Our system consists of ultra-cold sodium atoms that are trapped in an accelerating periodic optical potential created by a standing wave of light. Atoms can escape the wells by quantum tunnelling, and the number that remain can be measured as a function of interaction time for a fixed value of the well depth and acceleration. We observe that for short times the survival probability is initially constant before developing the characteristics of exponential decay. The conceptual simplicity of the experiment enables a detailed comparison with theoretical predictions.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, DEPT PHYS, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
NR 15
TC 298
Z9 314
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 575
EP 577
DI 10.1038/42418
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolfe, CJ
   Bjarnason, IT
   VanDecar, JC
   Solomon, SC
AF Wolfe, CJ
   Bjarnason, IT
   VanDecar, JC
   Solomon, SC
TI Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ridges; temperature; convection; melt
AB Oceanic hotspots are generally accepted to be the manifestations of plumes of hot, upwelling mantle material(1,2), but the nature of such flows remains enigmatic. Iceland, for example, is one of the most thoroughly investigated hotspots, yet previous seismological(3-5) and geodynamic(6-12) studies have been unable to constrain the width or temperature of the plume. Here we report the results of a regional broadband seismic experiment undertaken to determine the three-dimensional velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath Iceland using relative travel times of body waves from teleseismic earthquakes. Inversion solutions of the data show a cylindrical zone of low P- and S-wave velocities that extends from 100 km to at least 400 km depth beneath central Iceland. The radius of the low-velocity anomaly is about 150 km, and its magnitude is approximately 2% for P waves and 4% for S waves, indicating that Iceland is underlain by a hot, narrow plume of upwelling mantle.
C1 UNIV ICELAND, INST SCI, IS-107 REYKJAVIK, ICELAND.
C3 University of Iceland
RP Wolfe, CJ (corresponding author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON, DEPT TERR MAGNETISM, 5241 BROAD BRANCH RD NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20015 USA.
NR 30
TC 425
Z9 472
U1 0
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 245
EP 247
DI 10.1038/385245a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ulrich, HD
   Mundroff, E
   Santarsiero, BD
   Driggers, EM
   Stevens, RC
   Schultz, PG
AF Ulrich, HD
   Mundroff, E
   Santarsiero, BD
   Driggers, EM
   Stevens, RC
   Schultz, PG
TI The interplay between binding energy and catalysis in the evolution of a catalytic antibody
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxy-cope rearrangement; immune-response; germ-line; diversity; mechanism; genes; vl; vh
AB Antibody catalysis(1) provides an opportunity to examine the evolution of binding energy and its relation to catalytic function in a system that has many parallels with natural enzymes. Here we report such a study involving an antibody AZ-28 that catalyses an oxy-Cope rearrangement, a pericyclic reaction that belongs to a well studied and widely used class of reactions in organic chemistry(2). Immunization with transition state analogue 1 results in a germline-encoded antibody that catalyses the rearrangement of hexadiene 2 to aldehyde 3 with a rate approaching that of a related pericyclic reaction catalysed by the enzyme chorismate mutase(3). Affinity maturation gives antibody AZ-28, which has six amino acid substitutions, one of which results in a decrease in catalytic rate. To understand the relationship between binding and catalytic rate in this system we characterized a series of active-site mutants and determined the three-dimensional crystal structure of the complex of AZ-28 with the transition state analogue. This analysis indicates that the activation energy depends on a complex balance of several, stereoelectronic effects which are controlled by an extensive network of binding interactions in the active site, Thus in this instance the combinatorial diversity of the immune system provided both an efficient catalyst far a reaction where no enzyme is known, as well as an opportunity to explore the mechanisms and evolution of biological catalysis.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB, DIV MAT SCI, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 33
TC 78
Z9 82
U1 2
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 271
EP 275
DI 10.1038/38470
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200043
PM 9305839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dove, SL
   Joung, JK
   Hochschild, A
AF Dove, SL
   Joung, JK
   Hochschild, A
TI Activation of prokaryotic transcription through arbitrary protein-protein contacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; camp receptor protein; escherichia-coli; lambda-repressor; synergistic activation; gene activation; alpha-subunit; promoter; recognition; initiation
AB Many transcriptional activators in prokaryotes are known to bind near a promoter and contact RNA polymerase(1-5), but it is not dear whether a protein-protein contact between an activator and RNA polymerase is enough to activate gene transcription, Here we show that contact between a DNA-bound protein and a heterologous protein domain fused to RNA polymerase can elicit transcriptional activation; moreover, the strength of this engineered protein-protein interaction determines the amount of gene activation, Our results indicate that an arbitrary interaction between a DNA-bound protein and RNA polymerase can activate transcription. We also find that when the DNA-bound 'activator' makes contact with two different components of the polymerase, the effect of these two interactions on transcription is synergistic.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & MOL GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
FU NIH HHS [DP1 OD006862] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/386627a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300064
PM 9121589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, J
   Johnson, K
   Chen, HJ
   Carroll, S
   Laughon, A
AF Kim, J
   Johnson, K
   Chen, HJ
   Carroll, S
   Laughon, A
TI Drosophila MAD binds to DNA and directly mediates activation of vestigial by decapentaplegic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hedgehog; expression; melanogaster; elements; pattern; protein; gene; dpp
AB The TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta)-related signalling proteins, including Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in Drosophila and bone morphogenic proteins and activin in vertebrates, affect the growth and patterning of a great variety of structures. However, the mechanisms by which these ligands regulate gene expression are not understood. Activation of complexes of type I with type II receptors results in the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of members of the SMAD protein family(1-9), which are thought to act as co-activators of transcription, perhaps in conjunction with sequence-specific cofactors(10). Here we show that the aminoterminal domain of the Drosophila Mothers against dpp protein (Mad), a mediator of Dpp signalling(11-14), possesses a sequence-specific DNA-binding activity that becomes apparent when carboxy-terminal residues are removed. Mad binds to and is required for the activation of an enhancer within the vestigial wing-patterning gene in cells across the entire developing wing blade. Mad also binds to Dpp-response elements in other genes. These results suggest that Dpp signalling regulates gene expression by activating Mad binding to target gene enhancers.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GENET,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT MED GENET,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,MOL BIOL LAB,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,MCARDLE LAB CANC RES,DEPT ONCOL,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 31
TC 464
Z9 545
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 304
EP 308
DI 10.1038/40906
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100058
PM 9230443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, JE
   Risk, MJ
   Schwarcz, HP
   McConnaughey, TA
AF Smith, JE
   Risk, MJ
   Schwarcz, HP
   McConnaughey, TA
TI Rapid climate change in the North Atlantic during the Younger Dryas recorded by deep-sea corals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last deglaciation; circulation; oxygen
AB Research on global climate change has increasingly focused on rapid (century-scale and decadal) changes. One such climate shift, the Younger Dryas cooling event(1), took place during the last deglaciation, from 13,000 to 11,700 years BP. Climate records from Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic sediment cores show high-frequency fluctuations implying significant (>5 degrees C) shifts in temperature at this time, taking place within 50-100 years (ref. 2), The origin of the Younger Dryas has recently been attributed to a reduction or cessation of deep-water production in the North Atlantic and a concurrent lessening of the heat flux from Low latitudes(3,4), The role of intermediate waters (1,000-2,000 m depth) is less certain, however, because climate proxies for this ocean reservoir are rare and ambiguous. Here we report on the use of a new climate archive, deep-sea corals from Orphan knoll (1,600 m depth) in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The oxygen isotope ratios in the coral skeletons (accurately dated by the Th-230/U-234 chronometric method) change markedly coincident with the initiation of the Younger Dryas, suggesting that there were profound changes in intermediate-water circulation at this time.
C1 MCMASTER UNIV, DEPT GEOL, HAMILTON, ON L8S 4M1, CANADA.
   BIOSPHERE 2 CTR, MARINE RES, ORACLE, AZ 85623 USA.
C3 McMaster University
NR 30
TC 90
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 818
EP 820
DI 10.1038/386818a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, JX
   Li, M
   Rogers, R
   Meyer, W
   Ottewill, RH
   Russell, WB
   Chaikin, PM
AF Zhu, JX
   Li, M
   Rogers, R
   Meyer, W
   Ottewill, RH
   Russell, WB
   Chaikin, PM
TI Crystallization of hard-sphere colloids in microgravity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coupling-theory analysis; glass-transition; crystals; growth
AB The structure of, and transitions between, liquids, crystals and glasses have commonly been studied with the hard-sphere model(1-5), in which the atoms are modelled as spheres that interact only through an infinite repulsion on contact. Suspensions of uniform colloidal polymer particles are good approximations to hard spheres(6-11), and so provide an experimental model system for investigating hard-sphere phases. They display a crystallization transition driven by entropy alone. Because the particles are much larger than atoms, and the crystals are weakly bound, gravity plays a significant role in the formation and structure of these colloidal crystals. Here we report the results of microgravity experiments performed on the Space Shuttle Columbia to elucidate the effects of gravity on colloidal crystallization. Whereas in normal gravity colloidal crystals grown just above the volume fraction at melting show a mixture of random stacking of hexagonally close-packed planes (r.h.c.p.) and face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) packing if allowed time to settle(7,8), those in microgravity exhibit the r.h.c.p. structure alone, suggesting that the f.c.c. component may be induced by gravity-induced stresses. We also see dendritic growth instabilities that are not evident in normal gravity, presumably because they are disrupted by shear-induced stresses as the crystals settle under gravity. Finally, glassy samples at high volume fraction which fail to crystallize after more than a year on Earth crystallize fully in less than two weeks in microgravity. Clearly gravity masks or alters some of the intrinsic aspects of colloidal crystallization.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT PHYS, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
   PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT CHEM ENGN, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
   NASA, LEWIS RES CTR, CLEVELAND, OH 44136 USA.
   UNIV BRISTOL, SCH CHEM, BRISTOL BS8 1TS, AVON, ENGLAND.
   NASA, LYNDON B JOHNSON SPACE CTR, HOUSTON, TX 77058 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Glenn Research Center; University of Bristol; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center
NR 25
TC 437
Z9 504
U1 1
U2 198
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 883
EP 885
DI 10.1038/43141
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wessel, P
   Kroenke, L
AF Wessel, P
   Kroenke, L
TI A geometric technique for relocating hotspots and refining absolute plate motions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific-plate; fracture-zone; origin; ridge; atlantic; islands; history; chain
AB An age-independent, geometric relationship is presented that links hotspots to the seamounts which they produce, and so permits the use of undated seamounts to refine the motion of tectonic plates. This technique has the potential to rigorously assess hotspot fixity and to locate extinct hotspots. The present application of this method points to a recent change in Pacific plate motion, and suggests a relocation of the Louisville hotspot to the Hollister ridge, south of the Eltanin fracture zone.
RP Wessel, P (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII MANOA,SCH OCEAN & EARTH SCI & TECHNOL,2525 CORREA RD,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 39
TC 123
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 365
EP 369
DI 10.1038/387365a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanyu, T
   Kaneoka, I
AF Hanyu, T
   Kaneoka, I
TI The uniform and low He-3/He-4 ratios of HIMU basalts as evidence for their origin as recycled materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotope systematics; oceanic islands; mantle; helium; element; sr; nd; geochemistry; constraints; evolution
AB Several hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of the group of lavas having the isotopic signature known as 'high mu' (HIMU, where mu = U-238/Pb-204)(1-4); these explanations have invoked processes involving recycled oceanic crust and sediment, metasomatically enriched subcontinental lithosphere, or intra-mantle metasomatism(1-12). Here we present helium isotope analyses of HIMU basalts, with ages of 10-18 Myr, from three islands of the Cook-Austral Archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean. We find that the HIMU samples have a relatively uniform and low He-3/He-4 ratio of 6.8 +/- 0.9 R-A compared with mid-ocean-ridge basalt, whereas samples of other enriched-mantle lavas from this region have more variable and higher signatures. The consistency of our HIMU results with those obtained from previous analyses of HIMU lavas at St Helena(13) in the Atlantic Ocean lead us to conclude that a relatively low and uniform He-3/He-4 ratio represents a general characteristic of the mantle source region for HIMU lavas. Also, the uniform He-3/He-4 ratio (in both space and time) suggests that recycled oceanic crust and/or sediments are present in the source region for HIMU lavas, as it seems less likely that the other candidate processes, invoking metasomatism, would produce such consistent values.
RP Hanyu, T (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO, EARTHQUAKE RES INST, BUNKYO KU, 7-3-1 HONGO, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 138
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 273
EP 276
DI 10.1038/36835
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drevets, WC
   Price, JL
   Simpson, JR
   Todd, RD
   Reich, T
   Vannier, M
   Raichle, ME
AF Drevets, WC
   Price, JL
   Simpson, JR
   Todd, RD
   Reich, T
   Vannier, M
   Raichle, ME
TI Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; unipolar depression; glucose-metabolism; (h2o)-o-15; validation; validity; common; rates
AB Pathological disturbances of mood may follow a 'bipolar' course, in which normal moods alternate with both depression and mania, or a 'unipolar' course, in which only depression occurs(1-3). Both bipolar and unipolar disorders can be heritable illnesses associated with neurochemical, neuroendocrine and autonomic abnormalities. The neurobiological basis for these abnormalities has not been established(2,3). Using positron emission tomographic (PET) images of cerebral blood flow and rate of glucose metabolism to measure brain activity, we have now localized an area of abnormally decreased activity in the pre-frontal cortex ventral to the germ of the corpus callosum in both familial bipolar depressives and familial unipolar depressives. This decrement in activity was at least partly explained by a corresponding reduction in cortical volume(4) as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated reductions in the mean grey matter volume in the same area of 39 and 48% in the bipolar and unipolar samples, respectively. This region has previously been implicated in the mediation of emotional and autonomic responses to socially significant or provocative stimuli, and in the modulation of the neurotransmitter systems targeted by antidepressant drugs(3,5-10).
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, MALLINCKRODT INST RADIOL, DIV RADIOL SCI, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT NEUROL & NEUROL SURG NEUROL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, MCDONNELL CTR STUDIES HIGHER BRAIN FUNCT, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Drevets, WC (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PSYCHIAT, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
NR 30
TC 2089
Z9 2366
U1 0
U2 158
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 824
EP 827
DI 10.1038/386824a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600052
PM 9126739
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tarasow, TM
   Tarasow, SL
   Eaton, BE
AF Tarasow, TM
   Tarasow, SL
   Eaton, BE
TI RNA-catalysed carbon-carbon bond formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lewis-acid catalysis; diels-alder reaction; porphyrin metalation; ribozymes; world; evolution; water
AB The 'RNA world' hypothesis(1-3), which assumes that the chemical processes that led to the appearance of life were carried out by RNA molecules, has stimulated interest in catalytic reactions involving oligonucleotides such as catalytic RNA (ribozymes)(4). Naturally occurring ribozymes have, for example, been shown to efficiently catalyse the formation and cleavage of nucleic-acid phosphodiester bonds(4-8), and this narrow range of RNA-catalysed reactions has been subsequently expanded by in vitro selection methods to include ester(9) and amide(10,24) bond formation S(N)2 reactions and porphyrin metallations(11,12). Carbon-carbon bond formation and the creation of asymmetric centres are both of great importance biochemically, but have not yet been accomplished by RNA catalysis, A widely used reaction that creates two new carbon-carbon bonds and up to four stereo-centres is the Diels-Alder cycloaddition, which occurs between a 1,3-butadiene and an alkene. Here we report the successful application of in vitro selection to isolate pyridine-modified RNA molecules that catalyse a Diels-Alder cycloaddition, We find that the RNA molecules accelerate the reaction rate by a factor of up to 800 relative to the uncatalysed reaction.
C1 NEXSTAR PHARMACEUT INC,BOULDER,CO 80301.
NR 24
TC 315
Z9 378
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/37950
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600041
PM 9288965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Watch the Internet for careers update
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 657
EP 657
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Gabo's geometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT HIST ART,35 BEAUMONT ST,OXFORD OX1 2PG,ENGLAND.
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 1
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 919
EP 919
DI 10.1038/40034
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Semaw, S
   Renne, P
   Harris, JWK
   Feibel, CS
   Bernor, RL
   Fesseha, N
   Mowbray, K
AF Semaw, S
   Renne, P
   Harris, JWK
   Feibel, CS
   Bernor, RL
   Fesseha, N
   Mowbray, K
TI 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pliocene hominids; turkana basin; lake turkana; time-scale; hadar; kenya; ma
AB The Oldowan Stone tool industry was named for 1.8-million-year-old (Mpr) artefacts found near the bottom of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Subsequent archaeological research in the Omo (Ethiopia) and Turkana (Kenya) also yielded stone tools dated to 2.3 Myr. Palaeoanthropological investigations in the Hadar region of the Awash Valley of Ethiopia(1), revealed Oldowan assemblages in the adjacent Gona River drainage(2). We conducted held work in the Gona study area of Ethiopia between 1992 and 1994 which resulted in additional archaeological discoveries as well as radioisotopic age control and a magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Gona sequence. These occurrences are now securely dated between 2.6-2.5 Myr. The stone tools are thus the oldest known artefacts from anywhere in the world The artefacts show surprisingly sophisticated control of stone fracture mechanics, equivalent to much younger Oldowan assemblages of Early Pleistocene age. This indicates an unexpectedly long period of technological stasis in the Oldowan.
C1 BERKELEY GEOCHRONOL CTR,BERKELEY,CA 94709.
   HOWARD UNIV,COLL MED,DEPT ANAT,LAB PALEOBIOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20059.
C3 Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; Howard University
RP Semaw, S (corresponding author), RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT ANTHROPOL,DOUGLASS CAMPUS,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903, USA.
NR 25
TC 423
Z9 500
U1 1
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 333
EP 336
DI 10.1038/385333a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400048
PM 9002516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guo, F
   Gopaul, DN
   VanDuyne, GD
AF Guo, F
   Gopaul, DN
   VanDuyne, GD
TI Structure of Cre recombinase complexed with DNA in a site-specific recombination synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID holliday junction; integrase family; escherichia-coli; protein; loxp; binding; mice; tyrosine; homology; strands
AB During site-specific DMA recombination, which brings about genetic rearrangement in processes such as viral integration and excision and chromosomal segregation, recombinase enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and catalyse the reciprocal exchange of DNA strands between these sites. The bacteriophage recombinase Cre catalyses site-specific recombination between two 34-base-pair loxP sites. The crystal structure at 2.4 Angstrom resolution of Cre bound to aloxP substrate reveals an intermediate in the recombination reaction, fin which a Cre molecule has cleaved the substrate to form a covalent 3'-phosphotyrosine linkage with the DNA. Four recombinases and two loxP sites form a synapsed structure in which the DNA resembles models of four-way Holliday-junction intermediates. The Cre-loxP complex challenges models of site-specific recombination that require large changes in quaternary structure. Subtle allosteric changes at the carboxy termini of the Cre subunits may instead coordinate the cleavage and strand-exchange reactions.
C1 UNIV PENN,SCH MED,JOHNSON RES FDN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
NR 50
TC 481
Z9 637
U1 1
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 40
EP 46
DI 10.1038/37925
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600037
PM 9288963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wigley, TML
AF Wigley, TML
TI Implications of recent CO2 emission-limitation proposals for stabilization of atmospheric concentrations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations is the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. To investigate the gas emissions required to achieve this goal for CO2 over the next few hundred years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(1,2) has used two sets of concentration pathways ('profiles'). One set is based solely on smooth changes in emission towards concentration stabilization(3), and the other goes further by incorporating economic considerations(4). Here I devise new profiles that take into account emissions-limitation proposals restricted to 'Annex I' (developed) countries, as well as the constraints imposed by more recent emissions data (now available until the end of 1995; ref. 5). The Annex I scenarios considered are two that span proposals recently considered by the IPCC6, and a less restrictive case. Using the new CO2-concentration profiles and a carbon-cycle model(7) to determine global CO2 emissions, and taking into account the prescribed Annex I country emissions, I determine the CO2-emission requirements for non-Annex I (developing) countries to achieve the stabilization of atmospheric concentration at about twice preindustrial values, I show that action by Annex I countries within the bounds of the scenarios considered can mean that non-Annex I countries have several decades before their emissions need to depart significantly from a 'business as usual' (no intervention) trajectory. Alternatively, if international trade in carbon emissions is permitted, non-Annex I countries can choose to emit below their 'business as usual' baseline and benefit from the trading of emission rights.
RP Wigley, TML (corresponding author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,UCAR,POB 3000,1850 TABLE MESA DR,SUITE 259,BOULDER,CO 80307, USA.
NR 10
TC 22
Z9 23
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 267
EP 270
DI 10.1038/36818
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU SteinbergYfrach, G
   Liddell, PA
   Hung, SC
   Moore, AL
   Gust, D
   Moore, TA
AF SteinbergYfrach, G
   Liddell, PA
   Hung, SC
   Moore, AL
   Gust, D
   Moore, TA
TI Conversion of light energy to proton potential in liposomes by artificial photosynthetic reaction centres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carotenoporphyrin quinone triad; electron-transfer; photoinduced electron; charge separation
AB During photosynthesis, photoinduced electron transport across membranes is carried out by pigment molecules organized into reaction centres by membrane-spanning proteins, The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential is then coupled to the movement of protons across the membrane(1). Photoinduced electron transport followed by thermal electron transfer, leading to charge separation over distances of 8 nm, has been demonstrated in artificial mimics of the photosynthetic reaction centre comprising covalently linked electron donors and acceptors(2-10). Here we report the assembly of an artificial mimic of the photosynthetic apparatus which transports protons across a lipid bilayer when illuminated Our model reaction centre is a molecular 'triad', consisting of an electron donor and acceptor linked to a photosensitive porphyrin group, This triad is incorporated into the bilayer of a liposome. When excited, it establishes a reduction potential near the outer surface of the bilayer and an oxidation potential near its inner surface, In response to this redox potential gradient, a freely diffusing quinone molecule alternates between its oxidized and reduced forms to ferry protons across the bilayer with an overall quantum yield of 0.004, creating a pH gradient between the inside and outside of the liposome.
C1 ARIZONA STATE UNIV,CTR STUDY EARLY EVENTS PHOTOSYNTHESIS,TEMPE,AZ 85287.
   ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,TEMPE,AZ 85287.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
NR 21
TC 393
Z9 436
U1 2
U2 134
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 239
EP 241
DI 10.1038/385239a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MarslenWilson, WD
   Tyler, LK
AF MarslenWilson, WD
   Tyler, LK
TI Dissociating types of mental computation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphology; language; aphasics; dyslexia; words
AB A fundamental issue in the study of cognition and the brain is the nature of mental computation. How far does this depend on internally represented systems of rules, expressed as strings of symbols with a syntax, as opposed to more distributed neural systems, operating subsymbolically and without syntax? The mental representation of the regular and irregular past tense of the English verb has become a crucial test case for this debate. Single-mechanism approaches argue that current multilayer connectionist networks can account for the learning and representation both of regular and of irregular forms(1,2). Dual-mechanism approaches, although accepting connectionist accounts for the irregular forms, argue that a symbolic, rule-based system is required to explain the properties of the regular past tense and, by extension, the properties of language and cognition in general(3-5). We show here that the regular and irregular past tense are supported by different neural systems, which can become dissociated by damage to the brain(6,7). This is evidence for functional and neurological distinctions in the types of mental computation that support these different aspects of linguistic and cognitive performance.
RP MarslenWilson, WD (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL,CTR SPEECH & LANGUAGE,MALET ST,LONDON WC1E 7HY,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 17
TC 177
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 592
EP 594
DI 10.1038/42456
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200053
PM 9177345
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, HT
   Mantyh, PW
   Basbaum, AI
AF Liu, HT
   Mantyh, PW
   Basbaum, AI
TI NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release from primary afferent nociceptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID d-aspartic acid; rat spinal-cord; dorsal horn; divalent-cations; central neurons; glutamate; responses; mouse; autoreceptors; endocytosis
AB Severe or prolonged tissue or nerve injury can induce hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord, resulting in persistent pain, an exacerbated response to noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia), and a lowered pain threshold (allodynia). These changes are mediated by NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-type glutamate receptors in the spinal cord(1). Here we report that activation of the NMDA receptor causes release of substance P, a peptide neurotransmitter made by small-diameter, primary, sensory 'pain' fibres. Injection of NMDA in the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat spinal cord mimicked the changes that occur with persistent injury(2), and produced not only pain, but also a large-scale internalization of the substance P receptor into dorsal horn neurons, as well as structural changes in their dendrites. Both the pain and the morphological changes produced by NMDA were significantly reduced by substance P-receptor antagonists or by elimination of substance P-containing primary afferent fibres with the neurotoxin capsaicin. We suggest that prespnaptic NMDA receptors located on the terminals of small-diameter pain fibres facilitate and prolong the transmission of nociceptive messages, through the release of substance P and glutamate. Therapies directed at the presynaptic NMDA receptor could therefore ameliorate injury-evoked persistent pain states.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT ANAT, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHYSIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, WM KECK FDN CTR INTEGRAT NEUROSCI, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV MINNESOTA, MOL NEUROBIOL LAB, VET ADM MED CTR, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55417 USA.
   UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT PSYCHIAT, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55417 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
NR 28
TC 351
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 721
EP 724
DI 10.1038/386721a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700057
PM 9109489
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weissman, D
   Rabin, RL
   Arthos, J
   Rubbert, A
   Dybul, M
   Swofford, R
   Venkatesan, S
   Farber, JM
   Fauci, AS
AF Weissman, D
   Rabin, RL
   Arthos, J
   Rubbert, A
   Dybul, M
   Swofford, R
   Venkatesan, S
   Farber, JM
   Fauci, AS
TI Macrophage-tropic HIV and SIV envelope proteins induce a signal through the CCR5 chemokine receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infection; disease; vaccine; entry
AB Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) enter target cells by forming a complex between the viral envelope protein and two cell-surface membrane receptors: CD4 and a 7-span transmembrane chemokine receptor (reviewed in refs 1-3). Isolates of HIV that differ in cellular tropism use different subsets of chemokine receptors as entry cofactors: macrophage-tropic HIVs primarily use CCR5, whereas T-cell-tropic and dual-tropic isolates use CXCR4 (refs 1-3) receptors. HIV-mediated signal transduction through CCR5 is not required for efficient fusion and entry of HIV in vitro(4,5). Here we show that recombinant envelope proteins from macrophage-tropic HIV and SIV induce a signal through CCR5 on CD4(+) T cells and that envelope-mediated signal transduction through CCR5 induces chemotaxis of T cells. This chemotactic response may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV in vivo by chemo-attracting activated CD4(+) cells to sites of viral replication(1,2). HIV-mediated signalling through CCR5 may also enhance viral replication in vivo by increasing the activation state of target cells. Alternatively, envelope-mediated CCR5 signal transduction may influence viral-associated cytopathicity or apoptosis.
C1 NIAID,IMMUNOREGULAT LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NIAID,CLIN INVEST LAB,FLO CYTOMETRY UNIT,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NIAID,MOL MICROBIOL LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
NR 18
TC 305
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 981
EP 985
DI 10.1038/40173
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900059
PM 9353123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Springer, MS
   Cleven, GC
   Madsen, O
   deJong, WW
   Waddell, VG
   Amrine, HM
   Stanhope, MJ
AF Springer, MS
   Cleven, GC
   Madsen, O
   deJong, WW
   Waddell, VG
   Amrine, HM
   Stanhope, MJ
TI Endemic African mammals shake the phylogenetic tree
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID substitutions; evolution; dna; rna
AB The order Insectivora, including living taxa (lipotyphlans) and archaic fossil forms, is central to the question of higher-level relationships among placental mammals(1). Beginning with Huxley(2), it has been argued that insectivores retain many primitive features and are closer to the ancestral stock of mammals than are other living groups(3). Nevertheless, cladistic analysis suggests that living insectivores, at least, are united by derived anatomical features(4). Here we analyse DNA sequences from three mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes to examine relationships of insectivores to other mammals. The representative insectivores are not monophyletic in any of our analyses. Rather, golden moles are included in a clade that contains hyraxes, manatees, elephants, elephant shrews and aardvarks. Members of this group are of presumed African origin(5,6). This implies that there was an extensive African radiation from a single common ancestor that gave rise to ecologically divergent adaptive types. 12S ribosomal RNA transversions suggest that the base of this radiation occurred during Africa's window of isolation in the Cretaceous period before land connections were developed with Europe in the early Cenozoic era.
C1 UNIV NIJMEGEN,DEPT BIOCHEM,NL-6500 HB NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM,INST SYSTEMAT & POPULAT BIOL,NL-1090 GT AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   QUEENS UNIV,BELFAST BT9 07BL,ANTRIM,NORTH IRELAND.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; University of Amsterdam; Queens University Belfast
RP Springer, MS (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT BIOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA.
NR 31
TC 276
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/40386
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300049
PM 9214502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boehm, T
   Folkman, J
   Browder, T
   OReilly, MS
AF Boehm, T
   Folkman, J
   Browder, T
   OReilly, MS
TI Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angiogenesis
AB Acquired drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of cancer. Of the more than 500,000 annual deaths from cancer in the United States', many follow the development of resistance to chemotherapy. The emergence of resistance depends in part on the genetic instability, heterogeneity and high mutational rate of tumour cells'. In contrast, endothelial cells are genetically stable, homogenous and have a low mutational rate. Therefore, anti-angiogenic therapy directed against a tumour's endothelial cells should, in principle, induce little or no drug resistance, Endostatin(3), a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, was administered to mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma, T241 fibrosarcoma or B16F10 melanoma. Treatment was stopped when tumours had regressed. Tumours were then allowed to re-grow and endostatin therapy was resumed. After 6, 4 or 2 treatment cycles, respectively, no tumours recurred after discontinuation of therapy, These experiments show that drug resistance does not develop in three tumour types treated with a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, An unexpected finding is that repeated cycles of antiangiogenic therapy are followed by prolonged tumour dormancy without further therapy.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,SCH MED,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC CTR,DEPT PEDIAT ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,JOINT CTR RADIAT THERAPY,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Boehm, T (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,HUNNEWELL 103,300 LONGWOOD AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 13
TC 1472
Z9 1767
U1 1
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 404
EP 407
DI 10.1038/37126
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900064
PM 9389480
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanski, I
AF Hanski, I
TI Ecology - Be diverse, be predictable
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biodiversity; ecosystems; stability
RP Hanski, I (corresponding author), UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT SYSTEMAT & ECOL,POB 17,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
NR 11
TC 20
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 440
EP 441
DI 10.1038/37222
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levy, BD
   Petasis, NA
   Serhan, CN
AF Levy, BD
   Petasis, NA
   Serhan, CN
TI Polyisoprenyl phosphates in intracellular signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-free system; presqualene pyrophosphate; respiratory burst; human-neutrophils; activation; squalene; nadph; biosynthesis; leukocytes; mechanism
AB In response to environmental stimuli, leukocyte membrane remodelling generates biologically active lipids that can serve as both intra-and extracellular mediators(1). There are several classes of lipids that can mediate inflammatory reactions.(1) We report here on a new intracellular lipid signal that regulates oxygen-radical formation in neutrophils, a key response in microbial killing, inflammation and tissue injury. Screening of neutrophil-derived extracts rich in phosphorylated, non-saponifiable lipids revealed a potent inhibitor of superoxide anion (O-2(-)) production. Structural analysis of biologically active fractions gave four major phosphorylated lipids: most abundant was presqualene diphosphate (PSDP). Upon activation of neutrophil receptors, PSDP and its monophosphate form, presqualene monophosphate (PSMP), undergo rapid remodelling. At submicromolar concentrations, PSDP but not PSMP inhibit O-2(-) production by human neutrophil cell-free oxidase preparations. We prepared PSDP and PSMP by total organic synthesis and matched both the physical properties and biological activity of the neutrophil-derived compounds. Our results indicate that PSDP, a recognized intermediate of cholesterol biosynthesis(2), is present in immune effector cells and is a potent regulator of the cellular response in host defence.
C1 BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP, DEPT ANESTHESIA, CTR EXPT THERAPEUT & REPERFUS INJURY, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT CHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; University of Southern California
NR 26
TC 54
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 985
EP 990
DI 10.1038/40180
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900060
PM 9353124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melosh, HJ
AF Melosh, HJ
TI Multi-ringed revelation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impact basin; size
RP Melosh, HJ (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA.
NR 12
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 439
EP 440
DI 10.1038/37218
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luchinsky, DG
   McClintock, PVE
AF Luchinsky, DG
   McClintock, PVE
TI Irreversibility of classical fluctuations studied in analogue electrical circuits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systems driven; escape problem; colored noise; chaos
AB Fluctuations around some average or equilibrium state arise universally in physical systems. Large fluctuations-fluctuations that are much larger than average-occur only rarely but are responsible for many physical processes, such as nucleation in phase transitions, chemical reactions, mutations in DNA sequences, protein transport in cells and failure of electronic devices. They lie at the heart of many discussions(1-5) of how the irreversible thermodynamic behaviour of bulk matter relates to the reversible (classical or quantum-mechanical) laws describing the constituent atoms and molecules. Large fluctuations can be described theoretically using hamiltonian(6,7) and equivalent path-integral(8-12) formulations, but these approaches remain largely untested experimentally, mainly because such fluctuations are rare and also because only recently was an appropriate statistical distribution function formulated(11). It was shown recently, however, that experiments on fluctuations using analogue electronic circuits allow the phase-space trajectories of fluctuations in a dynamical system to be observed directly(12). Here we show that this approach can be used to identify a fundamental distinction between two types of random motion: fluctuational motion, which takes the system away from a stable state, and relaxational motion back towards this state. We suggest that macroscopic irreversibility is related to temporal asymmetry of these two types of motion, which in turn implies a lack of detailed balance and corresponds to non-differentiability of the generalized nonequilibrium potential in which the motion which takes the system away from a stable state, and relaxational motion back towards this state. We suggest that macroscopic irreversibility is related to temporal asymmetry of these two types of motion, which in turn implies a lack of detailed balance and corresponds to non-differentiability of the generalized nonequilibrium potential in which the motion takes place.
C1 UNIV LANCASTER,SCH PHYS & CHEM,LANCASTER LA1 4YB,ENGLAND.
C3 Lancaster University
NR 31
TC 135
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 463
EP 466
DI 10.1038/38963
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cook, SP
   Vulchanova, L
   Hargreaves, KM
   Elde, R
   McCleskey, EW
AF Cook, SP
   Vulchanova, L
   Hargreaves, KM
   Elde, R
   McCleskey, EW
TI Distinct ATP receptors on pain-sensing and stretch-sensing neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory neurons; extracellular atp; nerve activity; channels; rat; cat
AB The initial pain from tissue damage may result from the release of cytoplasmic components that act upon nociceptors, the sensors for pain. ATP was proposed to fill this role(1,2) because it elicits pain when applied intradermally(3) and may be the active compound in cytoplasmic fractions that cause pain(4). Moreover, ATP opens ligand-gated ion channels (P2X receptors) in sensory neurons(5,6,7) and only sensory neurons express messenger RNA for the P2X3 receptor(8,9). To test whether ATP contributes to nociception, we developed a tissue culture system that allows comparison of nociceptive (tooth-pulp afferent) and non-nociceptive (muscle-stretch receptor) rat sensory neurons. Low concentrations of ATP evoked action potentials and large inward currents in both types of neuron. Nociceptors had currents that were similar to those of heterologously expressed channels containing P2X3 subunits, and had P2X3 immunoreactivity in their sensory endings and cell bodies. Stretch receptors had currents that differed from those of P2X3 channels, and had no P2X3 immunoreactivity. These results support the theory that P2X3 receptors mediate a form of nociception, but also suggest non-nociceptive roles for ATP in sensory neurons.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT CELL BIOL & NEUROANAT,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Cook, SP (corresponding author), OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VOLLUM INST L474,3181 SW SAM JACKSON PK RD,PORTLAND,OR 97201, USA.
NR 31
TC 409
Z9 442
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 505
EP 508
DI 10.1038/387505a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900049
PM 9168113
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Supp, DM
   Witte, DP
   Potter, SS
   Brueckner, M
AF Supp, DM
   Witte, DP
   Potter, SS
   Brueckner, M
TI Mutation of an axonemal dynein affects left right asymmetry in inversus viscerum mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID situs-inversus; insertional mutation; mouse; expression; gene; rat; identification; microtubules; sequences; legless
AB The development of characteristic visceral asymmetries along the left-right (LR) axis in an initially bilaterally symmetrical embryo is an essential feature of vertebrate patterning. The allelic mouse mutations inversus viscerum (iv)(1,2) and legless (lgl)(3,4) produce LR inversion, or situs inversus, in half of live-born homozygotes, This suggests that the iv gene product drives correct LR determination, and in its absence this process is randomized(2), These mutations provide tools for studying the development of LR-handed asymmetry and provide mouse models of human lateralization defects. At the molecular level, the normally LR asymmetric expression patterns of nodal(5) and lefty(6) are randomized in iv/iv embryos, suggesting that iv functions early in the genetic hierarchy of LR specification, Here we report the positional cloning of an axonemal dynein heavy-chain gene, left/right-dynein (lrd), that is mutated in both lgl and iv, lrd is expressed in the node of the embryo at embryonic day 7.5, consistent with its having a role in LR development(7). Our findings indicate that dynein, a microtubule-based motor, is involved in the determination of LR-handed asymmetry and provide insight into the early molecular mechanisms of this process.
C1 YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT CARDIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA.
   CHILDRENS HOSP RES FDN, DIV DEV BIOL, CINCINNATI, OH 45229 USA.
   CHILDRENS HOSP RES FDN, DIV PATHOL, CINCINNATI, OH 45229 USA.
C3 Yale University; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD024517] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 440
Z9 486
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 963
EP 966
DI 10.1038/40140
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900054
PM 9353118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, GH
   Magee, JW
   Jull, AJT
AF Miller, GH
   Magee, JW
   Jull, AJT
TI Low-latitude glacial cooling in the Southern Hemisphere from amino-acid racemization in emu eggshells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID australia; climate; pleistocene; maximum; pacific
AB The record of natural climate variability over glacial-interglacial timescales provides a framework from which a better mechanistic understanding of the climate system may be derived, But this approach is limited by the number and distribution of well-dated and reliable palaeoenvironmental archives, Particularly vexing is the conflicting evidence for low-latitude cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum, and the apparent synchrony in glacial activity between the hemispheres despite out-of-phase insolation forcing(1-4). Here we utilize the temperature-dependent amino acid racemization reaction in radiocarbon-dated emu eggshell fragments from the continental interior of Australia to reconstruct low-altitude subtropical temperatures for the past 45 kyr, Racemization rate-changes indicate that millennial-scale average air temperatures were at least 9 degrees C lower between 45 and 16 kyr BP than since 16 kyr sp. A temperature change of this magnitude, coupled with other low-latitude palaeotemperature records that indicate substantial cooling(3,4), must reflect global processes, which, we speculate, involved glacial-age reduction in atmospheric water vapour content.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RSPAS,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV ARIZONA,NSF RADIOCARBON FACIL,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Australian National University; University of Arizona
RP Miller, GH (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,INSTAAR,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 241
EP 244
DI 10.1038/385241a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moss, ML
   Jin, SLC
   Milla, ME
   Burkhart, W
   Carter, HL
   Chen, WJ
   Clay, WC
   Didsbury, JR
   Hassler, D
   Hoffman, CR
   Kost, TA
   Lambert, MH
   Leesnitzer, MA
   McCauley, P
   McGeehan, G
   Mitchell, J
   Moyer, M
   Pahel, G
   Rocque, W
   Overton, LK
   Schoenen, F
   Seaton, T
   Su, JL
   Warner, J
   Willard, D
   Becherer, JD
AF Moss, ML
   Jin, SLC
   Milla, ME
   Burkhart, W
   Carter, HL
   Chen, WJ
   Clay, WC
   Didsbury, JR
   Hassler, D
   Hoffman, CR
   Kost, TA
   Lambert, MH
   Leesnitzer, MA
   McCauley, P
   McGeehan, G
   Mitchell, J
   Moyer, M
   Pahel, G
   Rocque, W
   Overton, LK
   Schoenen, F
   Seaton, T
   Su, JL
   Warner, J
   Willard, D
   Becherer, JD
TI Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cysteine switch; tnf receptor; cell-line; inhibitor; mechanism; family
AB Tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine that contributes to a variety of inflammatory disease states(1). The protein exists as a membrane-bound precursor(2,3) of relative molecular mass 26K which can be processed by a TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE), to generate secreted 17K mature TNF-alpha. We have purified TACE and cloned its complementary DNA. TACE is a membrane-bound disintegrin metalloproteinase. Structural comparisons with other disintegrin-containing enzymes indicate that TACE is unique, with noteable sequence identity to MADM(4), an enzyme implicated in myelin degradation, and to KUZ(5), a Drosophila homologue of MADM important for neuronal development. The expression of recombinant TACE (rTACE) results in the production of functional enzyme that correctly processes precursor TNF-alpha to the mature form. The rTACE provides a readily available source of enzyme to help in the search for new anti-inflammatory agents that target the final processing stage of TNF-alpha production.
C1 GLAXO WELLCOME RES & DEV LTD,DEPT DIVERS SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
   GLAXO WELLCOME RES & DEV LTD,DEPT MOL SCI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
   GLAXO WELLCOME RES & DEV LTD,DEPT ANALYT CHEM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
   GLAXO WELLCOME RES & DEV LTD,DEPT STRUCT CHEM,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
   GLAXO WELLCOME RES & DEV LTD,DEPT MOL PHARMACOL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP Moss, ML (corresponding author), GLAXO WELLCOME RES & DEV LTD,DEPT MOL BIOCHEM,5 MOORE DR RES,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA.
NR 25
TC 1460
Z9 1636
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/385733a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300049
PM 9034191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bergerat, A
   deMassy, B
   Gadelle, D
   Varoutas, PC
   Nicolas, A
   Forterre, P
AF Bergerat, A
   deMassy, B
   Gadelle, D
   Varoutas, PC
   Nicolas, A
   Forterre, P
TI An atypical topoisomerase II from archaea with implications for meiotic recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; initiation site; dna gyrase; meiosis; yeast; protein; sequence; mutants
AB Type II topoisomerases help regulate DNA topology during transcription, replication and recombination by catalysing DNA strand transfer through transient double-stranded breaks(1). All type II topoisomerases described so far are members of a single protein family(2). We have cloned and sequenced the genes encoding the A and B subunits of topoisomerase II from the archaeon Sulfolobus shibatae. This enzyme is the first of a new family. It has no similarity with other type II topoisomerases, except for three motifs in the B subunit probably involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis. We also found these motifs in proteins of the Hsp90(3) and MutL(4) families. The A subunit has similarities with four proteins of unknown function. One of them, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spo11(5) protein, is required for the initiation of meiotic recombination. Mutagenesis, performed on SPO11, of the single tyrosine conserved between the five homologues shows that this amino acid is essential for Spo11 activity. By analogy with the mechanism of action of known type II topoisomerases, we suggest that Spell catalyses the formation of double-strand breaks that initiate meiotic recombination in S. cervisiae.
C1 UNIV PARIS 11,CNRS,URA 1354,INST GENET & MICROBIOL,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
   INST CURIE,SECT RECH,CNRS,UMR 144,F-75248 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Sorbonne Universite
NR 28
TC 768
Z9 915
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 414
EP 417
DI 10.1038/386414a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000069
PM 9121560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waku, Y
   Nakagawa, N
   Wakamoto, T
   Ohtsubo, H
   Shimizu, K
   Kohtoku, Y
AF Waku, Y
   Nakagawa, N
   Wakamoto, T
   Ohtsubo, H
   Shimizu, K
   Kohtoku, Y
TI A ductile ceramic eutectic composite with high strength at 1,873 K
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID whisker composites; alumina; behavior; sapphire; yag
AB Monolithic ceramics are not widely used as structural materials because of their brittleness. Ceramic matrix composites, in which whiskers(1-3) or fibres(4-7) of strong ceramics such as silicon carbide or silicon nitride are embedded in a ceramic matrix, offer improved toughness and strength because the energy of cracks may be dissipated at the whisker/matrix interface. Here we describe a strong ceramic composite with a different kind of microstructure, made by unidirectional solidification of an Al2O3/GdAlO3 eutectic mixture. This composite has a microstructure in which continuous networks of single-crystal Al2O3 and single-crystal GdAlO3 interpenetrate without grain boundaries. Rather than brittle fracture, the material displays plastic deformation at 1,873 K owing to dislocation motion, as in metals. The high strength and resistance to brittle failure of this material at such high temperatures augurs well for applications in mechanical engineering.
RP Waku, Y (corresponding author), UBE IND LTD, CORP RES & DEV, UBE RES LAB, UBE, YAMAGUCHI 755, JAPAN.
NR 27
TC 461
Z9 512
U1 7
U2 268
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/37937
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cook, RM
   Sinclair, A
   Stefansson, G
AF Cook, RM
   Sinclair, A
   Stefansson, G
TI Potential collapse of North Sea cod stocks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fishery
AB In common with many fish stocks in the North Sea, cod are heavily exploited with as much as 60% of the fishable stock being removed annually(1). The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), which advises fishery managers on the state of fish stocks in the northeast Atlantic, has recommended that exploitation rates be reduced considerably and immediately, in order to prevent further stock decline(1). We examine the most recent ICES assessment of the North Sea cod stock(1) to see if the present exploitation regimen is sustainable. Our analysis suggests that not only is the present exploitation rate unsustainable, but that even regimens dose to the maximum sustainable yield may be potentially prone to risk. There is a need for swift and effective action to protect the stock and avoid the problems of the much publicized collapse of cod stocks off the coast of Atlantic Canada(2,3).
C1 FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA, GULF FISHERIES CTR, DEPT FISHERIES & OCEANS, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ USA.
   MARINE RES INST, IS-121 REYKJAVIK, ICELAND.
C3 Fisheries & Oceans Canada; Marine & Freshwater Research Institute (MFRI)
RP Cook, RM (corresponding author), SOAEFD MARINE LAB, POB 101 VICTORIA RD, ABERDEEN AB11 9DB, SCOTLAND.
NR 12
TC 201
Z9 212
U1 3
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 521
EP 522
DI 10.1038/385521a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geppert, M
   Goda, Y
   Stevens, CF
   Sudhof, TC
AF Geppert, M
   Goda, Y
   Stevens, CF
   Sudhof, TC
TI The small GTP-binding protein Rab3A regulates a late step in synaptic vesicle fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; paired-pulse facilitation; neurotransmitter release; membrane trafficking; transmitter release; transmission; probability; involvement; plasticity; exocytosis
AB The Rab family of low-molecular-mass GTP-binding proteins are thought to guide membrane fusion between a transport vesicle and the target membrane, and to determine the specificity of docking(1-3). The docking and fusion of vesicles is, however, a complex multistep reaction, and the precise point at which Rab proteins act in these sequential processes in unknown. In brain, the Rab protein Rab3A is specific to synaptic vesicles, whose exocytosis can be monitored with submillisecond resolution by following synaptic transmission. We have now determined the precise point at which Rab3A acts in the sequence of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion by using electrophysiological analysis of neurotransmitter release in Rab3A-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the size of the readily releasable pool of vesicles is normal, whereas Ca2+-triggered fusion is altered in the absence of Rab3A in that a more-than-usual number of exocytic events occur within a brief time after arrival of the nerve impulse.
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,MOL NEUROBIOL LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXPT MED,D-37075 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MOL GENET,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; Max Planck Society; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 30
TC 348
Z9 402
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 810
EP 814
DI 10.1038/42954
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400052
PM 9194562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickson, RM
   Cubitt, AB
   Tsien, RY
   Moerner, WE
AF Dickson, RM
   Cubitt, AB
   Tsien, RY
   Moerner, WE
TI On/off blinking and switching behaviour of single molecules of green fluorescent protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical microscopy
AB Optical studies of individual molecules at low and room temperature can provide information about the dynamics of local environments in solids, liquids and biological systems unobscured by ensemble averaging(1-14). Here we present a study of the photophysical behaviour of single molecules of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) derived from the jellfish Aequorea victoria. Wild-type GFP and its mutant have attracted interest as fluorescent biological labels because the fluorophore may be formed in vivo(15,16). GFP mutants immobilized in aereated aqueous polymer gels and excited by 488-nm light undergo repeated cycles of fluorescent emission ('blinking') on a timescale of several seconds-behaviour that would be unobservable in bulk studies. Eventually the individual GFP molecules reach a long-lasting dark state, from which they can be switched back to the original emissive state by irradiation at 405 nm. This suggests the possibility of using these GFPs as fluorescent markers for time-dependent cell processes, and as molecular photonic switches or optical storage elements, addressable on the single-molecule level.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM 0340, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   AURORA BIOSCI, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT PHARMACOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST 0647, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 30
TC 1166
Z9 1423
U1 3
U2 470
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/41048
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800043
PM 9237752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU GomisRuth, FX
   Maskos, K
   Betz, M
   Bergner, A
   Huber, R
   Suzuki, K
   Yoshida, N
   Nagase, H
   Brew, K
   Bourenkov, GP
   Bartunik, H
   Bode, W
AF GomisRuth, FX
   Maskos, K
   Betz, M
   Bergner, A
   Huber, R
   Suzuki, K
   Yoshida, N
   Nagase, H
   Brew, K
   Bourenkov, GP
   Bartunik, H
   Bode, W
TI Mechanism of inhibition of the human matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-1 by TIMP-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-tissue inhibitor; catalytic domain; terminal domain; 3-dimensional structure; collagenases; hydroxamate; superfamily; activation; astacins; protein
AB Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc endopeptidases that are required for the degradation of extracellular matrix components during normal embryo development, morphogenesis and tissue remodelling(1). Their proteolytic activities are precisely regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)(1-5). Disruption of this balance results in diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, tumour growth and metastasis(1,2). Here we report the crystal structure of an MMP-TIMP complex formed between the catalytic domain of human stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and human TIMP-1. TIMP-1, a 184-residue protein(5), has the shape of an elongated, contiguous wedge. With its long edge, consisting of five different chain regions, it occupies the entire length of the active-site cleft of MMP-3. The central disulphide-linked segments Cys 1-Thr 2-Cys 3-Val 4 and Ser 68-Val 69 bind to either side of the catalytic zinc. Cys 1 bidentally coordinates this zinc, and the Thr-2 side chain extends into the large specificity pocket of MMP-3. This unusual architecture of the interface between MMP-3 and TIMP-1 suggests new possibilities for designing TIMP variants and synthetic MMP inhibitors with potential therapeutic applications.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,ABT STRUKTURFORSCH,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
   UNIV KANSAS,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,KANSAS CITY,KS 66160.
   UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,MIAMI,FL 33101.
   DESY,AG PROT DYNAM MPG ASMB,D-22603 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Kansas; University of Kansas Medical Center; University of Miami; Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
NR 30
TC 523
Z9 620
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/37995
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600048
PM 9288970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Skinner, CJ
   Smith, HA
   Sturm, E
   Barlow, MJ
   Cohen, RJ
   Stacey, GJ
AF Skinner, CJ
   Smith, HA
   Sturm, E
   Barlow, MJ
   Cohen, RJ
   Stacey, GJ
TI A starburst origin of the OH-megamaser emission from the galaxy Arp220
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ic-4553 arp-220
AB Ultraluminous infrared galaxies have been known for more than a decade, but the source of their very large far-infrared luminosities remains controversial. It may reflect a quasar-like active nucleus surrounded by a torus of dense gas and dust, the latter absorbing the energetic photons from the nuclear region and re-emitting at infrared wavelengths', or a huge burst of massive-star formation in dense dusty clouds of molecular gas close to the nucleus(2), which heats the surrounding dust. A number of ultraluminous galaxies are also a source of OH-megamaser emissions (intense laser-like spectral lines at microwave frequencies), an observation that may hold important clues as to the main power source in these galaxies. A general feature of many models(3,4) is that the masers are pumped radiatively by the absorption of infrared photons. Identifying the source of the maser pump may therefore indicate whether the ultimate energy source is a burst of star formation, or an active nucleus. Here we report the detection of a strong midinfrared OH absorption line in the prototypical megamaser and ultraluminous galaxy(5), Arp220. We find that the power absorbed in this line alone is sufficient to pump the megamaser emission seen at radio wavelengths. Moreover, the warm, extended nature of the pumping region is suggestive of a starburst origin for the ultraluminous infrared emissions.
C1 SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL AIR & SPACE MUSEUM,ASTROPHYS LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20560.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
   UNIV MANCHESTER,NUFFIELD RADIO ASTRON LABS,MACCLESFIELD SK9 8DL,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND.
   CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Max Planck Society; University of London; University College London; University of Manchester; Cornell University
RP Skinner, CJ (corresponding author), SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,3700 SAN MARTIN DR,BALTIMORE,MD 21218, USA.
NR 16
TC 56
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 472
EP 474
DI 10.1038/386472a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lill, NL
   Grossman, SR
   Ginsberg, D
   DeCaprio, J
   Livingston, DM
AF Lill, NL
   Grossman, SR
   Ginsberg, D
   DeCaprio, J
   Livingston, DM
TI Binding and modulation of p53 by p300/CBP coactivators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; retinoblastoma protein; e1a proteins; gene; suppression; induction; complexes; reveals; growth; forms
AB The adenovirus E1A and SV40 large-T-antigen oncoproteins bind to members of the p300/CBP transcriptional coactivator family. Binding of p300/CBP is implicated in the transforming mechanisms of EIA and T-antigen oncoproteins. A common region of the T antigen is critical for binding both p300/CBP and the tumour suppressor p53 (ref. 1), suggesting a link between the functions of p53 and p300. Here we report that p300/CBP binds to p53 in the absence of viral oncoproteins, and that p300 and p53 colocalize within the nucleus and coexist in a stable DNA-binding complex. Consistent with its ability to bind to p300, E1A disrupted functions mediated by p53. It reduced p53-mediated activation of the p21 and bax promoters, and suppressed p53-induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. We conclude that members of the p300/CBP family are transcriptional adaptors for p53, modulating its checkpoint function in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and its induction of apoptosis. Disruption of p300/p53-dependent growth control may be part of the mechanism by which E1A induces cell transformation. These results help to explain how p53 mediates growth and checkpoint control, and how members of the p300/CBP family affect progression from G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle.
C1 DANA FARBER CANC INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 30
TC 624
Z9 706
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 823
EP 827
DI 10.1038/42981
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400055
PM 9194565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barnes, CA
   Suster, MS
   Shen, JM
   McNaughton, BL
AF Barnes, CA
   Suster, MS
   Shen, JM
   McNaughton, BL
TI Multistability of cognitive maps in the hippocampus of old rats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID memory dysfunction; place cells; water maze; performance; stability
AB Hippocampal neurons provide a population code for location(1). In young rats, environments are reliably 'mapped' by groups of neurons that have firing locations ('place fields'(2)) that can be stable for several months(3). Old animals exhibit deficits in spatial memory, raising the question of whether the quality or stability of their hippocampal 'cognitive maps'(4) is altered. By recording from large groups of neurons, we observed the hippocampal spatial code to be multistable. In young rats, the place field maps were reliable both within and between episodes in a familiar environment. In old rats, place field maps were accurate and stable during an episode, but frequently exhibited complete rearrangements between episodes. In a spatial memory task, both young and old rats exhibited bimodal performance, consistent with map multistability early in training. However, the performance of young rats became almost unimodal with further training, whereas that of old rats remained markedly bimodal. The multistability of the hippocampal map provides an insight into the dynamics of neural coding in high-level cortical structures and their changes during ageing, and may provide an explanation for the frequent failure of place recognition in elderly humans.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT NEUROL,TUCSON,AZ 85724.
   UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PHYSIOL,TUCSON,AZ 85724.
   UNIV ARIZONA,DIV NEURAL SYST MEMORY & AGING,ARIZONA RES LABS,TUCSON,AZ 85724.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Arizona; University of Arizona
RP Barnes, CA (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PSYCHOL,LIFE SCI N BLDG,ROOM 384,TUCSON,AZ 85724, USA.
NR 30
TC 283
Z9 339
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 272
EP 275
DI 10.1038/40859
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100050
PM 9230435
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scanziani, M
   Salin, PA
   Vogt, KE
   Malenka, RC
   Nicoll, RA
AF Scanziani, M
   Salin, PA
   Vogt, KE
   Malenka, RC
   Nicoll, RA
TI Use-dependent increases in glutamate concentration activate presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guinea-pig hippocampus; methyl-d-aspartate; mossy fiber ltp; transmission; acid; inhibition; responses; synapses; neurons
AB The classical view of fast chemical synaptic transmission is that released neurotransmitter acts locally on postsynaptic receptors and is cleared from the synaptic cleft within a few milliseconds by diffusion and by specific reuptake mechanisms. This rapid clearance restricts the spread of neurotransmitter and, combined with the low affinities of many ionotropic receptors, ensures that synaptic transmission occurs in a point-to-point fashion(1). We now show, however, that when transmitter release is enhanced at hippocampal messy fibre synapses, the concentration of glutamate increases and its clearance is delayed; this allows it to spread away from the synapse and to activate presynaptic inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). At normal levels of glutamate release during low-frequency activity, these presynaptic receptors are not activated. When glutamate concentration is increased by higher-frequency activity or by blocking glutamate uptake, however, these receptors become activated, leading to a rapid inhibition of transmitter release. This effect may be related to the long-term depression of messy fibre synaptic responses that has recently been shown after prolonged activation of presynaptic mGluRs (refs 2, 3). The use-dependent activation of presynaptic mGluRs that we describe here thus represents a negative feedback mechanism for controlling the strength of synaptic transmission.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PSYCHIAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 28
TC 399
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 630
EP 634
DI 10.1038/385630a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400049
PM 9024660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sicheri, F
   Moarefi, I
   Kuriyan, J
AF Sicheri, F
   Moarefi, I
   Kuriyan, J
TI Crystal structure of the Src family tyrosine kinase Hck
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID affinity phosphotyrosyl peptide; proline-rich peptides; sh3 domain; binding; protein; pp60c-src; dephosphorylation; phosphorylation; recognition; specificity
AB The crystal structure of the haematopoietic cell kinase Hck has been determined at 2.6/2.9 Angstrom resolution. Inhibition of enzymatic activity is a consequence of intramolecular interactions of the enzyme's Src-homology domains SH2 and SH3, with concomitant displacement of elements of the catalytic domain. The conformation of the active site has similarities with that of Inactive cyclln-dependent protein kinases.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV, LAB MOL BIOPHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
NR 46
TC 1057
Z9 1210
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 602
EP 609
DI 10.1038/385602a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400041
PM 9024658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leavitt, PR
   Vinebrooke, RD
   Donald, DB
   Smol, JP
   Schindler, DW
AF Leavitt, PR
   Vinebrooke, RD
   Donald, DB
   Smol, JP
   Schindler, DW
TI Past ultraviolet radiation environments in lakes derived from fossil pigments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b radiation; phytoplankton; reconstruction; community; scytonemin
AB Natural levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation can harm organisms in shallow aquatic ecosystems in which concentrations of photoprotective dissolved organic carbon are low(1-3). These compounds can be removed as a result of acidic precipitation and climate changes, an effect which may have recently been manifested in up to 200,000 boreal lakes(4,5). Unfortunately, meteorological and biological monitoring studies are usually too brief to record the magnitudes of past changes in UV radiation fluxes and their effects. Here we demonstrate that certain fossil pigments in lake sediments can be used to document historical changes in the UV radiation environment of lakes, These pigments are produced by benthic algae when exposed to UV radiation and show sedimentary concentrations that are correlated to the depth of penetration of UV radiation within lakes. Analysis of fossil profiles from the sediments of two mountain lakes suggests that past UV radiation penetration has sometimes been-at least in these mid-latitude lakes-greater than during the period of anthropogenic stratospheric ozone depletion.
C1 ENVIRONM CANADA,ECOSYST DIV,REGINA,SK S4P 4K1,CANADA.
   QUEENS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,PALEOECOL ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT & RES LAB,KINGSTON,ON K7L 3N6,CANADA.
   UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT SCI BIOL,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2E9,CANADA.
C3 Environment & Climate Change Canada; Queens University - Canada; University of Alberta
RP Leavitt, PR (corresponding author), UNIV REGINA,DEPT BIOL,LIMNOL LAB,REGINA,SK S4S 0A2,CANADA.
NR 30
TC 157
Z9 178
U1 2
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 457
EP 459
DI 10.1038/41296
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shinde, UP
   Liu, JJ
   Inouye, M
AF Shinde, UP
   Liu, JJ
   Inouye, M
TI Protein memory through altered folding mediated by intramolecular chaperones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subtilisin bpn'; pro-sequence; functional-analysis; escherichia-coli; kinetic-analysis; propeptide; catalysis; pathway; inhibition; mechanism
AB The 77-residue propeptide of subtilisin acts as an intramolecular chaperone that organizes the correct folding of its own protease domain, Similar folding mechanisms are used by several prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins, including prohormone-convertases. Here we show that the intramolecular chaperone of subtilisin facilitates folding by acting as a template for its protease domain, although it does not form part of that domain. Subtilisin E folded by an intramolecular chaperone with an Ile(-48)-to-Val mutation acquires an 'altered' enzymatically active conformation that differs from wild-type subtilisin E. Although both the altered and wild-type subtilisins have identical amino-acid sequences, as determined by amino-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry, they bind their cognate intramolecular chaperones with 4.5-fold greater affinity than non-cognate intramolecular chaperones, when added in trans. The two subtilisins also have different secondary structures, thermostability and substrate specificities. Our results indicate that an identical polypeptide can fold into an altered conformation through a mutated intramolecular chaperone and maintains memory of the folding process. Such a phenomenon, which we term 'protein memory', map be important in investigations of protein folding.
RP Shinde, UP (corresponding author), UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,DEPT BIOCHEM,675 HOES LANE,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854, USA.
NR 30
TC 137
Z9 148
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 520
EP 522
DI 10.1038/39097
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900063
PM 9333245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, YM
   Wang, YQ
   Luo, ZX
   Li, CK
AF Hu, YM
   Wang, YQ
   Luo, ZX
   Li, CK
TI A new symmetrodont mammal from China and its implications for mammalian evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional-anatomy; shoulder girdle; ear
AB A new symmetrodont mammal has been discovered in the Mesozoic era (Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous period) of Liaoning Province, China, Archaic therian mammals, including symmetrodonts, are extinct relatives of the living marsupial and placental therians. However, these archaic therians have been mostly documented by fragmentary fossils. This new fossil taxon, represented by a nearly complete postcranial skeleton and a partial skull with dentition, is the best-preserved symmetrodont mammal yet discovered. It provides a new insight into the relationships of the major lineages of mammals and the evolution of the mammalian skeleton. Our analysis suggests that this new taxon represents a part of the early therian radiation before the divergence of living marsupials and placentals; that therians and multituberculates are more closely related to each other than either group is to other mammalian lineages; that archaic therians lacked the more parasagittal posture of the forelimb of most living therian mammals; and that archaic therians, such as symmetrodonts, retained the primitive feature of a finger-like promontorium (possibly with a straight cochlea) of the non-therian mammals. The fully coiled cochlea evolved later in more derived therian mammals, and is therefore convergent to the partially coiled cochlea of monotremes.
C1 CARNEGIE MUSEUM NAT HIST, SECT VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213 USA.
   CHINESE ACAD SCI, INST VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL & PALEOANTHROPOL, BEIJING 100044, PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
NR 50
TC 191
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 137
EP 142
DI 10.1038/36505
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400043
PM 9367151
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Handrich, Y
   Bevan, RM
   Charrassin, JB
   Butler, PJ
   Putz, K
   Woakes, AJ
   Lage, J
   LeMaho, Y
AF Handrich, Y
   Bevan, RM
   Charrassin, JB
   Butler, PJ
   Putz, K
   Woakes, AJ
   Lage, J
   LeMaho, Y
TI Hypothermia in foraging king penguins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emperor penguins; body-temperature; diving behavior; weddell seals; heart-rate; energetics; endotherms; seabirds
AB The ability to dive for long periods increases with body size(1), but relative to the best human divers, marine birds and mammals of similar or even smaller size are outstanding performers. Most trained human divers can reach a little over 100 m in a single-breath dive lasting for 4 min (ref. 2), but king and emperor penguins (weighing about 12 and 30 kg, respectively) can dive to depths of 304 and 534 m for as long as 7.5 and 15.8 min, respectively(3-5). On the basis of their assumed metabolic rates, up to half of the dive durations were believed to exceed the aerobic dive limit, which is the time of submergence before all the oxygen stored in the body has been used up(4,6,7). But in penguins and many diving mammals(7,8), the short surface intervals between dives are not consistent with the recovery times associated with a switch to anaerobic metabolism(4). We show here that the abdominal temperature of king penguins may fall to as low as 11 degrees C during sustained deep diving. As these temperatures may be 10 to 20 degrees C below stomach temperature, cold ingested food cannot be the only cause of abdominal cooling. Thus, the slower metabolism of cooler tissues resulting from physiological adjustments associated with diving per se, could at least partly explain why penguins and possibly marine mammals can dive for such long durations.
C1 UNIV BIRMINGHAM,SCH BIOL SCI,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
   INST MEERESKUNDE,ABT MEERESZOOL,D-24105 KIEL,GERMANY.
C3 University of Birmingham
RP Handrich, Y (corresponding author), CNRS,CTR ECOL & PHYSIOL ENERGET,23 RUE BECQUEREL,F-67087 STRASBOURG 2,FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 130
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/40392
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kulzer, F
   Kummer, S
   Matzke, R
   Brauchle, C
   Basche, T
AF Kulzer, F
   Kummer, S
   Matzke, R
   Brauchle, C
   Basche, T
TI Single-molecule optical switching of terrylene in p-terphenyl
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matrix
AB The controlled manipulation and switching of single atoms and molecules raise the prospect of ultra-high-density data storage, Switching by motion of a single atom has been reported(1), and techniques of single-molecule optical detection and spectroscopy(2) in the condensed phase have been refined to a degree that allows the modification of the absorption properties of a single chromophore(3). Light-induced jumps in single-molecule excitation frequencies have been reported(3-5), but in none of these cases could the process be controlled: the jumps varied from molecule to molecule, they were interrupted by spontaneous jumps, and the new excitation frequencies could not be identified unambiguously, Here we report light-induced reversible frequency jumps of single molecules of the aromatic hydrocarbon terrylene embedded in a particular site of a p-terphenyl host crystal(6) at temperatures of around 2 K. The changes in absorption frequency for different terrylene molecules were identical (within 0.5%) for all samples studied, Thus we were able to switch single-molecule absorption lines in a controlled way between well-defined frequency positions.
C1 UNIV MUNICH,INST PHYS CHEM,D-80333 MUNICH,GERMANY.
C3 University of Munich
NR 9
TC 94
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 688
EP 691
DI 10.1038/42674
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nijhawan, R
AF Nijhawan, R
TI Visual decomposition of colour through motion extrapolation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stimuli; cortex; representation; segregation; perception; movement; monkey
AB The perception of yellow has played a central role in distinguishing two main theories of colour vision. Hering proposed that yellow results from the activation of a distinct retinal-neural mechanism, whereas according to the Young-Helmholtz-Maxwell view, yellow results from the combined activation of red and green cone mechanisms(1). When red and green images are presented separately to corresponding retinal locations in the two eyes, the resulting sensation is yellow(1,2). As the pathways from the two eyes do not converge until the cortex, this suggests that yellow can indeed arise from the central combining of separate red and green channels(2). I now show that the reverse process can also occur; the visual system can decompose a 'yellow' stimulus into its constituent red and green components. A 'yellow' stimulus was created by optically superimposing a flashed red Line onto a moving green bar. If the bar is visible only briefly, the flashed line appears yellow If the trajectory of the green bar is exposed for sufficient time, however, the line is incorrectly,perceived to trail the bar, and appears red. Motion processing occurs in the cortex rather than the retina in primates, and so the ability of motion cues to affect the perception of colour is consistent with the Young-Helmholtz-Maxwell notion of a 'central synthesis' of yellow.
RP Nijhawan, R (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,URIS HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA.
NR 29
TC 109
Z9 112
U1 1
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/386066a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600051
PM 9052780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minn, AJ
   Velez, P
   Schendel, SL
   Liang, H
   Muchmore, SW
   Fesik, SW
   Fill, M
   Thompson, CB
AF Minn, AJ
   Velez, P
   Schendel, SL
   Liang, H
   Muchmore, SW
   Fesik, SW
   Fill, M
   Thompson, CB
TI Bcl-x(L) forms an ion channel in synthetic lipid membranes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; mitochondrial-membrane; nuclear-envelope; diphtheria-toxin; bcl-2; bilayers; translocation; colicin-e1; mechanism; apoptosis
AB Bcl-2-related proteins are critical regulators of cell survival that are localized to the outer mitochondrial, outer nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum membranes(1-4). Despite their physiological importance, the biochemical function of Bcl-2-related proteins has remained elusive. The three-dimensional structure of Bcl-x(L), an inhibitor of apoptosis, was recently shown to be similar to the structures of the pore-forming domains of bacterial toxins(5). A key feature of these pore-forming domains is the ability to form ion channels in biological membranes(6,7). Here we demonstrate that Bcl-x(L) shares this functional feature. Like the bacterial toxins, Bcl-X(L) can insert into either synthetic lipid vesicles or planar Lipid bilayers and form an ion-conducting channel. This channel is pH-sensitive and becomes cation-selective at physiological pH. The ion-conducting channel(s) formed by Bcl-x(L) display multiple conductance states that have identical ion selectivity. Together, these data suggest that Bcl-x(L) may maintain cell survival by regulating the permeability of the intracellular membranes to which it is distributed.
C1 LOYOLA UNIV, STRITCH SCH MED, CARDIOVASC INST, DEPT PHYSIOL, MAYWOOD, IL 60153 USA.
   UNIV CHICAGO, COMM IMMUNOL, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
   UNIV CHICAGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT MED, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
   UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT MOL GENET & CELL BIOL, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
   PURDUE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 USA.
   ABBOTT LABS, DIV PHARMACEUT DISCOVERY, PROT CRYSTALLOG, ABBOTT PK, IL 60064 USA.
   ABBOTT LABS, NMR RES, ABBOTT PK, IL 60064 USA.
   UNIV CHICAGO, GWEN KNAPP CTR LUPUS & IMMUNOL RES, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Loyola University Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Laboratories; University of Chicago
NR 29
TC 725
Z9 799
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 353
EP 357
DI 10.1038/385353a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400054
PM 9002522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shulaev, V
   Silverman, P
   Raskin, I
AF Shulaev, V
   Silverman, P
   Raskin, I
TI Airborne signalling by methyl salicylate in plant pathogen resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID possible insect attractants; predator-prey interactions; virus-inoculated tobacco; leaf volatiles; mosaic-virus; acid; induction; identification; components; infection
AB Methyl salicylate, a volatile liquid, also known as oil of wintergreen, is made by a number of plants(1-9). Here we show that methyl salicylate is a major volatile compound produced by tobacco plants inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus. Methyl salicylate is synthesized from salicylic acid, a mon-volatile chemical signal required for the establishment of acquired resistance(10) and local and systemic induction of antimicrobial pathogenesis-related proteins(11). Methyl salicylate acts by being converted back to salicyclic acid. We conclude that methyl salicylate may function as an airborne signal which acitvates disease resistance and the expression of defence-related genes in neighbouring plants and in the healthy tissues of the infected plant.
C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV, COOK COLL, AGBIOTECH CTR, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
NR 26
TC 612
Z9 726
U1 5
U2 160
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 718
EP 721
DI 10.1038/385718a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kress, V
AF Kress, V
TI Magma mixing as a source for Pinatubo sulphur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mount-pinatubo; silicic magmas; redox states; sulfur; eruptions; melts; philippines; anhydrite; sulfide; basalt
AB On 15 Tune 1991, a huge plinian eruption at Mount Pinatubo discharged 3.7-5.3 km(3) of pyroclastic material(1), along with a minimum of 17 megatonnes of SO2 gas(2,3). This represents the largest stratospheric SO2 cloud ever measured, and the SO2 generated in this eruption is believed to have had a significant effect on global climate(2,4) and the ozone layer(4) for several years after the event. The source for this massive amount of SO2 aerosols remains controversial. Here I present thermodynamic arguments which suggest that the source of the SO2, along with the trigger for the eruption itself, can be attributed to redox reactions accompanying the injection of a reduced sulphide-saturated basaltic magma into an oxidized sulphate-saturated dacitic melt. The proposed mixing event would drive most sulphur out of both dacitic and basaltic liquids and would drive both anhydrite and iron-rich sulphide liquid outside their stability field, thus purging sulphur from all major non-volatile sulphur-bearing phases in the mixed volume. Similar eruptions are possible any time that an oxidized sulphate-saturated magma interacts with a reduced sulphide-saturated magma, and this mechanism may therefore be relevant to recent volcanic activity at Popocatepetl Volcano in Mexico.
RP Kress, V (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOX 351310,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 34
TC 96
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 591
EP 593
DI 10.1038/39299
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ames, JB
   Ishima, R
   Tanaka, T
   Gordon, JI
   Stryer, L
   Ikura, M
AF Ames, JB
   Ishima, R
   Tanaka, T
   Gordon, JI
   Stryer, L
   Ikura, M
TI Molecular mechanics of calcium-myristoyl switches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhodopsin kinase; recoverin; protein; binding; system; resolution; terminus; family
AB Many eukaryotic cellular and viral proteins have a covalently attached myristoyl group at the amino terminus. One such protein is recovering a calcium sensor in retinal rod cells, which controls the lifetime of photoexited rhodopsin by inhibiting rhodopsin kinase(1-6). Recoverin has a relative molecular mass of 23,000 (M-r 23K), and contains an amino-terminal myristoyl group (or related acyl group) and four EF hands(7). The binding of two Ca2+ ions to rccoverin leads to its translocation from the cytosol to the disc membraned(8,9). In the Ca2+-free state, the myristoyl group is sequestered in a deep hydrophobic box, where it is clamped by multiple residues contributed by three of the EF hands(10). We have used nuclear magnetic resonance to show that Ca2+ induces the unclamping and extrusion of the myristoyl group, enabling it to interact with a lipid bilayer membrane. The transition is also accompanied by a 45-degree rotation of the amino-terminal domain relative to the carboxy-terminal domain, and many hydrophobic residues are exposed. The conservation of the myristoyl binding site and two swivels in recoverin homologues from yeast to humans indicates that calcium-myristoyl switches are ancient devices for controlling calcium-sensitive processes.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,DIV MOL & STRUCT BIOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 2M9,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M5G 2M9,CANADA.
   UNIV TSUKUBA,CTR TSUKUBA ADV RES ALLIANCE,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   UNIV TSUKUBA,INST APPL BIOCHEM,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOL BIOL & PHARMACOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Stanford University; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Tsukuba; University of Tsukuba; Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 29
TC 427
Z9 472
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 198
EP 202
DI 10.1038/38310
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700053
PM 9296500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vandenBerg, C
   Willemsen, V
   Hendriks, G
   Weisbeek, P
   Scheres, B
AF vandenBerg, C
   Willemsen, V
   Hendriks, G
   Weisbeek, P
   Scheres, B
TI Short-range control of cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis root meristem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shoot; regulator; clavata1; genes; fate
AB Meristems are distinctive regions of plants that have capacity for continuous growth. Their developmental activity generates the majority of plant organs(1). It is currently unknown how cell division and cell differentiation are orchestrated in meristems, although genetic studies have demonstrated the relevance of a proper balance between the two processes(2-6), Root meristems contain a distinct central region of mitotically inactive cells, the quiescent centre(7), the function of which has remained elusive until now. Here we present laser ablation and genetic data that show that in Arabidopsis thalinna the quiescent centre inhibits differentiation of surrounding cells. Differentiation regulation occurs within the range of a single cell, in a manner strikingly similar to examples in animal development, such as during delamination of Drosophila neuroblasts(8). Our data indicate that pattern formation in the root meristem is controlled by a balance between short-range signals inhibiting differentiation and signals that reinforce cell fate decisions(9).
C1 UNIV UTRECHT,DEPT MOL CELL BIOL,NL-3584 CH UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Utrecht University
NR 18
TC 565
Z9 648
U1 3
U2 102
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 287
EP 289
DI 10.1038/36856
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700063
PM 9384380
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clemens, SC
   Tiedemann, R
AF Clemens, SC
   Tiedemann, R
TI Eccentricity forcing of Pliocene early Pleistocene climate revealed in a marine oxygen-isotope record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glaciation; delta-o-18; spectrum; cycles; myr
AB Milankovitch theory-that climate is controlled by variations in the Earth's orbital parameters-has gained wide acceptance for its ability to account for two climate cycles: a 23-kyr cycle that is phase-locked to the precession-driven insolation cycle, and a 41-kyr cycle that is phase-locked to the obliquity-driven insolation cycle(1-6). But, explaining the observed similar to 100-kyr climate cycle in terms of Milankovitch theory-especially for the Late Pleistocene ice-age cycle-remains controversial in spite of a strong correlation with the similar to 100-kyr cycle in the Earth's orbital eccentricity(5). One problem is that eccentricity affects insolation mainly by modulating the precession cycle; its direct contribution to radiation change is too small (<0.1%) to effect the observed climate change directly(5,7). Another is the absence of a Late Pleistocene ice-volume cycle in oxygen-isotope records to match the similar to 404-kyr component of the eccentricity cycle(5,8). Here we examine an oxygen-isotope record spanning the interval 1.2 to 5.2 million years ago, before the Late Pleistocene ice-age regime. We find 404-kyr and similar to 100-kyr climate cycles which are coherent with eccentricity and which have amplitudes that are similar to the coexisting 23-kyr cycle. Analysis of these low-frequency cycles suggests that they originate through an asymmetrical response mechanism that preferentially introduces variance into the climate system from the warmer portions of the eccentricity-modulated precession cycle. Our data thus support eccentricity's role in the origin of low-frequency oxygen-isotope cycles before the Late Pleistocene ice age.
C1 UNIV KIEL,GEOMAR,FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM MARINE GEOWISSENSCH,D-24148 KIEL,GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of Kiel
RP Clemens, SC (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912, USA.
NR 20
TC 102
Z9 125
U1 2
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 801
EP 804
DI 10.1038/385801a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fahlke, C
   Yu, HT
   Beck, CL
   Rhodes, TH
   George, AL
AF Fahlke, C
   Yu, HT
   Beck, CL
   Rhodes, TH
   George, AL
TI Pore-forming segments in voltage-gated chloride channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-basis; dominant; myotonia; cells
AB The ability to differentiate between ions is a property of ion channels that is crucial for their biological functions', However, the fundamental structural features that define anion selectivity and distinguish anion-permeable from cation-permeable channels are poorly understood, Voltage-gated chloride (Cl-) channels belonging to the ClC family are ubiquitous and have been predicted to play important roles in many diverse physiological(2) and pathophysiological(3-5) processes. We have identified regions of a human skeletal muscle ClC isoform that contribute to formation of its anion-selective conduction pathway. A core structural element (pi region) of the CIC channel pore spans an accessibility barrier between the internal and external milieu, and contains an evolutionarily conserved sequence motif: GKxGPxxH. Neighbouring sequences in the third and fifth transmembrane segments also contribute to isoform-specific differences in anion selectivity, The conserved motif in the Cl- channel Pl region may constitute a 'signature' sequence for an anion-selective ion pore by analogy with the homologous GYG sequence that is essential for selectivity in voltage-gated potassium ion (K+) channel pores(6-8).
C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED NEPHROL,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,CTR MOL NEUROSCI,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
C3 Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University
NR 21
TC 164
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 529
EP 532
DI 10.1038/37391
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500057
PM 9394005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wan, Q
   Xiong, ZG
   Man, YH
   Ackerley, CA
   Braunton, J
   Lu, WY
   Becker, LE
   MacDonald, JF
   Wang, YT
AF Wan, Q
   Xiong, ZG
   Man, YH
   Ackerley, CA
   Braunton, J
   Lu, WY
   Becker, LE
   MacDonald, JF
   Wang, YT
TI Recruitment of functional GABA(A) receptors to postsynaptic domains by insulin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; cultured hippocampal-neurons; inhibition; synapses; rat; cells; expression; channels; release; ltp
AB Modification of synaptic strength in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) occurs at both pre- and postsynaptic sites(1,2). However, because postsynaptic receptors are likely to be saturated by released transmitter, an increase in the number of active postsynaptic receptors may be a more efficient way of strengthening synaptic efficacy(3-7). But there has been no evidence for a rapid recruitment of neurotransmitter receptors to the postsynaptic membrane in the CNS, Here we report that insulin causes the type A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor, the principal receptor that mediates synaptic inhibition in the CNS8, to translocate rapidly from the intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane in transfected HEK 293 cells, and that this relocation requires the beta 2 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor. In CNS neurons, insulin increases the expression of GABA(A) receptors on the postsynaptic and dendritic membranes. We found that insulin increases the number of functional postsynaptic GABA(A) receptors, thereby increasing the amplitude of the GABA(A)-receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) without altering their time course. These results provide evidence for a rapid recruitment of functional receptors to the postsynaptic plasmamembrane, suggesting a fundamental mechanism for the generation of synaptic plasticity.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,HOSP SICK CHILDREN,DIV PATHOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,HOSP SICK CHILDREN,DIV NEUROSCI,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT PATHOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT PHYSIOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X8,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; University of Toronto
NR 30
TC 464
Z9 531
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 686
EP 690
DI 10.1038/41792
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300052
PM 9262404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rapoport, L
   Bilik, Y
   Feldman, Y
   Homyonfer, M
   Cohen, SR
   Tenne, R
AF Rapoport, L
   Bilik, Y
   Feldman, Y
   Homyonfer, M
   Cohen, SR
   Tenne, R
TI Hollow nanoparticles of WS2 as potential solid-state lubricants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fullerenes
AB Solid lubricants fill a special niche in reducing wear in situations where the use of liquid lubricants is either impractical or inadequate, such as in vacuum, space technology or automotive transport. Metal dichalcogenides MX2 (where M is, for instance, Mo or W and X is S or Se) are widely used as solid lubricants, These materials are characterized by a layered structure with weak (van der Waals) inter-layer forces that allow easy, low-strength shearing(1,2). Within the past few years, hollow nanoparticles (HNs) of MX2 with structures similar to those of nested carbon fullerenes and nanotubes have been synthesized(3,4). Here we show that these materials can act as effective solid lubricants: HN-WS2 outperforms the solid lubricants 2H-MoS2 and ZH-WS2 in every respect (friction, wear and lifetime of the lubricant) under varied test conditions. We attribute the outstanding performance of HN-WS2 to its chemical inertness and the hollow cage structure, which imparts elasticity and allows the particles to roll rather than to slide.
C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT MAT & INTERFACES, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI, CHEM SERV UNIT, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
   CTR TECHNOL EDUC HOLON, DEPT MECH & CONTROL, IL-58102 HOLON, ISRAEL.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science
NR 13
TC 799
Z9 888
U1 2
U2 477
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 791
EP 793
DI 10.1038/42910
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swinbanks, D
   Nathan, R
   Triendl, R
AF Swinbanks, D
   Nathan, R
   Triendl, R
TI Western research assessment meets Asian cultures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 5
TC 22
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 113
EP 117
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700015
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woods, AW
   Cardoso, SSS
AF Woods, AW
   Cardoso, SSS
TI Triggering basaltic volcanic eruptions by bubble-melt separation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convecting magma chamber; generation; nucleation; pressure
AB Understanding the processes by which volcanic eruptions are triggered is crucial for volcanic hazard prediction and assessment. In intermediate and silicic magmas, where water is the dominant volatile phase(1,2),'second boiling' provides an effective eruption trigger(1)-as the magma cools and crystallizes, volatiles are increasingly concentrated in the residual melt where they eventually become saturated and are exsolved, thereby raising the magma pressure to the point of eruption(1,2). In contrast, in basaltic magma chambers in which carbon dioxide is the dominant volatile phase, the effect of second boiling is to decrease the chamber pressure. But basaltic magmas are also relatively inviscid, so volatile bubbles can separate from the turbulently convecting melt to produce a foam layer at the chamber roof(3,4): decompression of the rising bubbles can increase the chamber pressure and so trigger an eruption(5,6). Here we model the complex competition between the processes of magma cooling and bubble ascent. We find that in basalt of very low viscosity (1-10 Pas), bubble separation dominates and can increase the reservoir pressure by as much as 10 MPa (sufficient to trigger an eruption(7)) on timescales of 1-10 years, comparable to the duration of eruptive episodes at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii(4,8).
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT CHEM ENGN,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3RA,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Woods, AW (corresponding author), UNIV BRISTOL,SCH MATH,UNIV WALK,BRISTOL BS8 1TW,AVON,ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 60
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 518
EP 520
DI 10.1038/385518a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, CY
   Cai, YG
AF Wang, CY
   Cai, YG
TI Sensitivity of earthquake cycles on the San Andreas fault to small changes in regional compression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID california coast-ranges; plate motions; francisco bay; stress; state
AB The current pattern of slip(1,2) within the San Andreas fault system in the San Francisco Bay area is distinctly different from the long-term slip pattern inferred from the geological record(3,4). This difference is not surprising because geological data record the accumulated displacements over many earthquake cycles, whereas geodetic data reveal the present-day slip pattern. It is not known, however, what mechanism triggers the change from the 'interseismic' slip pattern (when the San Andreas fault is locked) to the 'co-seismic' slip pattern (when the San Andreas fault ruptures in earthquake slip). Here we use numerical simulations of the entire seismic cycle on this complex fault system to show that the San Andreas fault may be in a critical state and sensitive to small perturbations in regional compression. In particular, we find that small increases in regional compression may lock the San Andreas fault, whereas small decreases in regional compression may release the locked segment and so permit co-seismic slip. This sensitivity suggests that cyclic changes in the regional stress field resulting from plate convergence and thrust faulting in the Coast Ranges could trigger major earthquakes on the San Andreas fault.
C1 BEIJING UNIV,DEPT GEOL,BEIJING 100871,PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 Peking University
RP Wang, CY (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 29
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 158
EP 161
DI 10.1038/40601
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kharitonenkov, A
   Chen, ZJ
   Sures, I
   Wang, HY
   Schilling, J
   Ullrich, A
AF Kharitonenkov, A
   Chen, ZJ
   Sures, I
   Wang, HY
   Schilling, J
   Ullrich, A
TI A family of proteins that inhibit signalling through tyrosine kinase receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor receptor; neuronal differentiation; insulin-receptor; pc12 cells; map kinase; phosphatase; expression; sh-ptp2; downstream; activation
AB Phosphotyrosine phosphatases are critical negative or positive regulators in the intracellular signalling pathways that result in growth-factor-specific cell responses such as mitosis, differentiation, migration, survival, transformation or death(1-4). The SH2-domain-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 is a positive signal transducer for several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and cytokine receptors(5-7). To investigate its mechanism of action we purified a tyrosine-phosphorylated glycoprotein which in different cell types associates tightly with SHP-2 and appears to serve as its substrate. Peptide sequencing in conjunction with complementary DNA cloning revealed a new gene family of at least fifteen members designated signal-regulatory proteins (SIRPs). They consist of two subtypes distinguished by the presence or absence of a cytoplasmic SHP-2-binding domain. The transmembrane polypeptide SIRP alpha 1 is a substrate of activated RTKs and in its tyrosine-phosphorylated form binds SHP-2 through SH2 interactions and acts as its substrate. It also binds SHP-1 and Grb2 in vitro and has negative regulatory effects on cellular responses induced by growth factors, oncogenes or insulin. Our findings indicate that proteins belonging to the SIRP family generally regulate signals defining different physiological and pathological processes.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM, DEPT MOL BIOL, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   SUGEN INC, REDWOOD CITY, CA 94063 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 31
TC 597
Z9 682
U1 2
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 181
EP 186
DI 10.1038/386181a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300064
PM 9062191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, MM
   Diebel, CE
   Haugh, CV
   Pankhurst, PM
   Montgomery, JC
   Green, CR
AF Walker, MM
   Diebel, CE
   Haugh, CV
   Pankhurst, PM
   Montgomery, JC
   Green, CR
TI Structure and function of the vertebrate magnetic sense
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geomagnetic-field; homing pigeons; behavioral evidence; biogenic magnetite; atmospheric odors; migratory birds; sockeye salmon; honeybees; magnetoreception; discrimination
AB Some vertebrates can navigate over long distances using the Earth's magnetic field, but the sensory system that they use to do so has remained a mystery. Here we describe the key components of a magnetic sense underpinning this navigational ability in a single species, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), We report behavioural and electrophysiological responses to magnetic fields and identify an area in the nose of the trout where candidate magnetoreceptor cells are located. We have tracked the sensory pathway from these newly identified candidate magnetoreceptor cells to the brain and associated the system with a learned response to magnetic fields.
C1 UNIV AUCKLAND,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT RADIOL,AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND.
C3 University of Auckland
RP Walker, MM (corresponding author), UNIV AUCKLAND,SCH BIOL SCI,EXPT BIOL RES GRP,PRIVATE BAG 92019,AUCKLAND 1,NEW ZEALAND.
NR 37
TC 338
Z9 386
U1 1
U2 182
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 371
EP 376
DI 10.1038/37057
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900053
PM 20358649
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lowe, SL
   Peter, F
   Subramaniam, VN
   Wong, SH
   Hong, WJ
AF Lowe, SL
   Peter, F
   Subramaniam, VN
   Wong, SH
   Hong, WJ
TI A SNARE involved in protein transport through the Golgi apparatus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; membrane-protein; vesicular transport; fusion; vesicles; complex; er; bos1p; yeast
AB In eukaryotic cells, the Golgi apparatus receives newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and delivers them after covalent modification to their destination in the cell. These proteins move from the inside (cis) face to the plasma-membrane side (trans) of the Golgi, through a stack of cisternae, towards the trans-Golgi network (TGN), but very little is known about how proteins are moved through the Golgi compartments. In a model known as the maturation model, no special transport process was considered necessary, with protein movement along the Golgi being achieved by maturation of the cisternae. Alternatively, proteins could be transported by vesicles or membrane tubules. Although little is known about membrane-tubule-mediated transport, the molecular mechanism for vesicle-mediated transport is quite well understood, occurring through docking of SNAREs on the vesicle with those on the target membrane. We have now identified a protein of relative molecular mass 27K which is associated with the Golgi apparatus. The cytoplasmic domain of this protein or antibodies raised against it quantitatively inhibit transport in vitro from the ER to the trans-Golgi/TGN, acting at a stage between the cis/medial- and the trans-Golgi/TGN. This protein, which behaves like a SNARE and has been named GS27 (for Golgi SNARE of 27K), is identical to membrin, a protein implicated earlier in ER-to-Golgi transport. Our results suggest that protein movement from medial- to the trans-Golgi/TGN depends on SNARE-mediated vesicular transport.
C1 NATL UNIV SINGAPORE,INST MOL & CELL BIOL,MEMBRANE BIOL LAB,SINGAPORE 119076,SINGAPORE.
C3 Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology (IMCB); National University of Singapore
NR 28
TC 80
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 881
EP 884
DI 10.1038/39923
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800064
PM 9349823
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barnett, RN
   Landman, U
AF Barnett, RN
   Landman, U
TI Cluster-derived structures and conductance fluctuations in nanowires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point contacts; quantization; dynamics; models
AB Understanding the variation of a material's properties with size, form of aggregation and dimensionality is becoming important in the face of increasing miniaturization of electronic and mechanical devices, experimental. studies have focused on the preparation and characterization of solid-scare nanometre-scale structures such as metal and semiconductor nanocrystals(1-3), surface-supported structures and quantum dots(4) and nanoscale junctions or wires(5-22). It has emerged that these nanostructures can often be fruitfully described using concepts and methodologies developed in the contexts of gas-phase atomic clusters and atomic nuclei(23-25). Here we make this connection explicitly through first-principle molecular dynamics simulations(22,26) which show that, as nanowires of sodium metal are stretched to just a few atoms in diameter, the structures formed by metal atoms in the neck can be described in terms of those observed in small gas-phase sodium clusters(27). We find that the electronic spectral and conductance characteristics of these atomic-scale contacts exhibit dynamical thermal fluctuations on a sub-picosecond timescale, owing In rearrangements of the metal atoms, which will significantly affect the transport properties of such nanowires.
C1 GEORGIA INST TECHNOL, SCH PHYS, ATLANTA, GA 30332 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
NR 32
TC 131
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 788
EP 791
DI 10.1038/42904
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dorsky, RI
   Chang, WS
   Rapaport, DH
   Harris, WA
AF Dorsky, RI
   Chang, WS
   Rapaport, DH
   Harris, WA
TI Regulation of neuronal diversity in the Xenopus retina by Delta signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-fate; drosophila eye; frog retina; in-vitro; notch; differentiation; neurogenesis; expression; photoreceptors; progenitors
AB To generate the variety of mature neurons and glia found in the developing retina, the competence of pluripotent progenitor cells to respond to extracellular signals must be controlled. Delta, a ligand of the Notch receptor, is a candidate for regulating progenitor competence on the grounds that activation of the pathway involving Notch and Delta can inhibit cellular differentiation(1-6). Here we test this possibility in the developing Xenopus retina by misexpression of Delta messenger RNA. We find that Delta-misexpressing cells with wild-type neighbours adopt earlier fates, primarily becoming ganglion cells and cone photoreceptors. Progenitors transfected with Delta later in development also produce rod photoreceptors, but not the latest-generated cell types, demonstrating the importance of timing in Delta function. We conclude that Delta signalling in the vertebrate retina is a basic regulatory mechanism that can be used to generate neuronal diversity.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT SURG,DIV ANAT,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 31
TC 234
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/385067a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100050
PM 8985247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, HJ
   Ming, GL
   Poo, MM
AF Song, HJ
   Ming, GL
   Poo, MM
TI CAMP-induced switching in turning direction of nerve growth cones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenylyl-cyclase; protein-kinase; axons; guidance; receptors; neurons; system; ca2+
AB Development of the nervous system depends on the correct pathfinding and target recognition by the growing tip of an axon, the growth cone(1-3). Diffusible or substrate-bound molecules present in the environment may serve as either attractants or repellents to influence the direction of growth-cone extension(4-11). Here we report that differences in cyclic-AMP-dependent activity in a neuron may result in opposite turning of the growth cone in response to the same guidance cue. A gradient of brain-derived neurotrophic factor normally triggers an attractive turning response of the growth cone of Xenopus spinal neurons in culture, but the same gradient induces repulsive turning of these growth cones in the presence of a competitive analogue of cAMP or of a specific inhibitor of protein kinase A. This cAMP-dependent switch of the turning response was also found for turning induced by acetylcholine, but not for the turning induced by neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Thus, in the presence of other factors that modulate neuronal cAMP-dependent activity, the same guidance cue may trigger opposite turning behaviours of the growth cone during its pathfinding in the nervous system.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 30
TC 525
Z9 634
U1 2
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 275
EP 279
DI 10.1038/40864
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100051
PM 9230436
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ogg, S
   Paradis, S
   Gottlieb, S
   Patterson, GI
   Lee, L
   Tissenbaum, HA
   Ruvkun, G
AF Ogg, S
   Paradis, S
   Gottlieb, S
   Patterson, GI
   Lee, L
   Tissenbaum, HA
   Ruvkun, G
TI The Fork head transcription factor DAF-16 transduces insulin-like metabolic and longevity signals in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dauer larva development; caenorhabditis-elegans; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; interacting genes; expression; growth; translocation; suppresses; proteins; homolog
AB In mammals, insulin signalling regulates glucose transport together with the expression and activity of various metabolic enzymes. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a related pathway regulates metabolism, development and longevity(1,2). Wild-type animals enter the developmentally arrested dauer stage in response to high levels of a secreted pheromone(3), accumulating large amounts of fat in their intestines and hypodermis. Mutants in DAF-2 (a homologue of the mammalian insulin receptor) and AGE-1 (a homologue of the catalytic subunit of mammalian phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase) arrest development at the dauer stage(3), Moreover, animals bearing weak or temperature-sensitive mutations in daf-2 and age-1 can develop reproductively, but nevertheless show increased energy storage and longevity(1,2,4,5). Here we show that null mutations in daf-16 suppress the effects of mutations in daf-2 or age-1; lack of daf-16 bypasses the need for this insulin receptor-like signalling pathway. The principal role of DAF-2/AGE-1 signalling is thus to antagonize DAF-16. daf-16 is widely expressed and encodes three members of the Fork head family of transcription factors, The DAF-2 pathway acts synergistically with the pathway activated by a nematode TGF-beta-type signal, DAF-7, suggesting that DAF-16 cooperates with nematode SMAD proteins in regulating the transcription of key metabolic and developmental control genes. The probable human orthologues of DAF-16, FKHR and AFX, may also act downstream of insulin signalling and cooperate with TGF-beta effecters in mediating metabolic regulation. These genes may be dysregulated in diabetes.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT MOL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02114.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 30
TC 1621
Z9 1928
U1 2
U2 204
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 994
EP 999
DI 10.1038/40194
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900062
PM 9353126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akimaru, H
   Chen, Y
   Dai, P
   Hou, DX
   Nonaka, M
   Smolik, SM
   Armstrong, S
   Goodman, RH
   Ishii, S
AF Akimaru, H
   Chen, Y
   Dai, P
   Hou, DX
   Nonaka, M
   Smolik, SM
   Armstrong, S
   Goodman, RH
   Ishii, S
TI Drosophila CBP is a co-activator of cubitus interruptus in hedgehog signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-protein cbp; gene; expression; mutations; embryos; creb
AB The transcription factor CBP, originally identified as a coactivator for CREB(1,2), enhances transcription mediated by many other transcription factors(3-7). Mutations in the human CBP gene are associated with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, a haploinsufficiency disorder characterized by abnormal pattern formations, but the mechanism by which decreased CBP levels affect pattern formation is unclear. The hedgehog (hh) signalling pathway is an important determinant of pattern formation. cubitus interruptus (ci), a component in hh signalling; encodes a transcription factor homologous to the Gli family of proteins(9) and is required for induction of the hh-dependent expression of patched (ptc), decapentaplegic (dpp) and wingless (wg)(10). Haploinsufficiency for the ci-related transcription factor Gli3 causes phenotypic changes in mice (known as 'extra-toes)(11) and humans (Greig's cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome)(12) that have similarities to Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Here we show that Drosophila CBP (dCBP) functions as a coactivator of Ci, suggesting that the dCBF-Ci interaction may shed light on the contribution of CBP to pattern formation in mammals.
C1 INST PHYS & CHEM RES,TSUKUBA LIFE SCI CTR,MOL GENET LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VOLLUM INST,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,DEPT MOL & MED GENET,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
C3 RIKEN; Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University
NR 25
TC 247
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 735
EP 738
DI 10.1038/386735a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700061
PM 9109493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt, G
   Sehr, P
   Wilm, M
   Selzer, J
   Mann, M
   Aktories, K
AF Schmidt, G
   Sehr, P
   Wilm, M
   Selzer, J
   Mann, M
   Aktories, K
TI Gln 63 of Rho is deamidated by Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding protein-rho; actin stress fibers; difficile toxin-b; clostridium-difficile; gtpase; microinjection; induction; cells; rac
AB The actin cytoskeleton is regulated by GTP-hydrolysing proteins, the Rho GTPases(1,2), which act as molecular switches in diverse signal-transduction processes(3). Various bacterial toxins can inactivate Rho GTPases by ADP-ribosylation(1) or glucosylation(4). Previous research has identified Rho proteins as putative targets for Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factors 1 and 2 (CNF1 and 2)(5,6). These toxins induce actin assembly and multinucleation in culture cells. Here we show that treatment of RhoA with CNF1 inhibits the intrinsic GTPase activity of RhoA and completely blocks GTPase activity stimulated by the Rho-GTPase-activating protein (rhoGAP). Analysis by mass spectrometry and amino-acid sequencing of proteolytic peptides derived from CNF1-treated RhoA indicate that CNF1 induces deamidation of a glutamine residue at position 63 (Gln63) to give constitutively active Rho protein.
C1 UNIV FREIBURG,INST PHARMAKOL & TOXIKOL,D-79104 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
   EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,D-69012 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 University of Freiburg; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 22
TC 457
Z9 500
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 725
EP 729
DI 10.1038/42735
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900059
PM 9192900
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hua, W
   Young, EC
   Fleming, ML
   Gelles, J
AF Hua, W
   Young, EC
   Fleming, ML
   Gelles, J
TI Coupling of kinesin steps to ATP hydrolysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtubule movement; heavy-chain; derivatives; molecules
AB A key goal in the study of the function of ATP-driven motor enzymes is to quantify the movement produced from consumption of one ATP molecule(1-3). Discrete displacements of the processive motor kinesin along a microtubule have been reported as 5 and/or 8 mn (refs 4, 5). However, analysis of nanometre-scale movements is hindered by superimposed brownian motion, Moreover, because kinesin is processive and turns over stochastically, some observed displacements must arise from summation of smaller movements that are too closely spaced in time to be resolved, To address both of these problems, we used light microscopy instrumentation(6) with low positional drift (<39 pm s(-1)) to observe single molecules of a kinesin derivative moving slowly (similar to 2.5 nm s(-1)) at very low (150 nM) ATP concentration, so that ATP-induced displacements were widely spaced in time, This allowed increased time-averaging to suppress brownian noise (without application of external force(4,5)), permitting objective measurement of the distribution of all observed displacement sizes, The distribution was analysed with a statistics-based method which explicitly takes into account the occurrence of unresolved movements, and determines both the underlying step size and the coupling of steps to ATP hydrolytic events, Our data support a fundamental enzymatic cycle for kinesin in which hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule is coupled to a step distance of the microtubule protofilament lattice spacing of 8.12 nm (ref. 7). Step distances other than 8 nm are excluded, as is the coupling of each step to two or more consecutive ATP hydrolysis reactions with similar rates, or the coupling of two 8-nm steps to a single hydrolysis. The measured ratio of ATP consumption rate to stepping rate is invariant over a wide range of ATP concentration, suggesting that the 1 ATP to 8 nm coupling inferred from behaviour at low ATP can be generalized to high ATP.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV,CTR COMPLEX SYST,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,BIOPHYS & STRUCT BIOL GRAD PROGRAM,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
NR 29
TC 282
Z9 336
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 390
EP 393
DI 10.1038/41118
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800054
PM 9237758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zadina, JE
   Hackler, L
   Ge, LJ
   Kastin, AJ
AF Zadina, JE
   Hackler, L
   Ge, LJ
   Kastin, AJ
TI A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the mu-opiate receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyr-w-mif-1; analogs; tyr-pro-trp-gly-nh2; hemoglobin; tyr-mif-1; analgesia; assay
AB Peptides have been identified in mammalian brain that are considered to be endogenous agonists for the delta (enkephalins) and kappa (dynorphins) opiate receptors, but none has been found to have any preference for the mu receptor(1-3). Because morphine and other compounds that are clinically useful and open to abuse act primarily at the mu receptor(4), it could be important to identify endogenous peptides specific for this site. Here we report the discovery and isolation from brain of such a peptide, endomorphin-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2), which has a high affinity (K-i = 360 pM) and selectivity (4,000- and 15,000-fold preference over the delta and kappa receptors) for the mu, receptor. This peptide is more effective than the mu-selective analogue DAMGO in vitro and it produces potent and prolonged analgesia in mice. A second peptide, endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2), which differs by one amino acid, was also isolated. The new peptides have the highest specificity and affinity for the mu receptor of any endogenous substance so far described and they maybe natural ligands fbr this receptor.
C1 TULANE UNIV, SCH MED, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70146 USA.
C3 Tulane University
RP Zadina, JE (corresponding author), VET AFFAIRS MED CTR, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70146 USA.
NR 30
TC 1202
Z9 1392
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 499
EP 502
DI 10.1038/386499a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600053
PM 9087409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, DL
   Aida, T
AF Jiang, DL
   Aida, T
TI Photoisomerization in dendrimers by harvesting of low-energy photons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular architecture; polymers
AB Infrared radiation can induce low-frequency molecular vibrations, but, with the exception of hydrogen-bond reorganization(1-3), the excitation energy tends to be dissipated rapidly through molecular collisions rather than inducing photochemical changes. Here we show that in a macromolecular system that is designed to be insulated against collisional energy scattering, infrared absorption can excite photoisomerization by multiphoton intramolecular energy transfer. We have prepared highly branched dendrimers(4-6) from aryl ethers with a photoisomerizable azobenzene core, in which infrared excitation of the aromatic units is apparently followed by a channelling of the absorbed energy to the core while the dendrimer matrix protects against collisional de-excitation. These findings suggest a strategy for harvesting low-energy photons to effect chemical transformations.
C1 JAPAN SCI & TECHNOL CORP,FIELDS & REACT,PRECURSORY RES EMBRYON SCI & TECHNOL,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,GRAD SCH ENGN,DEPT CHEM & BIOTECHNOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo
NR 16
TC 521
Z9 550
U1 3
U2 146
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 454
EP 456
DI 10.1038/41290
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Best, JL
   Ashworth, PJ
AF Best, JL
   Ashworth, PJ
TI Scour in large braided rivers, and the recognition of sequence stratigraphic boundaries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID delta
AB Alluvial scour into shallow marine sediments may be caused by the incision of a river adjusting to a new base level(1-4) following a fall in sea level. The identification of such erosion surfaces(1-3) has therefore been pivotal in the reconstruction of past sea-level changes from ancient sedimentary sequences(1-14). Here we report data from a study of the Tamuna river, Bangladesh, one of the world's largest modern braided rivers(15), which illustrate that bed scour associated with channel confluences and bends alone can be substantial-as much as five times greater than the mean channel depth. Indeed, the basal erosion surfaces produced by such deep scours have characteristics similar to those of boundaries in some ancient sedimentary sequences that have been assumed to result from sea-level fall(1-14), potentially leading to radically different interpretations of past variation in base level and climate. We suggest that, to discount unambiguously the influence of fluvial scour in ancient sediments, the erosive boundary should be greater than five times the mean channel depth and extend for distances greater than the floodplain width. Ideally, it should be traceable between different basins.
C1 UNIV LEEDS,SCH GEOG,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Leeds
RP Best, JL (corresponding author), UNIV LEEDS,DEPT EARTH SCI,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 170
Z9 188
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 275
EP 277
DI 10.1038/387275a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, H
   Kwong, PD
   Hendrickson, WA
AF Wu, H
   Kwong, PD
   Hendrickson, WA
TI Dimeric association and segmental variability in the structure of human CD4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus gp120; signal-transduction; crystal-structure; binding; infection; fragment; hiv; oligomerization; receptors; domains
AB CD4 is a co-receptor in the cellular immune response, It increases the avidity of association between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell by interacting with non-polymorphic portions of the complex between class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T-cell receptor (TCR) molecules, and it contributes directly to signal transduction through its cytoplasmic association with the lymphocyte kinase Lck (ref. 1). CD4 also serves as the high-affinity receptor for cellular attachment and entry of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)(2). The extracellular portion of CD4 comprises four immunoglobulin-like domains (D1-D4), This part of human CD4 (residues 1-369) has been characterized as a recombinant soluble protein (sCD4)(3,4), and crystal structures have been described for the human D1D2 fragment(5,6) and for the rat D3D4 fragment(7). We have now determined the structures of intact sCD4 in three crystal lattices. These structures have a hinge-like variability at the D1D2 to D3D4 junction that might be important in immune recognition and HIV fusion, and a common dimeric association through D4 domains. Dynamic light scattering measurements and chemical crosslinking of sCD4 corroborate dimerization at high protein concentration. We suggest that such dimers may have relevance as mediators of signal transduction in T cells.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOPHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 29
TC 240
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 527
EP 530
DI 10.1038/387527a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900055
PM 9168119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gudmundsson, MT
   Sigmundsson, F
   Bjornsson, H
AF Gudmundsson, MT
   Sigmundsson, F
   Bjornsson, H
TI Ice-volcano interaction of the 1996 Gjalp subglacial eruption, Vatnajokull, Iceland
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanism; grimsvotn
AB Volcanic eruptions under glaciers can cause dangerous floods and lahars(1-3) and create hyaloclastite (fragmented glassy rock) mountains(4-8), But processes such as the rate of heat transfer between ice and magma, edifice formation, and the response of the surrounding glacier are poorly understood, because of the lack of data. Here we present observations from the fissure eruption at Vatnajokull ice cap, Iceland, in October 1996. In the 13 days of the eruption 3 km(3) of ice were melted and the erupted magma fragmented into glass forming a hyaloclastite ridge 6-7 km long and 200-300 m high under 500-750 m of ice. Meltwater of temperatures of 15-20 degrees C flowed along a narrow channel at the glacier bed into the Grimsvotn subglacial lake for five weeks, before draining in a sudden flood, or jokulhlaup. Subsidence and crevassing of the ice cap occurred over the eruptive fissure and the meltwater path, whereas elsewhere the glacier surface remained intact, suggesting that subglacial eruptions do not trigger widespread basal sliding in warm-based glaciers.
C1 UNIV ICELAND,NORDIC VOLCANOL INST,IS-108 REYKJAVIK,ICELAND.
C3 University of Iceland
RP Gudmundsson, MT (corresponding author), UNIV ICELAND,INST SCI,DUNHAGA 3,IS-107 REYKJAVIK,ICELAND.
NR 28
TC 258
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 954
EP 957
DI 10.1038/40122
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bilham, R
   Larson, K
   Freymueller, J
   Jouanne, F
   LeFort, P
   Leturmy, P
   Mugnier, JL
   Gamond, JF
   Glot, JP
   Martinod, J
   Chaudury, NL
   Chitrakar, GR
   Gautam, UP
   Koirala, BP
   Pandey, MR
   Ranabhat, R
   Sapkota, SN
   Shrestha, PL
   Thakuri, MC
   Timilsina, UR
   Tiwari, DR
   Vidal, G
   Vigny, C
   Galy, A
   deVoogd, B
AF Bilham, R
   Larson, K
   Freymueller, J
   Jouanne, F
   LeFort, P
   Leturmy, P
   Mugnier, JL
   Gamond, JF
   Glot, JP
   Martinod, J
   Chaudury, NL
   Chitrakar, GR
   Gautam, UP
   Koirala, BP
   Pandey, MR
   Ranabhat, R
   Sapkota, SN
   Shrestha, PL
   Thakuri, MC
   Timilsina, UR
   Tiwari, DR
   Vidal, G
   Vigny, C
   Galy, A
   deVoogd, B
TI GPS measurements of present-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global positioning system; active tectonics; strain accumulation; eastern nepal; deformation; tibet; asia; constraints; earthquakes; collision
AB The high elevations of the Himalaya and Tibet result from the continuing collision between India and Asia, which started more than 60 million years ago(1-4). From geological and seismic studies of the slip rate of faults in Asia(5), it is believed that approximately one-third of the present-day convergence rate between India and Asia (58 +/- 4mm yr(-1)) is responsible for the shortening, uplift and moderate seismicity of the Himalaya. Great earthquakes also occur infrequently in this region, releasing in minutes the elastic strain accumulated near the boundary zone over several centuries, and accounting for most of the advance of the Himalaya over the plains of India. The recurrence time for these great earthquakes is determined by the rate of slip of India beneath Tibet, which has hitherto been estimated indirectly from global plate motions(6), from the slip rates of faults in Asia(7,8), from seismic productivity(9), and from the advance of sediments on the northern Ganges plain(10). Here we report geodetic measurements, using the Global Positioning System (GPS), of the rate of contraction across the Himalaya, which we find to be 17.52 +/- 2 mm yr(-1). From the form of the deformation field, we estimate the rate of slip of India beneath Tibet to be 20.5 +/- 2 mm yr(-1). Strain sufficient to drive one or more great Himalayan earthquakes, with slip similar to that accompanying the magnitude 8.1 Bihar/Nepal 1934 earthquake, may currently be available in western Nepal.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   UNIV COLORADO,DEPT AEROSP ENGN SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   UNIV ALASKA,INST GEOPHYS,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Bilham, R (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,CIRES,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 29
TC 689
Z9 763
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/386061a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Green pastures for plant scientists
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Competitive job markets and the shifting sands of funding in the United States and Europe may prompt agricultural and plant researchers to look at industry, academic-industry collaborations or a stint in a developing country.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 431
EP 432
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Churcher, C
   Bowman, S
   Badcock, K
   Bankler, A
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Connor, R
   Devlin, K
   Gentles, S
   Hamlin, N
   Harris, D
   Horsnell, T
   Hunt, S
   Jagels, K
   Jones, M
   Lye, G
   Moule, S
   Odell, C
   Pearson, D
   Rajandream, M
   Rice, P
   Rowley, N
   Skelton, J
   Smith, V
   Walsh, S
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, B
AF Churcher, C
   Bowman, S
   Badcock, K
   Bankler, A
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Connor, R
   Devlin, K
   Gentles, S
   Hamlin, N
   Harris, D
   Horsnell, T
   Hunt, S
   Jagels, K
   Jones, M
   Lye, G
   Moule, S
   Odell, C
   Pearson, D
   Rajandream, M
   Rice, P
   Rowley, N
   Skelton, J
   Smith, V
   Walsh, S
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, B
TI The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-sequence; projects; staden; genes
AB Large-scale systematic sequencing has generally depended on the availability of an ordered library of large-insert bacterial or viral genomic clones for the organism under study. The generation of these large insert libraries, and the location of each clone on a genome map, is a laborious and time-consuming process. In an effort to overcome these problems, several groups have successfully demonstrated the viability of the whole-genome random 'shotgun' method in large-scale sequencing of both viruses and prokaryotes(1-5). Here we report the sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IX, determined in part by a whole-chromosome 'shotgun', and describe the particular difficulties encountered in the random 'shotgun' sequencing of an entire eukaryotic chromosome. Analysis of this sequence shows that chromosome IX contains 221 open reading frames (ORFs), of which approximately 30% have been sequenced previously. This chromosome shows features typical of a small Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome.
C1 SANGER CTR,CAMBRIDGE CB10 1SA,ENGLAND.
   MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 30
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/387s084
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600010
PM 9169870
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rollinson, H
AF Rollinson, H
TI Eclogite xenoliths in west African kimberlites as residues from Archaean granitoid crust formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sierra-leone; geochemistry; origin
AB Eclogites are a comparatively rare but petrologically important member of kimberlite xenolith suites. Their broadly basaltic chemistry has led many authors to propose that they represent ancient, subducted ocean crust(1-3). Recent studies(4-6), however, have suggested an alternative origin and propose that kimberlitic eclogites are residues from the process of Archaean granitoid crust formation. Geochemical arguments in support of this new model were previously based on the trace-element chemistry of eclogitic minerals, Here I report that the major-element chemistry of eclogite xenoliths also supports a crustal residue model, I examine eclogite xenoliths from kimberlite pipes at Koidu, Sierra Leone, which sample the lithospheric mantle underlying the Archaean (2.8 Gyr) granitoid crust of the West African craton. Geochemical plots of major elements measured in unaltered, whole-rock samples of low-silica eclogite demonstrate that they are complementary to the granitoids of the West African craton and have compositions which indicate that both were derived from a common basaltic parent rock.
C1 GLOUCESTER COLL HIGHER EDUC,CHELTENHAM GL53 0BL,GLOS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Gloucestershire
RP Rollinson, H (corresponding author), DEPT GEOG & GEOL,FRANCIS CLOSE HALL,SWINDON RD,CHELTENHAM GL53 0BL,GLOS,ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 100
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 173
EP 176
DI 10.1038/38266
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joseph, JS
   Chun, MM
   Nakayama, K
AF Joseph, JS
   Chun, MM
   Nakayama, K
TI Attentional requirements in a 'preattentive' feature search task
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-search; vision; perception; elements; textons; model
AB It is commonly assumed that certain features are so elementary to the visual system that they require no attentional resources to be perceived. Such 'preattentive' features are traditionally identified by visual search performance(1-3), in which the reaction time for detecting a feature difference against a set of distracter items does not increase with the number of distracters. This suggests an unlimited capacity for the perception of such features. We provide evidence to the contrary, demonstrating that detection of differences in a simple feature such as orientation is severely impaired by additionally imposing an attentionally demanding rapid serial visual presentation task involving letter identification. The same visual stimuli exhibit non-increasing reaction time versus set-size functions. These results demonstrate that attention can be critical even for the detection of so-called 'preattentive' features.
C1 YALE UNIV, DEPT PSYCHOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, DEPT PSYCHOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Yale University; Harvard University
RP Joseph, JS (corresponding author), UNIV NEVADA, DEPT PSYCHOL, RENO, NV 89557 USA.
NR 17
TC 339
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 805
EP 807
DI 10.1038/42940
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400050
PM 9194560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Quake, SR
   Babcock, H
   Chu, S
AF Quake, SR
   Babcock, H
   Chu, S
TI The dynamics of partially extended single molecules of DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stretched polymer-chains; transient electric birefringence; dielectric-relaxation; scattering; fragments; modes
AB The behaviour of an isolated polymer floating in a solvent forms the basis of our understanding of polymer dynamics(1,2). Classical theories describe the motion of a polymer with linear equations of motion, which yield a set of 'normal modes', analogous to the fundamental frequency and the harmonics of a vibrating violin string. But hydrodynamic interactions make polymer dynamics inherently nonlinear, and the linearizing approximations required for the normal-mode picture have therefore been questioned(1). Here we test the normal-mode theory by measuring the fluctuations of single molecules of DNA held in a partially extended state with optical tweezers. We find that the motion of the DNA can be described by linearly independent normal modes, and we have experimentally determined the eigenstates of the system. Furthermore, we show that the spectrum of relaxation times obeys a power law.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT PHYS,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University
NR 25
TC 238
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 151
EP 154
DI 10.1038/40588
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900043
PM 9217154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jenuwein, T
   Forrester, WC
   FernandezHerrero, LA
   Laible, G
   Dull, M
   Grosschedl, R
AF Jenuwein, T
   Forrester, WC
   FernandezHerrero, LA
   Laible, G
   Dull, M
   Grosschedl, R
TI Extension of chromatin accessibility by nuclear matrix attachment regions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosomal loop anchorage; immunoglobulin-mu gene; locus-control region; transgenic mice; enhancer; transcription; sequences; elements; domains
AB Transcription of the variable region of the rearranged immunoglobulin mu gene is dependent on an enhancer sequence situated within one of the introns of the gene, Experiments with transgenic mice have shown that activation of the promoter controlling this transcription also requires the matrix-attachment regions (MARs) that flank the intronic enhancer(1), As this mu gene enhancer can establish local areas of accessible chromatin(2), we investigated whether the MARs can extend accessibility to more distal positions, We eliminated interactions between enhancer- and promoter-bound factors by linking mu enhancer/MAR fragments to the binding sites for bacteriophage RNA polymerases that were either dose to or one kilobase distal to the enhancer. The mu enhancer alone mediated chromatin accessibility at the proximal site but required a flanking MAR to confer accessibility upon the distal promoter, This long-range accessibilty correlates with extended demethylation of the gene construct but not with whether it is being actively transcribed, MARs thus collaborate with the mu enhancer to generate an extended domain of accessible chromatin.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   INST MOL PATHOL,A-1030 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
NR 30
TC 221
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/385269a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100052
PM 9000077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, C
   Basler, JN
   Becker, CH
AF He, C
   Basler, JN
   Becker, CH
TI Uniform elemental analysis of materials by sputtering and photoionization mass spectrometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonresonant multiphoton ionization; surface-analysis; neutrals; metals
AB Analysis of the elemental composition of surfaces commonly involves techniques in which atoms or ions are ablated from the material's surface and detected by mass spectrometry. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry(1,2) is widely used for detection with high sensitivity (down to a few parts per billion) but technical problems prevent it from being truly quantitative. Some of these problems are circumvented by nonresonant laser post-ionization of sputtered atoms followed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (surface analysis by laser ionization: SALI)(3-9). But when there are large differences in ionization probabilities amongst different elements in the material, the detection sensitivity can be non-uniform and accurate quantification remains out of reach. Here we report that highly uniform, quantitative and sensitive analysis of materials can be achieved using a high-energy (5-keV) ion beam for sputtering coupled with a very-high-intensity laser to induce multiphoton ionization of the sputtered atoms. We show uniform elemental sensitivity for several samples containing elements with very different ionization potentials, suggesting that this approach can now be regarded as quantitative for essentially any material.
RP He, C (corresponding author), SRI INT,MOL PHYS LAB,MENLO PK,CA 94025, USA.
NR 16
TC 19
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 797
EP 799
DI 10.1038/385797a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ren, XB
   Otsuka, K
AF Ren, XB
   Otsuka, K
TI Origin of rubber-like behaviour in metal alloys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd-alloys; zn alloy; martensite; pseudoelasticity; deformation; diffraction
AB Since 1932 it has been known that a number of ordered alloys show an unusual kind of deformation behaviour(1-3). These alloys (including Au-Cd, Au-Cu-Zn, Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Al-Ni)(4-8), after being aged for some time in a martensitic state (the low-symmetry phase of a diffusionless transformation), can be deformed like a soft and pseudo-elastic rubber (with a recoverable strain as large as a few per cent). Accompanying martensite ageing is the development of martensite stabilization(9) (increase in the temperature of reverse transformation to the parent state), the avoidance of which is important in actuator applications of the shape-memory effect(29), (which these alloys also generally exhibit. The origin of this rubber-like behaviour and of the ageing effect has remained unclear(10-17). Here we show that this behaviour does not involve a change in the degree of long-range order, but is instead due to an atomic rearrangement within the same sublattice of the imperfectly ordered alloy during martensite ageing. This process is driven by a general tendency for the equilibrium symmetry of the short-range order configuration of lattice imperfections to conform to the symmetry of the lattice. This principle not only explains all the observed aspects of the rubber-like behaviour and the ageing effect in both ordered and disordered alloys, but may also further our understanding of some diffusion phenomena in other crystalline materials.
C1 UNIV TSUKUBA, INST MAT SCI, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
C3 University of Tsukuba
NR 29
TC 235
Z9 255
U1 2
U2 191
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 579
EP 582
DI 10.1038/39277
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thieme, H
AF Thieme, H
TI Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Little is known about the organic component of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic technologies, particular with respect to wooden tools(1,2). Here I describe some wooden throwing spears about 400,000 years old that were discovered in 1995 at the Pleistocene site at Schoningen, Germany. They are thought to be the oldest complete hunting weapons so far discovered to have been used by humans. Pound in association with stone tools and the butchered remains of more than ten horses, the spears strongly suggest that systematic hunting, involving foresight, planning and the use of appropriate technology, was part of the behavioural repertoire of pre-modern hominids. The use of sophisticated spears as early as the Middle Pleistocene may mean that many current theories on early human behaviour and culture must be revised.
RP Thieme, H (corresponding author), INST DENKMALPFLEGE,NIEDERSACHS LANDESVERWALTUNGSAMT,SCHARNHORSTSTR 1,D-30175 HANNOVER,GERMANY.
NR 21
TC 573
Z9 639
U1 1
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 807
EP 810
DI 10.1038/385807a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000050
PM 9039910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leonardo, ED
   Hinck, L
   Masu, M
   KeinoMasu, K
   Ackerman, SL
   TessierLavigne, M
AF Leonardo, ED
   Hinck, L
   Masu, M
   KeinoMasu, K
   Ackerman, SL
   TessierLavigne, M
TI Vertebrate homologues of C-elegans UNC-5 are candidate netrin receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pioneer axon migrations; spinal-cord; floor plate; guides cell; motor axons; protein; chemorepellent; elongation; guidance; growth
AB In the developing nervous system, migrating cells and axons are guided to their targets by cues in the extracellular environment. The netrins are a family of phylogenetically conserved guidance cues that can function as diffusible attractants and repellents for different classes of cells and axons(1-10). In vertebrates, insects and nematodes, members of the DCC subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily have been implicated as receptors that are involved in migration towards netrin sources(6,11-13,15). The mechanisms that direct migration away from netrin sources (presumed repulsions) are less well understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the transmembrane protein UNC-5 (ref. 14) has been implicated in these responses, as loss of unc-5 function causes migration defects(16,17) and ectopic expression of unc-5 in some neurons can redirect their axons away from a netrin source(18). Whether UNC-5 is a netrin receptor or simply an accessory to such a receptor has not, however, been defined. We now report the identification of two vertebrate homologues of UNC-5 which, with UNC-5 and the product of the mouse rostral cerebellar malformation gene (rcm)(19), define a new subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and whose messenger RNAs show prominent expression in various classes of differentiating neurons. We provide evidence that these two UNC-5 homologues, as well as the rcm gene product, are netrin-binding proteins, supporting the hypothesis that UNC-5 and its relatives are netrin receptors.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT ANAT,PROGRAM CELL & DEV BIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT ANAT,NEUROSCI PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   NATL DEF MED COLL,DEPT PHYSIOL,TOKOROZAWA,SAITAMA 359,JAPAN.
   JACKSON LAB,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; National Defense Medical College - Japan; Jackson Laboratory
NR 32
TC 437
Z9 539
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 833
EP 838
DI 10.1038/386833a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600055
PM 9126742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bostock, MG
AF Bostock, MG
TI Anisotropic upper-mantle stratigraphy and architecture of the Slave craton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lehmann discontinuity; subduction; beneath
AB The Earth's physical properties show a dominantly radial structure which is the result of compositional differentiation, isochemical phase changes(1) and rheological layering(2). Rheological layering is perhaps the most difficult to investigate using conventional seismological techniques because the seismic manifestation of this property, elastic anisotropy, may closely mimic the effects of isotropic heterogeneity(3). Nonetheless, an improved characterization of Earth's rheological structure promises important insights into such processes as plate dynamics and continental evolution. Here, I present a methodology for effectively characterizing sharp transitions in anisotropic, upper-mantle structure using the coda of teleseismic P-waves. Application to seismograms from the Slave craton reveals a well-developed stratigraphy, at least in part anisotropic, with major boundaries occurring at nominal depths of 75, 135 and 195 km. The geometry and sharpness of these discontinuities suggest a structural origin, perhaps involving shallow subduction.
RP Bostock, MG (corresponding author), UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT EARTH & OCEAN SCI,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA.
NR 31
TC 94
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/37102
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cohen, JD
   Perlstein, WM
   Braver, TS
   Nystrom, LE
   Noll, DC
   Jonides, J
   Smith, EE
AF Cohen, JD
   Perlstein, WM
   Braver, TS
   Nystrom, LE
   Noll, DC
   Jonides, J
   Smith, EE
TI Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory stimulation; cortex; system
AB Working memory is responsible for the short-term storage and online manipulation of information necessary for higher cognitive functions, such as language, planning and problem-solving(1,2). Traditionally, working memory has been divided into two types of processes: executive control (governing the encoding manipulation and retrieval of information in working memory) and active maintenance (keeping information available 'online'). It has also been proposed that these two types of processes may be subserved by distinct cortical structures, with the prefrontal cortex housing the executive control processes, and more posterior regions housing the content-specific buffers (for example verbal versus visuospatial) responsible for active maintenance(3,4). However, studies in non-human primates suggest that dorsolateral regions of the prefrontal cortex may alsb be involved in active maintenance(5-8). We have used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activation in human subjects during performance of a working memory task. We used the temporal resolution of this technique to examine the dynamics of regional activation, and to show that prefrontal cortex along with parietal cortex appears to play a role in active maintenance.
C1 UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT PSYCHIAT,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213.
   UNIV PITTSBURGH,MED CTR,DEPT RADIOL,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT PSYCHOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Cohen, JD (corresponding author), CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213, USA.
NR 29
TC 1488
Z9 1700
U1 3
U2 178
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 604
EP 608
DI 10.1038/386604a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300058
PM 9121583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waldmann, R
   Champigny, G
   Bassilana, F
   Heurteaux, C
   Lazdunski, M
AF Waldmann, R
   Champigny, G
   Bassilana, F
   Heurteaux, C
   Lazdunski, M
TI A proton-gated cation channel involved in acid-sensing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensitive na+ channel; induced sodium current; root ganglion neurons; sensory neurons; homologous subunits; cells; activation; expression; cloning; conductance
AB Acid-sensing is associated with both nociception(1) and taste transduction(2). Stimulation of sensory neurons by acid is of particular interest, because acidosis accompanies many painful inflammatory and ischaemic conditions. The pain caused by acids is thought to be mediated by H+-gated cation channels present in sensory neurons(3-5). We have now cloned a H+-gated channel (ASIC, for acid-sensing ionic channel) that belongs to the amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel(6-11)/degenerin(12-14) family of ion channels. Heterologous expression of ASIC induces an amiloride-sensitive cation (Na+ > Ca2+ > K+) channel which is transiently activated by rapid extracellular acidification. The biophysical and pharmacological properties of the ASIC channel closely match the H+-gated cation channel described in sensory neurons(3,15,16). ASIC is expressed in dorsal root ganglia and is also distributed widely throughout the brain. ASIC appears to be the simplest of Ligand-gated channels.
C1 CNRS, INST PHARMACOL MOL & CELLULAIRE, F-06560 VALBONNE, FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur
NR 30
TC 1180
Z9 1329
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/386173a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300062
PM 9062189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rowan, R
   Knowlton, N
   Baker, A
   Jara, J
AF Rowan, R
   Knowlton, N
   Baker, A
   Jara, J
TI Landscape ecology of algal symbionts creates variation in episodes of coral bleaching
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultraviolet-radiation; reef corals; temperature; zooxanthellae
AB Reef-building corals are obligate, mutualistic symbioses of heterotrophic animals and phototrophic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.)(1). Contrary to the earlier, widely accepted belief that corals harbour only one symbiont, we found that the ecologically dominant Caribbean corals Montastraea annularis and M. faveolata can act as hosts to dynamic, multi-species communities of Symbiodinium. Composition of these communities follows gradients of environmental irradiance, implying that physiological acclimatization(2-4) is not the only mechanism by which corals cope with environmental heterogeneity. The importance of this diversity was underlined by analysis of a natural episode of coral bleaching. Patterns of bleaching could be explained by the preferential elimination of a symbiont associated with low irradiance from the brightest parts of its distribution. Comparative analyses of symbionts before and after bleaching from the same corals supported this interpretation, and suggested that some corals were protected from bleaching by hosting an additional symbiont that is more tolerant of high irradiance and temperature. This 'natural experiment' suggests that temporal and spatial variability can favour the coexistence of diverse symbionts within a host, despite the potential for destabilizing competition among them(5,6).
C1 SMITHSONIAN TROP RES INST,BALBOA,PANAMA.
   UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,MIAMI,FL 33149.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Miami
RP Rowan, R (corresponding author), UNIV GUAM,MARINE LAB,MANGILAO,GU 96923, USA.
NR 30
TC 617
Z9 723
U1 1
U2 274
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 265
EP 269
DI 10.1038/40843
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100048
PM 9230434
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
   Smith, O
AF Horton, B
   Smith, O
TI Diverse opportunities for immunologists
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 657
EP 658
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400056
PM 9024667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU OBrien, C
AF OBrien, C
TI Molecular biology skills in demand in Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 659
EP 660
DI 10.1038/385659a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolfe, GV
   Steinke, M
   Kirst, GO
AF Wolfe, GV
   Steinke, M
   Kirst, GO
TI Grazing-activated chemical defence in a unicellular marine alga
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Marine plankton use a variety of defences against predators, some of which affect trophic structure and biogeochemistry(1). We have previously shown(2) that, during grazing by the protozoan Oxyrrhis marina on the alga Emiliania huxleyi, dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) from the prey is converted to dimethyl sulphide (DMS) when lysis of ingested prey cells initiates mixing of algal DMSP and the enzyme DMSP lyase. Such a mechanism is similar to macrophyte defence reactions(3,4). Here we show that this reaction deters protozoan herbivores, presumably through production of highly concentrated acrylate, which has antimicrobial activity(5). Protozoan predators differ in their ability to ingest and survive on prey with high-activity DMSP lyase, but all grazers preferentially select strains with low enzyme activity when offered prey mixtures. This defence system involves investment in a chemical precursor, DMSP, which is not self-toxic and has other useful metabolic functions. We believe this is the first report of grazing-activated chemical defence in unicellular microorganisms.
C1 UNIV BREMEN,MARINE BOT FB2,D-28334 BREMEN,GERMANY.
C3 University of Bremen
RP Wolfe, GV (corresponding author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,OCEANOG ADM BLDG 104,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA.
NR 30
TC 380
Z9 441
U1 0
U2 92
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 894
EP 897
DI 10.1038/43168
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhao, GM
   Hunt, MB
   Keller, H
   Muller, KA
AF Zhao, GM
   Hunt, MB
   Keller, H
   Muller, KA
TI Evidence for polaronic supercarriers in the copper oxide superconductors La2-xSrxCuO4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural phase-transitions; cuprate superconductors; effective-mass; isotope; tc; yba2cu3o7; heat
AB High-temperature superconductivity is known to involve the pairing of charge carriers, but the precise nature of these carriers and the mechanism of their pairing remain unclear, The copper oxides are known to exhibit a strong Jahn-Teller effect-in which spontaneous lattice distortions remove the degeneracy of the electronic ground state - and it has been suggested that the charge carriers are Jahn-Teller polarons (bare charge carriers accompanied by local lattice distortions). In fact, the demonstration(1) that a strong Jahn-Teller effect can lead to the formation of such polarons led to the original discovery of high-temperature superconductivity(2). Still, direct evidence that Jahn-Teller polarons exist in the superconducting state of the copper oxides has been lacking, although some indirect evidence comes from their recent discovery(3) in the structurally similar but non-superconducting manganite La1-xCaxMnO3. Here we report the results of magnetization and thermal expansion measurements on samples of the copper oxide superconductor La2-xSrxCuO4 which characterize the oxygen-isotope effects on the carrier density and on the in-plane penetration depth. We find a negligible isotope effect on the former, but a large effect on the latter, Specific quantitative features of the results show that polaronic charge carriers exist and condense into Cooper pairs in the copper oxide superconductors.
C1 UNIV ZURICH,INST PHYS,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich
NR 25
TC 305
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 236
EP 239
DI 10.1038/385236a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoffman, DA
   Magee, JC
   Colbert, CM
   Johnston, D
AF Hoffman, DA
   Magee, JC
   Colbert, CM
   Johnston, D
TI K+ channel regulation of signal propagation in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID action-potentials; cell dendrites; in-vitro; ca1; conductance; modulation; amplification; inactivation; integration; activation
AB Pyramidal neurons receive tens of thousands of synaptic inputs on their dendrites. The dendrites dynamically after the strengths of these synapses and coordinate them to produce an output in ways that are not well understood. surprisingly, there turns out to be a very high density of transient A-type potassium ion channels in dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. These channels prevent initiation of an action potential in the dendrites, limit the back-propagation of action potentials into the dendrites, and reduce excitatory synaptic events. The channels act to prevent large, rapid dendritic depolarizations, thereby regulating orthograde and retrograde propagation of dendritic potentials.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine
NR 44
TC 1101
Z9 1277
U1 1
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 869
EP 875
DI 10.1038/43119
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600041
PM 9202119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deshpande, PP
   Danishefsky, SJ
AF Deshpande, PP
   Danishefsky, SJ
TI Total synthesis of the potential anticancer vaccine KH-1 adenocarcinoma antigen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sialyl-lewis-x; ley; oligosaccharides; glycosylation; cancer; iii3fucv3fucvi2fucnlc6; fucolipids; antibody; glycals
AB Human tumours are often marked by the expression of unusual carbohydrate structural motifs(1-3). These carbohydrate domains are manifested as cell-surface bound glycolipids or glycoproteins(4). This raises the possibility of using cell-free equivalents of these domain compounds, obtained by total synthesis with a view towards triggering some level of immune response. In fact, the serum of mice immunized with fully synthetic compounds(5-7) that mimic cell-surface tumour antigens has already been shown to recognize pertinent human cancer cell lines(8). Further advances in this field depend critically on the availability of these tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens which cannot be readily isolated from natural sources in sufficient quantities. Here we present the successful total synthesis of an adenocarcinoma antigen, KH-1, and of a bioconjugatable analogue which can bind to a carrier protein. These results illustrate the capabilities of oligosaccharide synthesis for reconstructing the challenging structural motifs characteristic of carbohydrate antigens, and thereby open up near possibilities for the development of anticancer vaccines.
C1 SLOAN KETTERING INST CANC RES,BIOORGAN CHEM LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Columbia University
NR 26
TC 73
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 164
EP 166
DI 10.1038/387164a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500049
PM 9144285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sibon, OCM
   Stevenson, VA
   Theurkauf, WE
AF Sibon, OCM
   Stevenson, VA
   Theurkauf, WE
TI DNA-replication checkpoint control at the Drosophila midblastula transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle control; mitotic-cycles; embryos; xenopus; embryogenesis; blastoderm; behavior; nuclear
AB Embryogenesis is typically initiated by a series of rapid mitotic divisions that are under maternal genetic control(1). The switch to zygotic control of embryogenesis at the midblastula transition is accompanied by significant increases in cell-cycle length and gene transcription, and changes in embryo morphology(2,3). Here we show that mutations in the grapes (grp) checkpoint 1 kinase homologue(4) in Drosophila block the morphological and biochemical changes that accompany the midblastula transition, lead to a continuation of the maternal cell-cycle programme, and disrupt DNA-replication checkpoint control of cell-cycle progression. The timing of the midblastula transition is controlled by the ratio of nuclei to cytoplasm (the nucleocytoplasmic ratio), suggesting that this developmental transition is triggered by titration of a maternal factor by the increasing mass of nuclear material that accumulates during the rapid embryonic mitoses(5-9). Our observations support a model for cell-cycle control at the midblastula transition in which titration of a maternal component of the DNA-replication machinery slows DNA synthesis and induces a checkpoint-dependent delay in cell-cycle progression(10). This delay may allow both completion of S phase and transcription of genes that initiate the switch to zygotic control of embryogenesis.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT BIOCHEM & CELL BIOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   SUNY STONY BROOK,INST CELL & DEV BIOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
NR 29
TC 232
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6637
BP 93
EP 97
DI 10.1038/40439
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XJ143
UT WOS:A1997XJ14300057
PM 9214509
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davies, PA
   Hanna, MC
   Hales, TG
   Kirkness, EF
AF Davies, PA
   Hanna, MC
   Hales, TG
   Kirkness, EF
TI Insensitivity to anaesthetic agents conferred by a class of GABA(A) receptor subunit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-aminobutyric-acid; subthalamic nucleus; hippocampal-neurons; chloride channels; a receptors; pharmacology; conductance; activation; expression; propofol
AB A common feature of general anaesthetic agents is their ability to potentiate neuronal inhibition through GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors(1). At concentrations relevant to clinical anaesthesia, these agents cause a dramatic stimulation of the chloride currents that are evoked by the binding of the natural ligand, GABA. Although there is widespread evidence that the sensitivity of GABA(A) receptors to anaesthetic agents is heterogeneous(2-4), the structural basis of these differences is largely unknown. Variations in subunit composition can have profound effects on the sensitivity of GABA(A), receptors to modulatory agents such as benzodiazepines(5). However, strict subunit specificity has not been demonstrated for the potentiating effects of anaesthetic agents(6-10). Here we describe a new class of human GABA(A) receptor subunit (epsilon) that can assemble with alpha- and beta-subunits and confer an insensitivity to the potentiating effects of intravenous anaesthetic agents. The epsilon-subunit also abolishes the normal outward rectification of recombinant receptors in which it assembles. The expression pattern of this subunit in the brain suggests a new target for manipulation of neuronal pathways within the basal ganglia.
C1 INST GENOM RES,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,MED CTR,BRAIN RES INST,DEPT ANESTHESIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center
NR 30
TC 348
Z9 386
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 820
EP 823
DI 10.1038/385820a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000054
PM 9039914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKinnon, WB
AF McKinnon, WB
TI Galileo at Jupiter - meetings with remarkable moons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internal structure; ganymede; satellites
AB The four large moons of Jupiter form the most coherently organized planetary system known. Over the past two years, the Galileo spacecraft has illuminated both the interconnection between these worlds and the uniqueness of each, challenging theories of moon formation and evolution.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,MCDONNELL CTR SPACE SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP McKinnon, WB (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA.
NR 29
TC 9
Z9 12
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 23
EP 26
DI 10.1038/36222
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700025
PM 9363886
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sidow, A
   Bulotsky, MS
   Kerrebrock, AW
   Bronson, RT
   Daly, MJ
   Reeve, MP
   Hawkins, TL
   Birren, BW
   Jaenisch, R
   Lander, ES
AF Sidow, A
   Bulotsky, MS
   Kerrebrock, AW
   Bronson, RT
   Daly, MJ
   Reeve, MP
   Hawkins, TL
   Birren, BW
   Jaenisch, R
   Lander, ES
TI Serrate2 is disrupted in the mouse limb-development mutant syndactylism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID notch locus; drosophila
AB The mouse syndactylism (sin) mutation impairs some of the earliest aspects of limb development and leads to subsequent abnormalities in digit formation(1-3). In sin homozygotes, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is hyperplastic by embryonic day 10.5, leading to abnormal dorsoventral thickening of the limb bud, subsequent merging of the skeletal condensations that give rise to cartilage and bone in the digits, and eventual fusion of digits. The AER hyperplasia and its effect on early digital patterning distinguish sm from many other syndactylies that result from later failure of cell death in the interdigital areas(4,5). Here we use positional cloning to show that the gene mutated in sm mice encodes the putative Notch ligand Serrate2. The results provide direct evidence that a Notch signalling pathway is involved in the earliest stages of Limb-bud patterning and support the idea that an ancient genetic mechanism underlies both AER formation in vertebrates and wing-margin formation in files(6,7). In addition to cloning the sm gene, we have mapped three modifiers of sm, for which we suggest possible candidate genes.
C1 WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
   TUFTS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA.
   TUFTS UNIV, SCH VET MED, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Tufts University; Tufts University
NR 23
TC 96
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/39587
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900053
PM 9338782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deng, HK
   Unutmaz, D
   KewalRamani, VN
   Littman, DR
AF Deng, HK
   Unutmaz, D
   KewalRamani, VN
   Littman, DR
TI Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infection; identification; determinant; type-1; strain; hiv-1
AB Several members of the chemokine-receptor family serve, in conjunction with CD4, as receptors for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) into cells(1-6). The principal receptor for entry of macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) HIV-1 strains is CCR5, whereas that for T-cell-line-tropic (T-tropic) strains is CXCR4. Unlike HlV-1, infection with either M-tropic or T-tropic strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) can be mediated by CCR5, but not CXCR4 (refs 7-10). SIV strains will also infect CD4(+) cells that lack CCR5, which suggests that these strains use as yet unidentified receptors(7,9,10). Here we use an expression-cloning strategy to identify SIV receptors and have isolated genes encoding two members of the seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor family that are used not only by SIVs, but also by strains of HIV-2 and M-tropic HIV-1. Both receptors are closely related to the chemokine-receptor family and are expressed in lymphoid tissues. One of the receptors is also expressed in colon and may therefore be important in viral transmission. Usage of these new receptors following experimental infection of non-human primates with SIV strains may provide important insight into viral transmission and the mechanisms of SIV- and HIV-induced acquired immune-deficiency syndrome.
C1 NYU,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SKIRBALL INST BIOMOL MED,DIV MOL PATHOGENESIS,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University
NR 31
TC 603
Z9 676
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 296
EP 300
DI 10.1038/40894
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100056
PM 9230441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fischer, TM
   Blazis, DEJ
   Priver, NA
   Carew, TJ
AF Fischer, TM
   Blazis, DEJ
   Priver, NA
   Carew, TJ
TI Metaplasticity at identified inhibitory synapses in Aplysia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID siphon withdrawal reflex; term synaptic plasticity; gill-withdrawal; gain-control; tail shock; serotonin; sensitization; facilitation; dishabituation; dissociation
AB Synaptic plasticity is an important feature of neural networks involved in the encoding of information. In the analysis of longterm potentiation and long-term depression, several examples have emerged in which this plasticity is itself modulated(1-3). This higher-order form of plasticity has been referred to as 'metaplasticity'(4), a modification of synapses reflected as a change in the ability to induce or maintain plasticity. These observations raise the question of the possible advantage of regulating the intrinsic plastic properties of a synapse. The neural circuit mediating the siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia provides a useful network in which to examine this question directly. Inhibitory synapses in this circuit (from L30 neurons) exhibit a variety of forms of activity-dependent short-term synaptic enhancement which contribute to dynamic gain control in the siphon withdrawal reflex(5-9). Here we report that tail shock, an extrinsic modulatory input of known behavioural relevance, induces differential metaplasticity at this synapse, attenuating its ability to exhibit short-term synaptic enhancement after presynaptic activation (augmentation and post-tetanic potentiation), while leaving intact its capacity for enhancement during activation. This attenuation of inhibition at the synaptic level seems to mediate comparable attenuation of inhibitory modulation at both network and behavioural levels.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 Yale University
NR 27
TC 67
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 860
EP 865
DI 10.1038/39892
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800060
PM 9349819
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rudy, RJ
   Woodward, CE
   Hodge, T
   Fairfield, SW
   Harker, DE
AF Rudy, RJ
   Woodward, CE
   Hodge, T
   Fairfield, SW
   Harker, DE
TI The peculiar colours of the halo light in the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC5907
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-mass stars; bvri-ccd photometry; globular-clusters; stellar populations; dark-matter; ngc-5907; systems; search; colors; dwarfs
AB The presence of substantial haloes of 'dark matter' around galaxies has been inferred from their gravitational influence on the gas and stars in their disks', but the nature of the dark matter remains very uncertain. The recent detection of faint optical emission from the halo around the edge-on galaxy NGC5907 (refs 2-5), distributed in a manner that follows the expected distribution of the gravitational mass, provided the first direct indication that faint stars might be the repository of some dark matter. But it was not clear how much of the mass was provided by these intrinsically faint stars. Here we report near-infrared observations of the halo emission from this galaxy. Taken together with the optical data, the results produce a very peculiar spectral energy distribution, which cannot be explained by any current models of stellar populations. The best approximation is a collection of stars with near-solar abundances of heavy elements, along with many low-mass stars. Such a population would be very unexpected for a galactic halo, where the stars should be old and have rather low fractions of heavy elements, but could account for much of the gravitational mass.
C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,WYOMING INFRARED OBSERV,LARAMIE,WY 82071.
C3 University of Wyoming
RP Rudy, RJ (corresponding author), AEROSP CORP,SPACE & ENVIRONM TECHNOL CTR,POB 92957,LOS ANGELES,CA 90009, USA.
NR 38
TC 37
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/387159a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muller, CW
   Herrmann, BG
AF Muller, CW
   Herrmann, BG
TI Crystallographic structure of the T domain DNA complex of the Brachyury transcription factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; binding protein; gene; drosophila; alignment
AB The mouse Brachyury (T) gene is the prototype of a growing family of so-called T-box genes which encode transcriptional regulators and have been identified in a variety of invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans(1-6). Mutations in Brachyury and other T-box genes result in drastic embryonic phenotypes, indicating that T-box gene products are essential in tissue specification, morphogenesis and organogenesis(7-11). The T-box encodes a DNA-binding domain of about 180 amino-acid residues, the T domain(12). Here we report the X-ray structure of ther domain from Xenopus laevis in complex with a 24-nucleotide palindromic DNA duplex. We show that the protein is bound as a dimer, interacting with the major and the minor grooves of the DNA. A new type of specific DNA contact is seen, in which a carboxy-terminal helix is deeply embedded into an enlarged minor groove without bending the DNA. Hydrophobic interactions and an unusual main-chain carbonyl contact to a guanine account for sequence-specific recognition in the minor groove by this helix. Thus the structure of this T domain complex with DNA reveals a new way in which a protein can recognize DNA.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST IMMUNBIOL, D-79108 FREIBURG, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Muller, CW (corresponding author), EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB, GRENOBLE OUTSTN, ILL BP 156, F-38042 GRENOBLE 9, FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 269
Z9 316
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 884
EP 888
DI 10.1038/39929
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800065
PM 9349824
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tettelin, H
   Carbone, MLA
   Albermann, K
   Albers, M
   Arroyo, J
   Backes, U
   Barreiros, T
   Bertani, I
   Bjourson, AJ
   Bruckner, M
   Bruschi, CV
   Carignani, G
   Castagnoli, L
   Cerdan, E
   Clemente, ML
   Coblenz, A
   Coglievina, M
   Coissac, E
   Defoor, E
   DelBino, S
   Delius, H
   Delneri, D
   deWergifosse, P
   Dujon, B
   Durand, P
   Entian, KD
   Eraso, P
   Escribano, V
   Fabiani, L
   Fartmann, B
   Feroli, F
   Feuermann, M
   Frontali, L
   GarciaGonzalez, M
   GarciaSaez, MI
   Goffeau, A
   Guerreiro, P
   Hani, J
   Hansen, M
   Hebling, U
   Hernandez, K
   Heumann, K
   Hilger, F
   Hofmann, B
   Indge, KJ
   James, CM
   Klima, R
   Kotter, P
   Kramer, B
   Kramer, W
   Lauquin, G
   Leuther, H
   Louis, EJ
   Maillier, E
   Marconi, A
   Martegani, E
   Mazon, MJ
   Mazzoni, C
   McReynolds, ADK
   Melchioretto, P
   Mewes, HW
   Minenkova, O
   MullerAuer, S
   Nawrocki, A
   Netter, P
   Neu, R
   Nombela, C
   Oliver, SG
   Panzeri, L
   Paoluzi, S
   Plevani, P
   Portetelle, D
   Portillo, F
   Potier, S
   Purnelle, B
   Rieger, M
   Riles, L
   Rinaldi, T
   Robben, J
   RodriguesPousada, C
   RodriguezBelmonte, E
   RodriguezTorres, AM
   Rose, M
   Ruzzi, M
   Saliola, M
   SanchezPerez, M
   Schafer, B
   Schafer, M
   Scharfe, M
   Schmidhelni, T
   Schreer, A
   Skala, J
   Souciet, JL
   Steensma, HY
   Talla, E
   Thierry, A
   Vandenbol, M
   vanderAart, QJM
   VanDyck, L
   Vanoni, M
   Verhasselt, P
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Wambutt, R
   Watson, MD
   Weber, N
   Wedler, E
   Wedler, H
   Wipfli, P
   Wolf, K
   Wright, LF
   Zaccaria, P
   Zimmermann, M
   Zollner, A
   Kleine, K
AF Tettelin, H
   Carbone, MLA
   Albermann, K
   Albers, M
   Arroyo, J
   Backes, U
   Barreiros, T
   Bertani, I
   Bjourson, AJ
   Bruckner, M
   Bruschi, CV
   Carignani, G
   Castagnoli, L
   Cerdan, E
   Clemente, ML
   Coblenz, A
   Coglievina, M
   Coissac, E
   Defoor, E
   DelBino, S
   Delius, H
   Delneri, D
   deWergifosse, P
   Dujon, B
   Durand, P
   Entian, KD
   Eraso, P
   Escribano, V
   Fabiani, L
   Fartmann, B
   Feroli, F
   Feuermann, M
   Frontali, L
   GarciaGonzalez, M
   GarciaSaez, MI
   Goffeau, A
   Guerreiro, P
   Hani, J
   Hansen, M
   Hebling, U
   Hernandez, K
   Heumann, K
   Hilger, F
   Hofmann, B
   Indge, KJ
   James, CM
   Klima, R
   Kotter, P
   Kramer, B
   Kramer, W
   Lauquin, G
   Leuther, H
   Louis, EJ
   Maillier, E
   Marconi, A
   Martegani, E
   Mazon, MJ
   Mazzoni, C
   McReynolds, ADK
   Melchioretto, P
   Mewes, HW
   Minenkova, O
   MullerAuer, S
   Nawrocki, A
   Netter, P
   Neu, R
   Nombela, C
   Oliver, SG
   Panzeri, L
   Paoluzi, S
   Plevani, P
   Portetelle, D
   Portillo, F
   Potier, S
   Purnelle, B
   Rieger, M
   Riles, L
   Rinaldi, T
   Robben, J
   RodriguesPousada, C
   RodriguezBelmonte, E
   RodriguezTorres, AM
   Rose, M
   Ruzzi, M
   Saliola, M
   SanchezPerez, M
   Schafer, B
   Schafer, M
   Scharfe, M
   Schmidhelni, T
   Schreer, A
   Skala, J
   Souciet, JL
   Steensma, HY
   Talla, E
   Thierry, A
   Vandenbol, M
   vanderAart, QJM
   VanDyck, L
   Vanoni, M
   Verhasselt, P
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Wambutt, R
   Watson, MD
   Weber, N
   Wedler, E
   Wedler, H
   Wipfli, P
   Wolf, K
   Wright, LF
   Zaccaria, P
   Zimmermann, M
   Zollner, A
   Kleine, K
TI The nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID open reading frames; membrane-spanning proteins; complete dna-sequence; right arm; kb segment; ate1 loci; fragment; reveals; genes; xi
AB The complete nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII has 572 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), of which 341 are new. No correlation was found between G+C content and gene density along the chromosome, and their variations are random. Of the ORFs, 17% show high similarity to human proteins. Almost half of the ORFs could be classified in functional categories, and there is a slight increase in the number of transcription (7.0 %) and translation (5.2 %) factors when compared with the complete S. cerevisiae genome. Accurate verification procedures demonstrate that there are less than two errors per 10,000 base pairs in the published sequence.
C1 UNIV CATHOLIQUE LOUVAIN, UNITE BIOCHIM PHYSIOL, B-1348 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   UNIV MILAN, DIPARTIMENTO GENET & BIOL MICROORGANISMI, I-20133 MILAN, ITALY.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM, MARTINSRIEDER INST PROT SEQUENZEN, D-82152 MARTINSRIED, GERMANY.
   RHEIN WESTFAL TH AACHEN, INST BIOL 4, D-52056 AACHEN, GERMANY.
   UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID, FAC FARM, DEPT MICROBIOL 2, E-28040 MADRID, SPAIN.
   UNIV COMPLUTENSE MADRID, FAC FARM, UCM, CTR SECUENCIAC DNA, E-28040 MADRID, SPAIN.
   GULBENKIAN INST SCI, GENET MOL LAB, P-2781 OEIRAS, PORTUGAL.
   INT CTR GENET ENGN & BIOTECHNOL, MICROBIOL GRP, I-34012 TRIESTE, ITALY.
   QUEENS UNIV BELFAST, BIOTECHNOL CTR ANIM & PLANT HLTH, BELFAST BT9 5PX, ANTRIM, NORTH IRELAND.
   GENOTYPE GMBH, D-69259 WILHELMSFELD, GERMANY.
   UNIV PADUA, DIPARTIMENTO CHIM BIOL, I-35121 PADUA, ITALY.
   UNIV ROMA TOR VERGATA, DIPARTIMENTO BIOL, I-00133 ROME, ITALY.
   UNIV LA CORUNA, FAC CIENCIAS, DEPT BIOL CELULAR & MOL, LA CORUNA, SPAIN.
   UNIV PARIS 06, CTR GENET MOL, CNRS, LAB ASSOCIE, F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, LAB GENE TECHNOL, B-3001 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   DEUTSCH KREBSFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM, DEPT APPL VIROL, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   FAC UNIV SCI AGRON GEMBLOUX, UNITE MICROBIOL, B-5030 GEMBLOUX, BELGIUM.
   UNIV FRANKFURT, INST MIKROBIOL, D-60439 FRANKFURT, GERMANY.
   UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, FAC MED, CSIC, INST INVEST BIOMED, E-28029 MADRID, SPAIN.
   UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, FAC MED, DEPT BIOQUIM, E-28029 MADRID, SPAIN.
   UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA, DIPARTIMENTO BIOL CELLULARE & SVILUPPO, I-00185 ROME, ITALY.
   UNIV GOTTINGEN, INST MOL GENET, D-37077 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
   UNIV STRASBOURG 1, CNRS, INST BOT, LAB MICROBIOL & GENET, URA 1481, F-67083 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
   MICROSYNTH GMBH, CH-9436 BALGACH, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV MANCHESTER, INST SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT BIOCHEM & APPL MOL BIOL, MANCHESTER M60 1QD, LANCS, ENGLAND.
   CNRS, INST BIOCHIM CELLULAIRE, F-33077 BORDEAUX, FRANCE.
   JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP, INST MOL MED, OXFORD OX3 9DU, ENGLAND.
   UNIV MILAN, DIPARTIMENTO FISIOL & BIOCHIM GEN, I-20133 MILAN, ITALY.
   UNIV WROCLAW, INST MICROBIOL, PL-51148 WROCLAW, POLAND.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, GENOME SEQUENCING CTR, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
   UNIV TUSCIA, DIPARTIMENTO AGROBIOL & AGROCHIM, I-01100 VITERBO, ITALY.
   AGON GMBH, D-12489 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   LEIDEN UNIV, INST MOL PLANT SCI, NL-2333 AL LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS.
   DELFT UNIV TECHNOL, DEPT MICROBIOL & ENZYMOL, NL-2628 BC DELFT, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV DURHAM, DEPT BIOL SCI, DURHAM DH1 3LE, ENGLAND.
   INST PASTEUR, DEPT BIOTECHNOL,CNRS,URA 1149, UNITE GENET MOL LEVURES, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
   UNIV PARIS 06, INST PASTEUR, DEPT BIOTECHNOL, UPR 927, F-75724 PARIS 15, FRANCE.
C3 Universite Catholique Louvain; University of Milan; Max Planck Society; RWTH Aachen University; Complutense University of Madrid; Complutense University of Madrid; International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); Queens University Belfast; University of Padua; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Universidade da Coruna; Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); KU Leuven; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Liege; Goethe University Frankfurt; Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols (IIBM); Autonomous University of Madrid; Sapienza University Rome; University of Gottingen; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; University of Manchester; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Oxford; University of Milan; University of Wroclaw; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Tuscia University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Delft University of Technology; Durham University; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Sorbonne Universite
NR 30
TC 46
Z9 665
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/387s081
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600009
PM 9169869
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, WQ
   Harrison, SC
   Eck, MJ
AF Xu, WQ
   Harrison, SC
   Eck, MJ
TI Three-dimensional structure of the tyrosine kinase c-Src
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID affinity phosphotyrosyl peptide; sh3 domain; crystal-structure; transforming protein; homology-2 domain; binding-site; p60c-src; identification; activation; mechanism
AB The structure of a large fragment of the c-Src tyrosine kinase, comprising the regulatory and kinase domains and the carboxy-terminal tail, has been determined at 1.7 Angstrom resolution in a closed, inactive state. Interactions among domains, stabilized by binding of the phosphorylated tail to the SH2 domain, lock the molecule in a conformation that simultaneously disrupts the kinase active site and sequesters the binding surfaces of the SH2 and SH3 domains. The structure shows how appropriate cellular signals, or transforming mutations in v-Src, could break these interactions to produce an open, active kinase.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOL PHARMACOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, CHILDRENS HOSP, SCH MED, LAB MOL MED, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL & MOL GENET, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 52
TC 1267
Z9 1467
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 595
EP 602
DI 10.1038/385595a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400040
PM 9024657
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Averof, M
   Cohen, SM
AF Averof, M
   Cohen, SM
TI Evolutionary origin of insect wings from ancestral gills
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern-formation; drosophila; expression; protein; encodes; genes; disc
AB Two hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of insect wings. One holds that wings evolved by modification of limb branches that were already present in multibranched ancestral appendages and probably functioned as gills(1-5). The second proposes that wings arose as novel outgrowths of the body wall, not directly related to any pre-existing limbs(6). If wings derive from dorsal structures of multibranched appendages, we expect that some of their distinctive features will have been built on genetic functions that were already present in the structural progenitors of insect wings, and in homologous structures of other arthropod Limbs. We have isolated crustacean homologues of two genes that have wing-specific functions in insects, pdm (nubbin) and apterous. Their expression patterns support the hypothesis that insect wings evolved from gill-like appendages that were already present in the aquatic ancestors of both crustaceans and insects.
RP Averof, M (corresponding author), EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,MEYERHOFSTR 1,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
NR 27
TC 192
Z9 218
U1 3
U2 138
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/385627a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400048
PM 9024659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burton, K
   Taylor, DL
AF Burton, K
   Taylor, DL
TI Traction forces of cytokinesis measured with optically modified elastic substrata
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contractile ring; cell-division; animal-cells; actin-filaments; cultured-cells; myosin; mechanism; movement; establishment; dictyostelium
AB Animal cells dividing in culture undergo a dramatic sequence of morphological changes, characterized by cytoskeletal disassembly as cells round up, redistribution of actin, myosins and other cytoplasmic and surface molecules into the cleavage furrow(1-11), and respreading(12), before daughter cells finally separate at the mid-body(13). Knowledge of forces governing these movements is critical to understanding their mechanisms, including whether formation of the cleavage furrow results from increased force generation at the equator(14,15) or relaxation at the poles(16), and whether traction force subsequently mediates cytofission of the intercellular bridge(5,13,17,18). We have quantitatively mapped traction forces in dividing cells, by extending the silicone-rubber substratum method(19) to detect forces of nanonewtons to micro-newtons. We used a new silicone polymer to fabricate substrata whose compliance can be adjusted precisely by ultraviolet irradiation. We show that traction force appears locally at the furrow in the absence of relaxation at the poles during cleavage. Force also rises as connected daughter cells respread and attempt to separate, suggesting that tension contributes to the severing of the intercellular bridge when cytokinesis is completed.
C1 CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV, DEPT BIOL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213 USA.
C3 Carnegie Mellon University
RP Burton, K (corresponding author), CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV, CTR LIGHT MICROSCOPE IMAGING & BIOTECHNOL, 4400 5TH AVE, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213 USA.
NR 31
TC 270
Z9 331
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 450
EP 454
DI 10.1038/385450a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700056
PM 9009194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jessup, AT
   Zappa, CJ
   Loewen, MR
   Hesany, V
AF Jessup, AT
   Zappa, CJ
   Loewen, MR
   Hesany, V
TI Infrared remote sensing of breaking waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal-boundary layer; gas transfer; deep-water; ocean
AB ENERGY dissipation due to deep-water wave breaking plays a critical role in the development and evolution of the ocean surface wave field. Furthermore, the energy lost by the wave held via the breaking process is a source for turbulent mixing and air entrainment, which enhance ah-sea heat and gas transfer(1-3). But the current lack of reliable methods for measuring energy dissipation associated with wave breaking inhibits the quantitative study of processes occurring at ocean surfaces, and represents a major impediment to the improvement of global wave-prediction models(4). Here we present a method for remotely quantifying wave-breaking dynamics which uses an infrared imager to measure the temperature changes associated with the disruption and recovery of the surface thermal boundary layer (skin layer). Although our present results focus on quantifying energy dissipation-in particular, we show that the recovery rate of the skin layer in the wakes of breaking waves is correlated with the energy dissipation rate-future applications of this technique should help to elucidate the nature of important small-scale surface processes contributing to air-sea heat(5) and gas(6) flux, and lead to a fuller understanding of general of ocean-atmosphere interactions.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MECH & IND ENGN,TORONTO,ON M5S 3G8,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Jessup, AT (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,APPL PHYS LAB,SEATTLE,WA 98105, USA.
NR 29
TC 128
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/385052a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dunn, RA
   Toomey, DR
AF Dunn, RA
   Toomey, DR
TI Seismological evidence for three-dimensional melt migration beneath the east Pacific rise
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ridge; segmentation; anelasticity; crest
AB The extent to which crustal processes along mid-ocean ridges are controlled by either the pattern of mantle upwelling or the mode of magma injection into the crust is not known. Models of mantle upwelling vary from two-dimensional, passive flow(1) to three-dimensional, diapiric flow(2-4). Similarly, beneath a ridge segment bounded by tectonic offsets, crustal magma chambers may be replenished continuously along the ridge(5-7) or at a central injection zone(2-4) from which magma migrates towards the segment's ends. Here we present tomographic images that reveal the seismic structure and anisotropy of the uppermost mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise. The anisotropy is consistent with two-dimensional mantle now diverging from the rise, whereas the anomalous isotropic structure requires a three-dimensional but continuous distribution of melt near the crust-mantle interface. Our results indicate that crustal magma chambers are replenished at closely spaced intervals along-axis and that crustal systems inherit characteristics of scale from melt transport processes originating in the mantle.
RP Dunn, RA (corresponding author), UNIV OREGON,DEPT GEOL SCI,EUGENE,OR 97403, USA.
NR 25
TC 66
Z9 69
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 259
EP 262
DI 10.1038/40831
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, VRJ
   Ballyk, BA
   Hoo, KH
   Mandelzys, A
   Pellizzari, A
   Bath, CP
   Thomas, J
   Sharpe, EF
   Davies, CH
   Ornstein, PL
   Schoepp, DD
   Kamboj, RK
   Collingridge, GL
   Lodge, D
   Bleakman, D
AF Clarke, VRJ
   Ballyk, BA
   Hoo, KH
   Mandelzys, A
   Pellizzari, A
   Bath, CP
   Thomas, J
   Sharpe, EF
   Davies, CH
   Ornstein, PL
   Schoepp, DD
   Kamboj, RK
   Collingridge, GL
   Lodge, D
   Bleakman, D
TI A hippocampal GluR5 kainate receptor regulating inhibitory synaptic transmission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced epileptiform activity; amino-acid receptors; kainic acid; glutamate receptors; rat hippocampus; nervous-system; ampa receptors; neurons; desensitization; pharmacology
AB The principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, L-glutamate, acts on three classes of ionotripic glutamate receptors, named after the agonists AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxalole-4-propionic acid),NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and kainate(1). The development of selective pharmacological agents has led to a detailed understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of AMPA and NMDA receptors(2-8). in contrast, the lack of selective kainate receptor ligands has greatly hindered progress in understanding the roles of kainate receptors(9,10). Here we describe the effects of a potent and selective agonist, ATPA ((RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butylisoxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid) and a selective antagonist, LY294486 ((3SR, 4aRS, 6SR, 8aRS)-6-((((1H-tetrazol-5-yl) methyl)oxy)methyl)-1, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), of the GluR5 subtype of kainate receptor(11). We have used these agents to show that kainate receptors, comprised of or containing GluR5 subunits, regulate synaptic inhibition in the hippocampus, an action that could contribute to the epileptogenic effects of kainate(12-17).
C1 ELI LILLY & CO, LILLY RES CTR LTD, WINDLESHAM GU20 6PH, SURREY, ENGLAND.
   UNIV BRISTOL, DEPT ANAT, BRISTOL BS8 1TD, AVON, ENGLAND.
   ALLELIX BIOPHARMACEUT, MISSISSAUGA, ON L4V 1V7, CANADA.
   UNIV EDINBURGH, DEPT PHARMACOL, EDINBURGH EH8 9JZ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
   ELI LILLY & CO, LILLY CORP CTR, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46285 USA.
C3 Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories; University of Bristol; University of Edinburgh; Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 367
Z9 405
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 599
EP 603
DI 10.1038/39315
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800059
PM 9335499
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baskaran, R
   Wood, LD
   Whitaker, LL
   Canman, CE
   Morgan, SE
   Xu, Y
   Barlow, C
   Baltimore, D
   WynshawBoris, A
   Kastan, MB
   Wang, JYJ
AF Baskaran, R
   Wood, LD
   Whitaker, LL
   Canman, CE
   Morgan, SE
   Xu, Y
   Barlow, C
   Baltimore, D
   WynshawBoris, A
   Kastan, MB
   Wang, JYJ
TI Ataxia telangiectasia mutant protein activates c-Abl tyrosine kinase in response to ionizing radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cycle checkpoint pathway; dna-damaging agents; cell-cycle; p53; induction; domain; gene; uv
AB Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare human autosomal recessive disorder with pleiotropic phenotypes, including neuronal degeneration, immune dysfunction, premature ageing and increased cancer risk. The gene mutated in AT, ATM, encodes a putative lipid or protein kinase(1,2). Most of the human AT patient phenotypes are recapitulated in Atm-deficient mice(3,4). Cells derived from Atm(-/-) mice, like those from AT patients, exhibit abnormal response to ionizing radiation(3,5,6). One of the known responses to ionizing radiation is the activation of a nuclear tyrosine kinase encoded by the c-abl proto-oncogene(7,8). Ionizing radiation does not activate c-Abl in cells from AT patients or in thymocytes or fibroblasts from the Arm-deficient mice. Ectopic expression of a functional ATM kinase domain corrects this defect, as it phosphorylates the c-Abl tyrosine kinase in vitro at Ser 465, leading to the activation of c-Abl. A mutant c-Abl with Ser 465 changed to Ala 465 is not activated by ionizing radiation or ATM kinase in vivo. These findings identify the c-Abl tyrosine kinase as a downstream target of phosphorylation and activation by the ATM kinase in the cellular response to ionizing radiation.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR MOL GENET,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   JOHNS HOPKINS ONCOL CTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE 02139,ENGLAND.
   NIH,NCHGR,LAB GENET DIS RES,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
FU NCI NIH HHS [R37 CA043054, R01 CA043054] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 457
Z9 495
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 516
EP 519
DI 10.1038/387516a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900052
PM 9168116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heinzel, T
   Lavinsky, RM
   Mullen, TM
   Soderstrom, M
   Laherty, CD
   Torchia, J
   Yang, WM
   Brard, G
   Ngo, SD
   Davie, JR
   Seto, E
   Eisenman, RN
   Rose, DW
   Glass, CK
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Heinzel, T
   Lavinsky, RM
   Mullen, TM
   Soderstrom, M
   Laherty, CD
   Torchia, J
   Yang, WM
   Brard, G
   Ngo, SD
   Davie, JR
   Seto, E
   Eisenman, RN
   Rose, DW
   Glass, CK
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI A complex containing N-CoR, mSin3 and histone deacetylase mediates transcriptional repression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; sin3 gene; yeast; activation; domain; mad; acetylation; ho; differentiation
AB Transcriptional repression by nuclear receptors has been correlated to binding of the putative co-repressor, N-CoR, A complex has been identified that contains N-CoR, the Mad presumptive co-repressor mSin3, and the histone deacetylase mRPD3, and which is required for both nuclear receptor- and Mad-dependent repression, but not for repression by transcription factors of the ets-domain family, These data predict that the ligand-induced switch of heterodimeric nuclear receptors from repressor to activator functions involves the exchange of complexes containing histone deacetylases with those that have histone acetylase activity.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, GRAD PROGRAM BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, WHITTIER DIABET PROGRAM, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, CELLULAR & MOL MED DEPT, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCH MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR, DIV BASIC SCI, SEATTLE, WA 98104 USA.
   UNIV S FLORIDA, DEPT MED MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, H LEE MOFFIT CANC CTR & RES INST, TAMPA, FL 33612 USA.
   UNIV MANITOBA, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL, WINNIPEG, MB R3E 0W3, CANADA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; University of Manitoba
NR 51
TC 1081
Z9 1273
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 43
EP 48
DI 10.1038/387043a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800041
PM 9139820
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zapperi, S
   Vespignani, A
   Stanley, HE
AF Zapperi, S
   Vespignani, A
   Stanley, HE
TI Plasticity and avalanche behaviour in microfracturing phenomena
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organized criticality; acoustic-emission; fuse networks; power laws; dynamics
AB Inhomogeneous materials, such as plaster or concrete, subjected to an external elastic stress display sudden movements owing to the formation and propagation of microfractures. Studies of acoustic emission from these systems reveal power-law behaviour(1). Similar behaviour in damage propagation has also been seen in acoustic emission resulting from volcanic activity(2) and hydrogen precipitation in niobium(3). It has been suggested that the underlying fracture dynamics in these systems might display self-organized criticality(4), implying that long-ranged correlations between fracture events lead to a scale-free cascade of 'avalanches'. A hierarchy of avalanche events is also observed in a wide range of other systems, such as the dynamics of random magnets(5) and high-temperature superconductors(6) in magnetic fields, lung inflation(7) and seismic behaviour characterized by the Gutenberg-Richter law(8). The applicability of self-organized criticality to microfracturing has been questioned(9,10), however, as power laws alone are not unequivocal evidence for it. Here we present a scalar model of microfracturing which generates power-law behaviour in properties related to acoustic emission, and a scale-free hierarchy of avalanches characteristic of self-organized criticality. The geometric structure of the fracture surfaces agrees with that seen experimentally. We find that the critical steady state exhibits plastic macroscopic behaviour, which is commonly observed in real materials.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Boston University; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC
RP Zapperi, S (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 29
TC 202
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 658
EP 660
DI 10.1038/41737
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heimpel, M
AF Heimpel, M
TI Critical behaviour and the evolution of fault strength during earthquake cycles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rock friction; roughness; model
AB The problem of how fault rheology and heterogeneity interact to produce the observed scaling of earthquakes (such as the power-law moment-frequency relationship) remains largely unsolved. Rock friction experiments have elucidated the properties of smooth faults(1-3), but seem insufficient to explain the observed complexity of real fault dynamics(4,5). The recognition of a connection between fault-related processes and critical phenomena in other physical systems, together with numerical models of repeated earthquakes, have resulted in significant progress in the theoretical interpretation of earthquake scaling(4-14). But fault rheology and heterogeneity have so far been treated separately. Here I attempt to unify the requirements of fault rheology and heterogeneity using numerical calculations of quantized slip in an elastic continuum, I show that cyclical fault strength evolves naturally by means of a statistical selection for high-strength fault patches (asperities), resulting in the accumulation and eventual failure of those asperities, The applicability of these results to real fault systems is supported by a recent analysis of time-dependent earthquake statistics(15). These results imply that self-similarity and criticality on a fault emerge during an earthquake cycle, and suggest that the character of local seismicity can be useful in earthquake forecasting by revealing how advanced a fault is within its cycle.
RP Heimpel, M (corresponding author), UNIV GOTTINGEN,INST GEOPHYS,D-37075 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
NR 25
TC 32
Z9 34
U1 2
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 865
EP 868
DI 10.1038/42232
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wutz, A
   Smrzka, OW
   Schweifer, N
   Schellander, K
   Wagner, EF
   Barlow, DP
AF Wutz, A
   Smrzka, OW
   Schweifer, N
   Schellander, K
   Wagner, EF
   Barlow, DP
TI Imprinted expression of the Igf2r gene depends on an intronic CpG island
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h19 gene; methylation; mouse; chromosome; replication; creation; patterns; regions; mice; dna
AB Gametic imprinting is a developmental process that induces parental-specific expression or repression of autosomal and X-chromosome-linked genes(1,2). The mouse Igf2r gene (encoding the receptor for insulin-like growth factor type-2) is imprinted and is expressed from the maternal allele after embryonic implantation(3). We previously proposed that methylation of region 2, a region rich in cytosine-guanine doublets (a 'CpG island') in the second intron of Igf2r, is the imprinting signal that maintains expression of the maternal allele(4). Here we use mouse transgenes to test the role of region 2 and the influence of chromosome location on Igf2r imprinting, Yeast artificial chromosome transgenes successfully reproduced the imprinted methylation and expression pattern of the endogenous Igf2r gene; deletion of region 2 from these transgenes caused a loss of imprinting and restored biallelic Igf2r expression, These results define a primary role for region 2 and a negligible role for chromosomal location in Igf2r imprinting; they also show that methylation imprints can maintain allelic expression, Short transgenes containing only region 2 and yeast artificial chromosome transgenes with an inactive Igf2r promoter do not attract parental-specific methylation. All transgenes showing paternal-specific repression of Igf2r produced an antisense RNA whose transcription was dependent on region 2, The production of an antisense RNA by the repressed parental allele is reminiscent of the imprinting of the Igf2/H19 gene pair(5) and may indicate that expression competition could play a general role in imprinting.
C1 NETHERLANDS CANC INST,NL-1066 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   INST MOL PATHOL,A-1030 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
   BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM R&D,A-1121 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
   UNIV BONN,D-53115 BONN,GERMANY.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Boehringer Ingelheim; University of Bonn
NR 27
TC 486
Z9 555
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 745
EP 749
DI 10.1038/39631
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900059
PM 9338788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gersonde, R
   Kyte, FT
   Bleil, U
   Diekmann, B
   Flores, JA
   Gohl, K
   Grahl, G
   Hagen, R
   Kuhn, G
   Sierro, FJ
   Volker, D
   Abelmann, A
   Bostwick, JA
AF Gersonde, R
   Kyte, FT
   Bleil, U
   Diekmann, B
   Flores, JA
   Gohl, K
   Grahl, G
   Hagen, R
   Kuhn, G
   Sierro, FJ
   Volker, D
   Abelmann, A
   Bostwick, JA
TI Geological record and reconstruction of the late Pliocene impact of the Eltanin asteroid in the Southern Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antarctica; history; ice
AB In 1995, an expedition on board the research vessel FS Polarstern explored the impact site of the Eltanin asteroid in the Southern Ocean, the only known asteroid impact into a deep ocean basin. Analyses of the geological record of the impact region place the event in the late Pliocene (similar to 2.15 Myr) and constrain the sire of the asteroid to be >1 km, The explosive force inferred for this event places it at the threshold of impacts believed to have global consequences, and its study should therefore provide a baseline for the reconstruction and modelling of similar events, which are common on geological timescales.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   UNIV BREMEN,FACHBEREICH GEOWISSENSCH,D-28334 BREMEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV SALAMANCA,DEPT GEOL,S-37008 SALAMANCA,SPAIN.
   MACQUARIE UNIV,SCH EARTH SCI,SYDNEY,NSW 2109,AUSTRALIA.
   USN,RES LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20375.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Bremen; University of Salamanca; Macquarie University; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake
RP Gersonde, R (corresponding author), ALFRED WEGENER INST POLAR & MARINE RES,POSTBOX 120161,D-27515 BREMERHAVEN,GERMANY.
NR 34
TC 136
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 357
EP 363
DI 10.1038/37044
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900051
PM 11536816
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murata, T
   Ushikubi, F
   Matsuoka, T
   Hirata, M
   Yamasaki, A
   Sugimoto, Y
   Ichikawa, A
   Aze, Y
   Tanaka, T
   Yoshida, N
   Ueno, A
   Ohishi, S
   Narumiya, S
AF Murata, T
   Ushikubi, F
   Matsuoka, T
   Hirata, M
   Yamasaki, A
   Sugimoto, Y
   Ichikawa, A
   Aze, Y
   Tanaka, T
   Yoshida, N
   Ueno, A
   Ohishi, S
   Narumiya, S
TI Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse; hyperalgesia; rats; expression; injection; morphine; gene
AB Prostanoids are a group of bioactive lipids working as local mediators' and include D, E, F and I types of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes. Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) acts on platelets and blood vessels to inhibit platelet aggregation and to cause vasodilatation, and is thought to be important for vascular homeostasis(2). Aspirin-like drugs, including indomethacin, which inhibit prostanoid biosynthesis, Suppress fever, inflammatory swelling and pain, and interfere with female reproduction, suggesting that prostanoids are involved in these processes(1,3), although it is not clear which prostanoid is the endogenous mediator of a particular process, Prostanoids act on seven-transmembrane-domain receptors which are selective for each type(4). Here we disrupt the gene for the prostacyclin receptor(5) in mice by using homologous recombination. The receptor-deficient mice are viable, reproductive and normotensive. However, their susceptibility to thrombosis is increased, and their inflammatory and pain responses are reduced to the levels observed in indomethacin-treated wild-type mice, Our results establish that prostacyclin is an antithrombotic agent in vivo and provide evidence for its role as a mediator of inflammation and pain.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC PHARMACEUT SCI,DEPT PHYSIOL CHEM,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
   ONO PHARMACEUT CO,FUKUI INST SAFETY RES,MIKUNI,FUKUI 913,JAPAN.
   RES INST OSAKA MED CTR MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH,DIV MOL & CELLULAR IMMUNOL,IZUMI,OSAKA 59002,JAPAN.
   KITASATO UNIV,SCH PHARMACEUT SCI,DEPT PHARMACOL,SHIROGANEDAI,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd; Kitasato University
NR 26
TC 629
Z9 735
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 678
EP 682
DI 10.1038/41780
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300050
PM 9262402
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davison, W
   Fones, GR
   Grime, GW
AF Davison, W
   Fones, GR
   Grime, GW
TI Dissolved metals in surface sediment and a microbial mat at 100-mu m resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID performance-characteristics; pore waters; iron; microelectrode; porewaters; gradients; binding; o-2; fe; mn
AB Sensors such as electrodes and optical fibre devices, optrodes, can be used to determine steep concentration gradients of chemical species in aquatic microenvironments, such as in the pore waters of surface sediments' and microbial mats(2-4), but are limited to a restricted range of determinands. The highest-resolution measurements of trace-metal concentrations in pore waters, at about 1.25 mm, have been provided by a recently developed thin-film gel technique(5,6), but the resultant metal distributions suggest that sub-millimetre-scale gradients need to be determined if the fluxes and cycling of the metals are to be fully quantified and understood. Here we report the development of this thin-film gel technique to measure Zn, Mn, Fe and As fluxes and concentrations at a resolution of 100 mu m, and demonstrate the utility of the method in situ within the surface sediments and overlying microbial mat of a stream. Vertical profiles through the mat and sediments, and horizontal two-dimensional mapping just below the sediment-water interface, reveal the contrasting gradients, fluxes and remobilization niches of the four metal species at a submillimetre scale. The microbial mat appears to be an important regulator of the cycling of these metals. This technique has the potential to be extended to other chemical species and applied to other microenvironments with steep concentration gradients, such as redox boundaries, plant roots, animal burrows and sites of precipitation/dissolution in soils and sediments.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT NUCL PHYS,MICROPROBE UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3RH,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Davison, W (corresponding author), UNIV LANCASTER,INST ENVIRONM & BIOL SCI,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,LANCASTER LA1 4YQ,ENGLAND.
NR 17
TC 127
Z9 140
U1 3
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 885
EP 888
DI 10.1038/43147
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barrett, T
   Xiao, B
   Dodson, EJ
   Dodson, G
   Ludbrook, SB
   Nurmahomed, K
   Gamblin, SJ
   Musacchio, A
   Smerdon, SJ
   Eccleston, JF
AF Barrett, T
   Xiao, B
   Dodson, EJ
   Dodson, G
   Ludbrook, SB
   Nurmahomed, K
   Gamblin, SJ
   Musacchio, A
   Smerdon, SJ
   Eccleston, JF
TI The structure of the GTPase-activating domain from p50rhoGAP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; binding; rho; bcr; region
AB Members of the Rho family of small G proteins transduce signals from plasma-membrane receptors and control cell adhesion, motility and shape by actin cytoskeleton formation(1-4), They also activate other kinase cascades, Like all other GTPases, Rho proteins act as molecular switches, with an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form(5), The active conformation is promoted by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors, and the inactive state by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) which stimulate the intrinsic GTPase activity of small G proteins(6), Rho-specific GAP domains are found in a wide variety of large, multi-functional proteins(7), Here we report the crystal structure of an active 242-residue C-terminal fragment of human p50rhoGAP(8), The structure is an unusual arrangement of nine alpha-helices, the core of which includes a four-helix bundle, Residues conserved across the rhoGAP family are largely confined to one face of this bundle, which may be an interaction site for target G protein, In particular, we propose that Arg 85 and Asn 194 are involved in binding G proteins and enhancing GTPase activity.
C1 NATL INST MED RES, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
   UNIV YORK, DEPT CHEM, YORK YO1 5DD, N YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
   CHILDRENS HOSP, MOL MED LAB, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of York - UK; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
NR 22
TC 99
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 458
EP 461
DI 10.1038/385458a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700058
PM 9009196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuroo, M
   Matsumura, Y
   Aizawa, H
   Kawaguchi, H
   Suga, T
   Utsugi, T
   Ohyama, Y
   Kurabayashi, M
   Kaname, T
   Kume, E
   Iwasaki, H
   Iida, A
   ShirakiIida, T
   Nishikawa, S
   Nagai, R
   Nabeshima, Y
AF Kuroo, M
   Matsumura, Y
   Aizawa, H
   Kawaguchi, H
   Suga, T
   Utsugi, T
   Ohyama, Y
   Kurabayashi, M
   Kaname, T
   Kume, E
   Iwasaki, H
   Iida, A
   ShirakiIida, T
   Nishikawa, S
   Nagai, R
   Nabeshima, Y
TI Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lactase-phlorizin hydrolase; elongation factor-1-alpha; superfamily; promoter; mice
AB A new gene, termed klotho, has been identified that is involved in the suppression of several ageing phenotypes. A defect in klotho gene expression in the mouse results in a syndrome that resembles human ageing, Including a short lifespan, infertility, arteriosclerosis, skin atrophy, osteoporosis and emphysema. The gene encodes a membrane protein that shares sequence similarity with the B-glucosidase enzymes. The klotho gene product may function as part of a signalling pathway that regulates ageing in vivo and morbidity In age-related diseases.
C1 GUNMA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED 2,SHOWA KU,MAEBASHI,GUMMA 371,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT ORTHOPAED SURG,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   KUMAMOTO UNIV,SCH MED,INST MOL EMBRYOL & GENET,KUMAMOTO 862,JAPAN.
   TANABE SEIYAKU CO LTD,LEAD OPTIMIZAT RES LAB,TODA,SAITAMA 335,JAPAN.
   KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO CO LTD,TOKYO RES LABS,MACHIDA,TOKYO 194,JAPAN.
   KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO CO LTD,PHARMACEUT RES LABS,NAGAIZUMI,SHIZUOKA 411,JAPAN.
   JRDC,CREST,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,INST MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 Gunma University; University of Tokyo; Kumamoto University; Mitsubishi International Corporation (MIC); Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation; Kyowa Kirin Ltd; Kyowa Kirin Ltd; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka
RP Kuroo, M (corresponding author), NATL CTR NEUROL & PSYCHIAT,NATL INST NEUROSCI,DIV MOL GENET,4-1-1 OGAWAHIGASKI,KODAIRA,TOKYO 187,JAPAN.
NR 26
TC 3144
Z9 3557
U1 5
U2 165
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 45
EP 51
DI 10.1038/36285
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700045
PM 9363890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ross, J
   Morrone, MC
   Burr, DC
AF Ross, J
   Morrone, MC
   Burr, DC
TI Compression of visual space before saccades
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye-movements; displacement; representation; localization; image
AB Saccadic eye movements, in which the eye moves rapidly between two resting positions, shift the position of our retinal images, If our perception of the world is to remain stable, the visual directions associated with retinal sites, and others they report to, must be updated to compensate for changes in the point of gaze, It has long been suspected that this compensation is achieved by a uniform shift of coordinates driven by an extraretinal position signal(1-3), although some consider this to be unnecessary(4-6). Considerable effort has been devoted to a search for such a signal and to measuring its time course and accuracy, Here, by using multiple as well as single targets under normal viewing conditions, we show that changes in apparent visual direction anticipate saccades and are not of the same size, or even in the same direction, for all parts of the visual field, We also show that there is a compression of visual space sufficient to reduce the spacing and even the apparent number of pattern elements,The results are in part consistent with electrophysiological findings of anticipatory shifts in the receptive fields of neurons in parietal cortex(7) and superior colliculi(8).
C1 CNR,IST NEUROFISIOL,I-56127 PISA,ITALY.
   UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DEPT PSYCHOL,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
   UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,DEPT PSYCHOL,VIS LAB,NEDLANDS,WA 6907,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Sapienza University Rome; University of Western Australia
NR 22
TC 386
Z9 422
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 598
EP 601
DI 10.1038/386598a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300056
PM 9121581
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ikawa, M
   Wada, I
   Kominami, K
   Watanabe, D
   Toshimori, K
   Nishimune, Y
   Okabe, M
AF Ikawa, M
   Wada, I
   Kominami, K
   Watanabe, D
   Toshimori, K
   Nishimune, Y
   Okabe, M
TI The putative chaperone calmegin is required for sperm fertility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zona-pellucida; mouse sperm; endoplasmic-reticulum; extracellular-matrix; molecular-cloning; binding-protein; calnexin; fertilization; egg; membrane
AB The proper folding of newly synthesized membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is required for the formation of functional mature proteins. Calnexin is a ubiquitous ER chaperone that plays a major role in quality control by retaining incompletely folded or misfolded proteins(1,5). In contrast to other known chaperones such as heat-shock proteins, BiP and calreticulin, calnexin is an integral membrane protein(1,6). Calmegin is a testis-specific ER protein that is homologous to calnexin(7-9). Here we show that calmegin binds to nascent polypeptides during spermatogenesis, and have analysed its physiological function by targeted disruption of its gene. Homozygous-null male mice are nearly sterile even though spermatogenesis is morphologically normal and mating is normal. In vitro, sperm from homozygous-null males do not adhere to the egg extracellular matrix (zona pellucida), and this defect may explain the observed infertility. These results suggest that calmegin functions as a chaperone for one or more sperm surface proteins that mediate the interactions between sperm and egg. The defective zona pellucida-adhesion phenotype of sperm from calmegin-deficient mice is reminiscent of certain cases of unexplained infertility in human males.
C1 OSAKA UNIV,MICROBIAL DIS RES INST,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   SAPPORO MED UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,SCH MED,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 060,JAPAN.
   MIYAZAKI MED COLL,DEPT ANAT,MIYAZAKI 88916,JAPAN.
C3 University of Osaka; Sapporo Medical University; University of Miyazaki
NR 29
TC 238
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 607
EP 611
DI 10.1038/42484
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200057
PM 9177349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lutz, W
   Sanderson, W
   Scherbov, S
AF Lutz, W
   Sanderson, W
   Scherbov, S
TI Doubling of world population unlikely
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Most national and international agencies producing population projections avoid addressing explicitly the issue of uncertainty. Typically, they provide either a single projection or a set of low, medium and high variants(1,2), and only very rarely do they give these projections a probabilistic interpretation. Probabilistic population projections have been developed for specific industrialized countries, mostly the United States, and are based largely on time-series analysis(3). On a global level, time-series analysis is not applicable because there is a lack of appropriate data, and for conceptual reasons such as the structural discontinuity caused by the demographic transition(4-6). Here we report on a new probabilistic approach that makes use of expert opinion on trends in fertility, mortality and migration, and on the 90 per cent uncertainty range of those trends in different parts of the world. We have used simulation techniques to derive probability distributions of population sizes and age structures for 13 regions of the world up to the year 2100. Among other things, we find that there is a probability of two-thirds that the world's population will not double in the twenty-first century.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ECON,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   UNIV GRONINGEN,FAC SPATIAL SCI,POPULAT RES CTR,NL-9700 AV GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of Groningen
RP Lutz, W (corresponding author), INT INST APPL SYST ANAL,SCHLOSSPL 1,A-2361 LAXENBURG,AUSTRIA.
NR 25
TC 132
Z9 150
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 803
EP 805
DI 10.1038/42935
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400049
PM 9194559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kazakov, SM
   Chaillout, C
   Bordet, P
   Capponi, JJ
   NunezRegueiro, M
   Rysak, A
   Tholence, JL
   Radaelli, PG
   Putilin, SN
   Antipov, EV
AF Kazakov, SM
   Chaillout, C
   Bordet, P
   Capponi, JJ
   NunezRegueiro, M
   Rysak, A
   Tholence, JL
   Radaelli, PG
   Putilin, SN
   Antipov, EV
TI Discovery of a second family of bismuth-oxide-based superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system; phase
AB The superconducting oxide BaPb1-xBixO3, discovered in 1975 (ref. 1), is an exotic system having an unusually high transition temperature (T-c) of similar to 12 K, despite a relatively low density of states at the Fermi level. The subsequent prediction(2) that doping the electronically inactive barium donor sites, instead of the bismuth sites, might induce superconductivity with a higher T-c led to the discovery(3,4) in 1988 of superconductivity in the Ba1-xKxBiO3 system (T-c similar to 30 K for x = 0.4). But it remains an open question why many of the superconducting properties of these materials are similar to those of the well-known copper oxide superconductors(5), despite their pronounced structural differences: the former have a three-dimensional bismuth-oxygen framework, whereas the structures of the latter are predominantly two-dimensional, consisting of copper-oxygen planes. Understanding of the copper oxide superconductors has gained immensely from the study of many different superconducting systems, and so it might be expected that the identification of bismuth oxide superconductors beyond the substituted BaBiO3 compounds will prove to be similarly fruitful. Here we report the synthesis of a second family of superconducting bismuth oxides, based on SrBiO3. We show that partial substitution of potassium or rubidium for strontium induces superconductivity with T-c values of similar to 12 K for Sr1-xKxBiO3 (x=0.45-0.6) and similar to 13 K for Sr1-xRbxBiO3 (x = 0.5).
C1 CNRS,LAB CRISTALLOG,F-38042 GRENOBLE 9,FRANCE.
   MOSCOW MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MOSCOW 119899,RUSSIA.
   CNRS,EPM MATFORMAG,F-38042 GRENOBLE 9,FRANCE.
   CNRS,LEPES,F-38042 GRENOBLE 9,FRANCE.
   INST MAX VON LAUE PAUL LANGEVIN,F-38042 GRENOBLE 9,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Lomonosov Moscow State University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
NR 12
TC 110
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 189
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 148
EP 150
DI 10.1038/36529
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forte, AM
   Mitrovica, JX
AF Forte, AM
   Mitrovica, JX
TI A resonance in the Earth's obliquity and precession over the past 20 Myr driven by mantle convection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-system; pleistocene; model; heterogeneity; subduction; evolution; constant
AB The motion of the Solar System is chaotic to the extent that the precise positions of the planets are predictable for a period of only about 20 Myr (ref. 1). The Earth's precession, obliquity and insolation parameters over this time period(1-6) can be influenced by secular variations in the dynamic ellipticity of the planet which are driven by long-term geophysical processes, such as post-glacial rebound(5,7-10). Here we investigate the influence of mantle convection on these parameters, We use viscous flow theory to compute time series of the Earth's dynamic ellipticity for the past 20 Myr and then apply these perturbations to the nominal many-body orbital solution of Laskar et al.(5). We find that the convection-induced change in the Earth's flattening perturbs the main frequency of the Earth's precession into the resonance associated with a secular term in the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn(5), and thus significantly influences the Earth's obliquity. We also conclude that updated time series of high-latitude summer solar insolation diverge from the nominal solution for periods greater than the past similar to 5 Myr. Our results have implications both for obtaining precise solutions for precession and obliquity and for procedures that adopt astronomical calibrations to date sedimentary cycles and climatic proxy records.
C1 UNIV TORONTO, DEPT PHYS, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A7, CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Forte, AM (corresponding author), INST PHYS GLOBE, DEPT SISMOL, 4 PL JUSSIEU, TOUR 24 ETAGE 4, F-75252 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
NR 28
TC 32
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 25
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6661
BP 676
EP 680
DI 10.1038/37769
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YM508
UT WOS:A1997YM50800029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Welch, MD
   Iwamatsu, A
   Mitchison, TJ
AF Welch, MD
   Iwamatsu, A
   Mitchison, TJ
TI Actin polymerization is induced by Arp2/3 protein complex at the surface of Listeria monocytogenes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proline-rich region; end-bound insertin; mammalian-cells; barbed ends; filaments; motility; purification; acanthamoeba; movement; profilin
AB The pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is capable of directed movement within the cytoplasm of infected host cells. Propulsion is thought to be driven by actin polymerization at the bacterial ceil surface(1,2), and moving bacteria leave in their wake a tail of actin filaments(3). Determining the mechanism by which L. monocytogenes polymerizes actin may aid the understanding of how actin polymerization is controlled in the cell. Actin assembly by L. monocytogenes requires the bacterial surface protein ActA(4,5) and protein components present in host cell cytoplasm. We have purified an eight-polypeptide complex that possesses the properties of the host-cell actin polymerization factor. The pure complex is sufficient to initiate ActA-dependent actin polymerization at the surface oft. monocytogenes, and is required to mediate actin tail formation and motility. Two subunits of this protein complex are actin-related proteins (ARPs) belonging to the Arp2 and Arp3 subfamilies. The Arp3 subunit localizes to the surface of stationary bacteria and the tails of motile bacteria in tissue culture cells infected with L. monocytogenes; this is consistent with a role for the complex in promoting actin assembly in vivo. The activity and subunit composition of the Arp2/3 complex suggests that it forms a template that nucleates actin polymerization.
C1 KIRIN BREWERY CO LTD,CENT LABS KEY TECHNOL,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA,JAPAN.
C3 Kirin Brewery Company Limited
RP Welch, MD (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 31
TC 508
Z9 617
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 265
EP 269
DI 10.1038/385265a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100051
PM 9000076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roland, J
   Taylor, PD
AF Roland, J
   Taylor, PD
TI Insect parasitoid species respond to forest structure at different spatial scales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID habitat fragmentation; biological-control; population; dynamics; complex
AB There is now a solid body of theoretical work(1-4) demonstrating that the spatial structure of the habitat combined with animal movement strongly influence host-parasitoid dynamics. The spatial pattern over which parasitoid search takes place can be affected by the distribution of the hosts(5), by the spatial arrangement of the host's habitat(6) and by the spatial scale at which the parasitoid perceives variation in host abundance(7,8). Empirical work, however, has been largely restricted to small-scale field studies of less than one hectare(6,9) with very few larger(10,11). Here we report initial results of a many-year, large-scale study that is among the first to examine the interaction between a population-level process (parasitism) and anthropogenic forest fragmentation at large and at multiple spatial scales. We demonstrate that parasitism by four species of parasitoids attacking the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, is significantly reduced or enhanced depending on the proportion of forested to unforested land. Each of the parasitoid species responds to this mosaic at four different spatial scales that correspond to their relative body sizes, Our data give empirical support to the argument that changes in landscape structure can alter the normal functioning of ecological processes such as parasitism, with large-scale population consequences(3'4).
C1 ACADIA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTIC COOPERAT WILDLIFE ECOL RES NETWORK,WOLFVILLE,NS B0P 1X0,CANADA.
C3 Acadia University
RP Roland, J (corresponding author), UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT BIOL SCI,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2E9,CANADA.
NR 21
TC 369
Z9 431
U1 2
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 710
EP 713
DI 10.1038/386710a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, FL
   Dean, WL
   Kelsey, G
   Allen, ND
   Reik, W
AF Sun, FL
   Dean, WL
   Kelsey, G
   Allen, ND
   Reik, W
TI Transactivation of Igf2 in a mouse model of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor-ii; perinatal lethality; transgenic mice; gene; overgrowth; methylation; expression; h19; chromosome-7; mutations
AB The gene IGF2, which encodes a fetal insulin-like growth factor, is imprinted, so only one of two parental copies of the gene is expressed, The altered expression of IGF2 has been implicated in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, a human fetal overgrowth syndrome, which is characterized by overgrowth of several organs and an increased risk of developing childhood tumours, We have introduced Igf2 transgenes into the mouse genome by using embryonic stern cells, which leads to transactivation of the endogenous Igf2 gene, The consequent overexpression of Igf2 results in most of the symptoms of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, including prenatal overgrowth, polyhydramnios, fetal and neonatal lethality, disproportionate organ overgrowth including tongue enlargement, and skeletal abnormalities. These phenotypes establish Igf2 overexpression as a key determinant of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
C1 BABRAHAM INST,DEPT GENET & DEV,LAB DEV GENET & IMPRINTING,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT,ENGLAND.
   BABRAHAM INST,DEPT GENET & DEV,DEV NEUROBIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute
NR 44
TC 257
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 809
EP 815
DI 10.1038/39797
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800047
PM 9349812
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bottcher, B
   Wynne, SA
   Crowther, RA
AF Bottcher, B
   Wynne, SA
   Crowther, RA
TI Determination of the fold of the core protein of hepatitis B virus ky electron cryomicroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID e-antigen; escherichia-coli; particles; identification; microscopy; epitopes; regions; surface
AB Hepatitis B virus, a major human pathogen with an estimated 300 million carriers worldwide, can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer in cases of chronic infection. The virus consists of an inner nucleocapsid or core, surrounded by a lipid envelope containing virally encoded surface proteins. The core protein, when expressed in bacteria, assembles into core shell particles, closely resembling the native core of the virus. Here we use electron cryomicroscopy to solve the structure of the core protein to 7.4 Angstrom resolution. Images of about 6,400 individual particles from 34 micrographs at different levels of defocus were combined, imposing icosahedral symmetry. The three-dimensional map reveals the complete fold of the polypeptide chain, which is quite unlike previously solved viral capsid proteins and is largely alpha-helical. The dimer clustering of subunits produces spikes on the surface of the shell, which consist of radial bundles of four long alpha-helices. Our model implies that the sequence corresponding to the immunodominant region of the core protein lies at the tip of the spike and also explains other properties of the core protein.
C1 MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 30
TC 671
Z9 771
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/386088a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600057
PM 9052786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU dePicciotto, R
   Reznikov, M
   Heiblum, M
   Umansky, V
   Bunin, G
   Mahalu, D
AF dePicciotto, R
   Reznikov, M
   Heiblum, M
   Umansky, V
   Bunin, G
   Mahalu, D
TI Direct observation of a fractional charge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shot-noise; luttinger liquid; quantum; nonequilibrium
AB Since Millikan's famous oil-drop experiments(1), it has been web known that electrical charge is quantized in units of the charge of an electron, e. For this reason, the theoretical prediction(2,3) by Laughlin of the existence of fractionally charged 'quasiparticles'-proposed as an explanation for the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) effect-is very counterintuitive. The FQH effect is a phenomenon observed in the conduction properties of a two-dimensional electron gas subjected to a strong perpendicular ; magnetic field. This effect results from the strong interaction between electrons, brought about by the magnetic field, giving rise to the aforementioned fractionally charged quasiparticles which carry the current. Here we report the direct observation of these counterintuitive entities by using measurements of quantum shot noise. Quantum shot noise results from the discreteness of the current-carrying charges and so is proportional to both the charge of the quasiparticles and the average current. Our measurements of quantum shot noise show unambiguously that current in a two-dimensional electron gas in the FQH regime is carried by fractional charges-e/3 in the present case-in agreement with Laughlin's prediction.
RP dePicciotto, R (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI, BRAUN CTR SUBMICRON RES, DEPT CONDENSED MATTER PHYS, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
NR 22
TC 786
Z9 875
U1 0
U2 100
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/38241
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hetzer, M
   Wurzer, G
   Schweyen, RJ
   Mueller, MW
AF Hetzer, M
   Wurzer, G
   Schweyen, RJ
   Mueller, MW
TI Trans-activation of group II intron splicing by nuclear U5 snRNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna; spliceosome; invitro; sites; lariat
AB Similarities between RNA splicing during autocatalytic excision of group II introns and pre-mRNA processing led to the hypothesis that group II introns might be the evolutionary predecessors of spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs(1-4). The ID3 subdomain stem-loop structure of group II introns, the proposed analogue of the spliceosomal U5 snRNA(5), is thought to be essential for 5' splice site recognition and anchoring of the free 5' exon(6). Using the group II intron bI1 we have analysed the role of ID3 in splicing. In the absence of ID3 the 5' splice site was recognized accurately and efficiently, but exon anchoring was greatly reduced. This step was restored in the presence of RNA fragments consisting of either the terminal stem-loop structure of ID3 or spliceosomal U5 snRNA. This suggests that the predominant role of both RNAs is to anchor the 5' exon during exon ligation. Furthermore, as U5 complements for the loss of ID3, a similar network of structural RNAs may form the catalytic core of both group II introns and spliceosomes.
C1 UNIV VIENNA,INST MICROBIOL & GENET,A-1030 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
C3 University of Vienna
NR 24
TC 62
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 417
EP 420
DI 10.1038/386417a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000070
PM 9121561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mewes, HW
   Albermann, K
   Bahr, M
   Frishman, D
   Gleissner, A
   Hani, J
   Heumann, K
   Kleine, K
   Maierl, A
   Oliver, SG
   Pfeiffer, F
   Zollner, A
AF Mewes, HW
   Albermann, K
   Bahr, M
   Frishman, D
   Gleissner, A
   Hani, J
   Heumann, K
   Kleine, K
   Maierl, A
   Oliver, SG
   Pfeiffer, F
   Zollner, A
TI Chart of duplications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 UNIV MANCHESTER,INST SCI & TECHNOL,MANCHESTER M60 1QD,LANCS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Mewes, HW (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,KLOPFERSPITZ 18A,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 33
EP 34
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB546
UT WOS:A1997XB54600004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iavarone, A
   Massague, J
AF Iavarone, A
   Massague, J
TI Repression of the CDK activator Cdc25A and cell-cycle arrest by cytokine TGF-beta in cells lacking the CDK inhibitor p15
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent kinases; gene; phosphorylation; phosphatases; p27(kip1); growth; roles; line
AB The activity of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that control cell growth and division can be negatively regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation or by the binding of various CDK inhibitors(1). Whereas regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation is well documented in CDKs that function during mitosis, little is known about its role in the regulation of CDKs that act in the G1 phase of the cell cycle(2). In contrast, much evidence has accumulated on the regulation of G1 CDKs by CDK inhibitors(1). The cytokine TGF-beta inhibits growth by causing cell-cycle arrest as a result of increasing the concentration of the Cdk4/6 Inhibitor p15(INK4B/MTS2) (refs 3, 4). Here we report that TGF-beta can also cause the inhibition of Cdk4 and Cdk6 by increasing their level of tyrosine phosphorylation. Tyrosine phosphorylation and inactivation of Cdk4/6 in a human mammary epithelial cell line are shown to result from the ability of TGF-beta to repress expression of the CDK tyrosine phosphatase Cdc25A. Repression of Cdc25A and induction of p15 are independent effects mediating the inhibition of Cdk4/6 by TFG-beta.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELL BIOL & GENET PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
NR 30
TC 326
Z9 380
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 417
EP 422
DI 
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600064
PM 9163429
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU StOnge, L
   SosaPineda, B
   Chowdhury, K
   Mansouri, A
   Gruss, P
AF StOnge, L
   SosaPineda, B
   Chowdhury, K
   Mansouri, A
   Gruss, P
TI Pax6 Is required for differentiation of glucagon-producing alpha-cells in mouse pancreas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endocrine pancreas; adhesion molecule; gene; expression; aggregation; polypeptide; insulin; islets; mice
AB The functional unit of the endocrine pancreas is the islet of Langerhans. Islets are nested within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas and are composed of alpha-, beta-, delta- and gamma-cells(1). P-Cells produce insulin and form the core of the islet, whereas alpha-, delta- and gamma-cells are arranged at the periphery of the islet and secrete glucagon, somatostatin and a pancreatic polypeptide, respectively. Little is known about the molecular and genetic factors regulating the lineage of the different endocrine cells. Pancreas development is known to be abolished in Pdx1-mutant mice(2) and Pax4 mutants lack insulin-producing beta-cells(3). Here we show that the paired-box gene Pax6 is expressed during the early stages of pancreatic development and in mature endocrine cells. The pancreas of Pax6 homozygous mutant mice lack glucagon-producing cells, suggesting that Pax6 is essential for the differentiation of alpha-cells. As mice lacking Pax4 and Pax6 fail to develop any mature endocrine cells, we conclude that both Pax genes are required for endocrine fate in the pancreas.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM,D-37077 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 20
TC 652
Z9 743
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 406
EP 409
DI 10.1038/387406a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600061
PM 9163426
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fichera, ME
   Roos, DS
AF Fichera, ME
   Roos, DS
TI A plastid organelle as a drug target in apicomplexan parasites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxoplasma-gondii; macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; encephalitis; azithromycin; inhibition; quinolones; spiramycin; resistant; mutants
AB Parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa include many important human and veterinary pathogens such as Plasmodium (malaria), Toxoplasma (a leading opportunistic infection associated with AIDS and congenital neurological birth defects), and Eimeria (an economically significant disease of poultry and cattle)(1-4). Recent studies have identified an unusual organelle in these parasites(5-7): a plastid that appears to have been acquired by secondary endosymbiosis of a green alga(7). Here ive show that replication of the apicomplexan plastid (apicoplast) genome in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites can be specifically inhibited using ciprofloxacin, and that this inhibition blocks parasite replication. Moreover, parasite death occurs with peculiar kinetics that are identical to those observed after exposure to clindamycin and macrolide antibiotics(8,9), which have been proposed to target protein synthesis in the apicoplast(9,10). Conversely, clindamycin (and functionally related compounds) immediately inhibits plastid replication upon drug application-the earliest effect so far described for these antibiotics. Our results directly link apicoplast function with parasite survival, validating this intriguing organelle as an effective target for parasiticidal drug design.
C1 UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
NR 30
TC 479
Z9 559
U1 1
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 407
EP 409
DI 10.1038/37132
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900065
PM 9389481
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, LD
   Silver, EA
   Anderson, RS
   Smith, R
   Ingle, JC
   Kling, SA
   Haig, D
   Small, E
   Galewsky, J
   Sliter, W
AF Abbott, LD
   Silver, EA
   Anderson, RS
   Smith, R
   Ingle, JC
   Kling, SA
   Haig, D
   Small, E
   Galewsky, J
   Sliter, W
TI Measurement of tectonic surface uplift rate in a young collisional mountain belt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID papua-new-guinea; arc-continent collision; regularized spline; huon-peninsula; sea; evolution; interpolation; stratigraphy; plateau; tension
AB Measurement of the rate of tectonically driven surface uplift is crucial to a complete understanding of mountain building dynamics. The lack of a suitable rock record typically prevents determination of this quantity, but the unusual geology of Papua New Guinea's Finisterre mountains makes measurement of this rate possible. The tectonic surface uplift rate at the Finisterre range is 0.8-2.1 mm yr(-1), approximately that expected to arise from crustal thickening.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT EARTH SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
   GEOINFORMAT TECHNOL,FRESNO,CA 93710.
   STANFORD UNIV,DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,PERTH,WA 6009,AUSTRALIA.
   US GEOL SURVEY,WESTERN GEOL MAPPING TEAM,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Stanford University; University of Western Australia; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
NR 38
TC 93
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6616
BP 501
EP 507
DI 10.1038/385501a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WG235
UT WOS:A1997WG23500037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sole, RV
   Manrubia, SC
   Benton, MJ
   Bak, P
AF Sole, RV
   Manrubia, SC
   Benton, MJ
   Bak, P
TI Self-similarity of extinction statistics in the fossil record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass extinctions
AB The dynamical processes underlying evolution over geological timescales remain unclear(1,2). Analyses of time series of the fossil record have highlighted the possible signature of periodicity in mass extinctions(3,4), perhaps owing to external influences such as meteorite impacts, More recently the fluctuations in the evolutionary record have been proposed to result from intrinsic nonlinear dynamics for which self-organized criticality provides an appropriate theoretical framework(5-7). A consequence of this controversial(8) conjecture is that the fluctuations should be self-similar, exhibiting scaling behaviour like that seen in other biological(9) and socioeconomic(10,11) systems. The self-similar character is described by a 1/f power spectrum P(f), which measures the contributions of each frequency f to the overall time series. If self-similarity is present, then P(f) approximate to f(-beta) with 0 < beta < 2, This idea has not been sufficiently tested, however, owing to a lack of adequate data, Here we explore the statistical fluctuation structure of several time series obtained from available palaeontological data bases, particularly the new 'Fossil Record 2'(18). We find that these data indeed show self-similar fluctuations characterized by a 1/f spectrum. These findings support the idea that a nonlinear response of the biosphere to perturbations provides the main mechanism for the distribution of extinction events.
C1 SANTA FE INST, SANTA FE, NM 87501 USA.
   UNIV BRISTOL, DEPT GEOL, BRISTOL BS8 1RJ, AVON, ENGLAND.
   NIELS BOHR INST, DK-2100 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
C3 The Santa Fe Institute; University of Bristol; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute
RP Sole, RV (corresponding author), UNIV POLITECN CATALUNYA, DEPT PHYS FEN, CAMPUS NORD, MODUL B4, ES-08034 BARCELONA, SPAIN.
NR 34
TC 149
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 764
EP 767
DI 10.1038/41996
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kamohara, S
   Burcelin, R
   Halaas, JL
   Friedman, JM
   Charron, MJ
AF Kamohara, S
   Burcelin, R
   Halaas, JL
   Friedman, JM
   Charron, MJ
TI Acute stimulation of glucose metabolism in mice by leptin treatment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID obese gene; rat hypothalamus; messenger-rna; food-intake; ob protein; ob/ob mice; expression; insulin; receptor; identification
AB Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that functions as an afferent signal in a negative feedback loop regulating body weight(1-4), and acts by interacting with a receptor in the hypothalamus and other tissues(5,6), Leptin treatment has potent effects on lipid metabolism, and leads to a large, specific reduction of adipose tissue mass after several days(1,4). Here we show that leptin also acts acutely to increase glucose metabolism, although studies of leptin's effect on glucose metabolism have typically been confounded by the weight-reducing actions of leptin treatment, which by itself could affect glucose homoeostasis(1-3). We have demonstrated acute in vivo effects of intravenous and intracerebroventricular administrations of leptin on glucose metabolism, A five-hour intravenous infusion of leptin into wild-type mice increased glucose turnover and glucose uptake, but decreased hepatic glycogen content, The plasma levels of insulin and glucose did not change. Similar effects were observed after both intravenous and intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin, suggesting that effects of leptin on glucose metabolism are mediated by the central nervous system (CNS), These data indicate that leptin induces a complex metabolic response with effects on glucose as well as lipid metabolism, This response is unique to leptin, which suggests that new efferent signals emanate from the CNS after leptin treatment.
C1 ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BRONX,NY 10461.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BRONX,NY 10021.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
NR 29
TC 616
Z9 697
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 374
EP 377
DI 10.1038/38717
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500050
PM 9311777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Monsanto reinvents itself after 95 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 433
EP 434
DI 10.1038/387433a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Endo, TA
   Masuhara, M
   Yokouchi, M
   Suzuki, R
   Sakamoto, H
   Mitsui, K
   Matsumoto, A
   Tanimura, S
   Ohtsubo, M
   Misawa, H
   Miyazaki, T
   Leonor, N
   Taniguchi, T
   Fujita, T
   Kanakura, Y
   Komiya, S
   Yoshimura, A
AF Endo, TA
   Masuhara, M
   Yokouchi, M
   Suzuki, R
   Sakamoto, H
   Mitsui, K
   Matsumoto, A
   Tanimura, S
   Ohtsubo, M
   Misawa, H
   Miyazaki, T
   Leonor, N
   Taniguchi, T
   Fujita, T
   Kanakura, Y
   Komiya, S
   Yoshimura, A
TI A new protein containing an SH2 domain that inhibits JAK kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptors
AB The proliferation and differentiation of cells of many Lineages are regulated by secreted proteins known as cytokines. Cytokines exert their biological effect through binding to cell-surface receptors that are associated with one or more members of the JAK family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Cytokine-induced receptor dimerization leads to the activation of JAKs, rapid tyrosine-phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domains, and subsequent recruitment of various signalling proteins, including members of the STAT family of transcription factors, to the receptor complex(1-5). Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have now isolated a new SH2-domain-containing protein, TAB, which is a JAK-binding protein that interacts with the Jak2 tyrosine-kinase JH1 domain(6). JAB is structurally related to CIS, a cytokine-inducible SH2 protein(7,8). Interaction of JAB with Jak1, Jak2 or Jak3 markedly reduces their tyrosine-kinase activity and suppresses the tyrosine-phosphorylation and activation of STATs. TAB and CIS appear to function as negative regulators in the JAK signalling pathway.
C1 KURUME UNIV,INST LIFE SCI,KURUME 839,JAPAN.
   KURUME UNIV,DEPT ORTHOPED SURG,KURUME 839,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT IMMUNOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   TOKYO METROPOLITAN INST MED SCI,DEPT TUMOR CELL BIOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT HEMATOL & ONCOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 Kurume University; Kurume University; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; University of Osaka
NR 19
TC 1240
Z9 1426
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 921
EP 924
DI 10.1038/43213
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600056
PM 9202126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finn, JT
   Solessio, EC
   Yau, KW
AF Finn, JT
   Solessio, EC
   Yau, KW
TI A cGMP-gated cation channel in depolarizing photoreceptors of the lizard parietal eye
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salamander retinal rods; gmp-activated channel; cyclic-gmp; invertebrate photoreceptors; divalent-cations; ion channels; pineal-gland; k+ channels; permeation; ca2+
AB Rods and cones of the two vertebrate lateral eyes hyperpolarize when illuminated, a response generated by a cyclic GMP cascade leading to cGMP hydrolysis and consequently the closure of cGMP-gated, non-selective cation channels that are open in darkness(1-4). Lizards and other lower vertebrates also have a parietal (third) eye(5), which contains ciliary photoreceptors that under dark-adapted conditions depolarize to light instead(6). Depolarizing Light responses are characteristic of most invertebrate rhabdomeric photoreceptors, and are thought to involve a phosphoinositide signalling pathway (see, for example, refs 7-9). Surprisingly, we have found in excised membrane patches a cGMP-gated channel that is selectively present at high density on the outer segment (the presumptive light-sensitive part) of the parietal eye photoreceptor. Like the light-activated channel of the cell, it is non-selective among cations. Inositol trisphosphate (InsP(3)) had no effect on the same membrane patches. These findings suggest that the photoreceptors of the parietal eye, like rods and cones, use a cGMP cascade and not an InsP(3)-mediated pathway for phototransduction, but in this case light increases cGMP. A unifying principle of evolutionary significance emerges: that phototransductions in various ciliary photoreceptors, whether hyperpolarizing or depolarizing, uniformly use a cGMP cascade and a cGMP-gated channel to generate the Light response, although there are rich variations in the details.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,THOMAS C JENKINS DEPT BIOPHYS,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   UNIV UTAH,HLTH SCI CTR,JOHN A MORAN EYE CTR,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84132.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
NR 31
TC 36
Z9 41
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 815
EP 819
DI 10.1038/385815a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000053
PM 9039913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dokland, T
   McKenna, R
   Ilag, LL
   Bowman, BR
   Incardona, NL
   Fane, BA
   Rossmann, MG
AF Dokland, T
   McKenna, R
   Ilag, LL
   Bowman, BR
   Incardona, NL
   Fane, BA
   Rossmann, MG
TI Structure of a viral procapsid with molecular scaffolding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional implications; atomic-structure; bacteriophage-phi-x174; phi-x174; protein; virus; prohead; capsids
AB The assembly of a macromolecular structure proceeds along an ordered morphogenetic pathway, and is accomplished by the switching of proteins between discrete conformations as they are added to the nascent assembly(1-3). Scaffolding proteins often play a catalytic role in the assembly process(1,2,4), rather like molecular chaperones(5). Although macromolecular assembly processes are fundamental to all biological systems, they have been characterized most thoroughly in viral systems, such as the icosahedral Escherichia coli bacteriophage Phi X174 (refs 6, 7). The Phi X174 virion contains the proteins F, G, H and J(7,8). assembly, two scaffolding proteins B and D are required for formation of a 108S, 360-Angstrom-diameter procapsid from pentameric precursors containing the F, G and H protein(6,9). The procapsid contains 240 copies of protein D, forming an external scaffold, and 60 copies each of the internal scaffolding protein B, the capsid protein F, and the spike protein G(9,10). Maturation involves packaging of DNA and J proteins and loss of protein B, producing a 132S intermediate(6,7). Subsequent removal of the external scaffold yields the mature virion. Both the F and G proteins have the eight- stranded antiparallel beta-sandwich motifs(8,11) common to many plant and animal viruses(12,13). Here we describe the structure of a procapsid-like particle at 3.5-Angstrom resolution, showing how the scaffolding proteins coordinate assembly of the virus by interactions with the F and G proteins, and showing that the F protein undergoes conformational changes during capsid maturation.
C1 PURDUE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 USA.
   UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38163 USA.
   UNIV ARKANSAS, DEPT BIOL SCI, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville
NR 29
TC 120
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 308
EP 313
DI 10.1038/38537
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200054
PM 9305849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharan, SK
   Morimatsu, M
   Albrecht, U
   Lim, DS
   Regel, E
   Dinh, C
   Sands, A
   Eichele, G
   Hasty, P
   Bradley, A
AF Sharan, SK
   Morimatsu, M
   Albrecht, U
   Lim, DS
   Regel, E
   Dinh, C
   Sands, A
   Eichele, G
   Hasty, P
   Bradley, A
TI Embryonic lethality and radiation hypersensitivity mediated by Rad51 in mice lacking Brca2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meiotic chromosome synapsis; cancer susceptibility gene; familial breast; ovarian-cancer; reca homologs; protein; repair; mouse; yeast; recombination
AB Inherited mutations in the human BRCA2 gene cause about half of the cases of early-onset breast cancer. The embryonic expression pattern of the mouse Brca2 gene is now defined and an interaction identified of the Brca2 protein with the DNA-repair protein Rad51. Developmental arrest in Brca2-deficient embryos, their radiation sensitivity, and the association of Brca2 with Rad51 indicate that Brca2 may be an essential cofactor in the Rad51-dependent DNA repair of double-strand breaks, thereby explaining the tumour-suppressor function of Brca2.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   LEXICON GENET INC,THE WOODLANDS,TX 77381.
   UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,DEPT MOL GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   HOKKAIDO UNIV,GRAD SCH VET MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 060,JAPAN.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; Hokkaido University
NR 46
TC 921
Z9 1046
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 804
EP 810
DI 10.1038/386804a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600046
PM 9126738
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dantonel, JC
   Murthy, KGK
   Manley, JL
   Tora, L
AF Dantonel, JC
   Murthy, KGK
   Manley, JL
   Tora, L
TI Transcription factor TFIID recruits factor CPSF for formation of 3' end of mRNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; polyadenylation specificity factor; estrogen-receptor; globin gene; activation; termination; cleavage; subunit; complex; protein
AB Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II from a promoter region on DNA requires the assembly of several initiation factors to form a preinitiation complex, Assembly of this complex(1,2) is initiated by the binding of the transcription factor TFIID, composed of the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAF(II)s), to the promoter, We have now characterized an immunopurified TFIID complex which we unexpectedly find contains the cleavage-polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF), one of the factors required for formation of the 3' end of messenger RNA(3,4). CPSF is brought to the preinitiation complex by TFIID, but after transcription starts, CPSF dissociates from TFIID and becomes associated with the elongating polymerase, We also show that overexpression of recombinant TBP in HeLa cells decreases polyadenylation without affecting the correct initiation of transcription of the reporter gene, This indicates that, owing to incomplete assembly of TFIID on recombinant TBP, CPSF is not brought to the promoter and therefore polyadenylation becomes less efficient. Our observations have thus revealed a link between transcription initiation and elongation by RNA polymerase II and processing of the 3' end of mRNA.
C1 ULP,COLL FRANCE,INST GENET & BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,CNRS,INSERM,F-67404 STRASBOURG,FRANCE.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Columbia University
NR 30
TC 264
Z9 321
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 399
EP 402
DI 10.1038/38763
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500057
PM 9311784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Averof, M
   Patel, NH
AF Averof, M
   Patel, NH
TI Crustacean appendage evolution associated with changes in Hox gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID body plans; ultrabithorax; morphology; antibody; insect
AB Homeotic (Hox) genes specify the differential identity of segments along the body axis of insects. Changes in the segmental organization of arthropod bodies may therefore be driven by changes in the function of Hox genes(1-3), but so far this has been difficult to demonstrate. We shaw here that changes in the expression pattern of the Hox genes Ubx and AbdA in different crustaceans correlate well with the modification of their anterior thoracic limbs into feeding appendages (maxillipeds). Our observations provide direct evidence that major morphological changes in arthropod body plans are associated with changes in Hox gene regulation. They suggest that homeotic changes(1,4) may play a role in the normal process of adaptive evolutionary change.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   WELLCOME CRC INST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 287
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 682
EP 686
DI 10.1038/41786
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300051
PM 9262403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riethmacher, D
   SonnenbergRiethmacher, E
   Brinkmann, V
   Yamaai, T
   Lewin, GR
   Birchmeier, C
AF Riethmacher, D
   SonnenbergRiethmacher, E
   Brinkmann, V
   Yamaai, T
   Lewin, GR
   Birchmeier, C
TI Severe neuropathies in mice with targeted mutations in the ErbB3 receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; growth-factor; schwann-cell; neuregulin; differentiation; heregulin; gene; neurotrophin-3; requirement; myelination
AB Neuregulins and their specific receptors, members of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinases, have been implicated in the control of growth and development of Schwann cells(1-3), specialized cells that wrap around nerve axons to provide electrical insulation. Here we use gene targeting to generate mice that lack ErbB3, a high-affinity neuregulin receptor(4-6). Homozygous erbB3 mutant embryos lack Schwann-cell precursors and Schwann cells that accompany peripheral axons of sensory and motor neurons. The initial development of motor neurons and sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia occurs as it should, but at later stages most motor neurons (79%) and sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (82%) undergo cell death in erbB3 mutant embryos. Degeneration of the peripheral nervous system in erbB3 mutant pups is thus much more severe than the cell death in mice that lack neurotrophins or neurotrophin receptors(7,8). We also show that ErbB3 functions in a cell-autonomous way during the development of Schwann cells, but not in the survival of sensory or motor neurons. Our results indicate that sensory and motor neurons require factors for their survival that are provided by developing Schwann cells.
C1 MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOL MED,DEPT MED GENET,D-13122 BERLIN,GERMANY.
   MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,D-13122 BERLIN,GERMANY.
   MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOL MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,D-13122 BERLIN,GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
NR 30
TC 584
Z9 699
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6652
BP 725
EP 730
DI 10.1038/39593
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA959
UT WOS:A1997YA95900054
PM 9338783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, YF
   Suga, N
   Yan, J
AF Zhang, YF
   Suga, N
   Yan, J
TI Corticofugal modulation of frequency processing in bat auditory system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptive-field plasticity; medial geniculate-body; inferior colliculus; mustached bat; cortex; neurons; cat; representation; projections; stimulation
AB Auditory signals are transmitted from the inner ear through the brainstem to the higher auditory regions of the brain. Neurons throughout the auditory system are tuned to stimulus frequency, and in many auditory regions are arranged in topographical maps with respect to their preferred frequency, These properties are assumed to arise from the interactions of convergent and divergent projections ascending from lower to higher auditory areas(1); such a view, however, ignores the possible role of descending projections from cortical to subcortical regions(2-10). In the bat auditory system, such corticofugal connections modulate neuronal activity to improve the processing of echo-delay information(11,12), a specialized feature. Here we show that corticofugal projections are also involved in the most common type of auditory processing, frequency tuning. When cortical neurons tuned to a specific frequency are inactivated, the auditory responses of subcortical neurons tuned to the same frequency are reduced. Moreover, the responses of other subcortical neurons tuned to different frequencies are increased, and their preferred frequencies are shifted towards that of the inactivated cortical neurons. Thus the corticofugal system mediates a positive feedback which, in combination with widespread lateral inhibition, sharpens and adjusts the tuning of neurons at earlier stages in the auditory processing pathway.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT BIOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63130 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 28
TC 185
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 900
EP 903
DI 10.1038/43180
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600051
PM 9202121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mathiowitz, E
   Jacob, JS
   Jong, YS
   Carino, GP
   Chickering, DE
   Chaturvedi, P
   Santos, CA
   Vijayaraghavan, K
   Montgomery, S
   Bassett, M
   Morrell, C
AF Mathiowitz, E
   Jacob, JS
   Jong, YS
   Carino, GP
   Chickering, DE
   Chaturvedi, P
   Santos, CA
   Vijayaraghavan, K
   Montgomery, S
   Bassett, M
   Morrell, C
TI Biologically erodable microsphere as potential oral drug delivery system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID direct gene-transfer; peyers patches; bioadhesive microspheres; bioerodible polymers; muscle invivo; latex; polyanhydrides; microscopy; epithelium; particles
AB Biologically adhesive delivery systems offer important advantages(1-5) over conventional drug delivery systems(6). Here we show that engineered polymer microspheres made of biologically erodable polymers, which display strong adhesive interactions with gastrointestinal mucus and cellular linings, can traverse both the mucosal absorptive epithelium and the follicle-associated epithelium covering the lymphoid tissue of Peyer's patches. The polymers maintain contact with intestinal epithelium for extended periods of time and actually penetrate it, through and between cells. Thus, once loaded with compounds of pharmacological interest, the microspheres could be developed as delivery systems to transfer biologically active molecules to the circulation, We show that these microspheres increase the absorption of three model substances of widely different molecular size: dicumarol, insulin and plasmid DNA.
RP Mathiowitz, E (corresponding author), BROWN UNIV,DEPT MOL PHARMACOL PHYSIOL & BIOTECHNOL,DIV BIOL & MED,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912, USA.
NR 30
TC 717
Z9 893
U1 2
U2 213
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 410
EP 414
DI 10.1038/386410a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000068
PM 9121559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stella, N
   Schweitzer, P
   Piomelli, D
AF Stella, N
   Schweitzer, P
   Piomelli, D
TI A second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates long-term potentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arachidonic-acid; brain; anandamide; receptor; neurons; identification; inhibition; slices; binds
AB Cannabinoid receptors are molecular targets for marijuana and hashish, the widespread drugs of abuse. These receptors are expressed in areas of the central nervous system that contribute in important ways to the control of memory, cognition, movement and pain perception(1). Indeed, such functions can be strongly influenced by cannabinoid drugs, with consequences that include euphoria, analgesia, sedation and memory impairment(2). Although the pharmacology of cannabinoid drugs is now beginning to be understood, we still lack essential information on the endogenous signalling system(s) by which cannabinoid receptors are normally engaged. An endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors, anandamide, has been described(3). Here we report that sn-2 arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), a cannabinoid ligand isolated from intestinal tissue(4), is present in brain in amounts 170 times greater than anandamide. 2-AG is produced in hippocampal slices by stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals, an excitatory fibre tract that projects from CA3 to CA1 neurons. Formation of 2-AG is calcium dependent and is mediated by the enzymes phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase. 2-AG activates neuronal cannabinoid receptors as a full agonist, and prevents the induction of long-term potentiation at CA3-CA1 synapses. Our results indicate that 2-AG is a second endogenous cannabinoid ligand in the central nervous system.
C1 INST NEUROSCI, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
NR 30
TC 1228
Z9 1449
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 773
EP 778
DI 10.1038/42015
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700051
PM 9285589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Netzer, WJ
   Hartl, FU
AF Netzer, WJ
   Hartl, FU
TI Recombination of protein domains facilitated by co-translational folding in eukaryotes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; exon theory; in-vivo; expression; binding; chaperonin; complex; chains; genes; groel
AB The evolution of complex genomes requires that new combinations of pre-existing protein domains successfully fold into modular polypeptides. During eukaryotic translation model two-domain polypeptides fold efficiently by sequential and co-translational folding of their domains. In contrast, folding of the same proteins in Escherichia coli is post-translational, and leads to intramolecular misfolding of concurrently folding domains. Sequential domain folding in eukaryotes may have been critical in the evolution of modular polypeptides, by increasing the probability that random gene-fusion events resulted in immediately foldable protein structures.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Max Planck Society
NR 39
TC 343
Z9 388
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 343
EP 349
DI 10.1038/41024
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800040
PM 9237751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stopfer, M
   Bhagavan, S
   Smith, BH
   Laurent, G
AF Stopfer, M
   Bhagavan, S
   Smith, BH
   Laurent, G
TI Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour-encoding neural assemblies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apis-mellifera; olfactory network; oscillations; honeybee; cortex; odors; bulb
AB Stimulus-evoked oscillatory synchronization of neural assemblies has been described in the olfactory(1-5) and visual(6-8) systems of several vertebrates and invertebrates. In locusts, information about odour identity is contained in the timing of action potentials in an oscillatory population response(9-11), suggesting that oscillations may reflect a common reference far messages encoded in time, Although the stimulus-evoked oscillatory phenomenon is reliable, its roles in sensation, perception, memory formation and pattern recognition remain to be demonstrated-a task requiring a behavioural paradigm, Using honeybees, we now demonstrate that odour encoding involves, as it does in locusts, the oscillatory synchronization of assemblies of projection neurons and that this synchronization is also selectively abolished by picrotoxin, an antagonist of the GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor. By using a behavioural leaning paradigm, we show that picrotoxin-induced desynchronization impairs the discrimination of molecularly similar odorants, but not that of dissimilar odorants, It appears, therefore, that oscillatory synchronization of neuronal assemblies is functionally relevant, and essential for fine sensory discrimination This suggests that oscillatory synchronization and the kind of temporal encoding it affords provide an additional dimension by which the brain could segment spatially overlapping stimulus representations.
C1 CALTECH, DIV BIOL, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
   OHIO STATE UNIV, DEPT ENTOMOL, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
NR 26
TC 726
Z9 822
U1 4
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/36335
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700053
PM 9363891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Skinner, PJ
   Koshy, BT
   Cummings, CJ
   Klement, IA
   Helin, K
   Servadio, A
   Zoghbi, HY
   Orr, HT
AF Skinner, PJ
   Koshy, BT
   Cummings, CJ
   Klement, IA
   Helin, K
   Servadio, A
   Zoghbi, HY
   Orr, HT
TI Ataxin-1 with an expanded glutamine tract alters nuclear matrix-associated structures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinocerebellar ataxia; coiled body; type-1; localization; oncoprotein; expression; repeat; cells; gene
AB Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one of several neurodegenerative disorders caused by an expansion of a polyglutamine tract(1,2). It is characterized by ataxia, progressive motor deterioration, and loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells(1). To understand the pathogenesis of SCA1, we examined the subcellular localization of wild-type human ataxin-1 (the protein encoded by the SCA1 gene) and mutant ataxin-1 in the Purkinje cells of transgenic mice(3). We found that ataxin-1 localizes to the nuclei of cerebellar Purkinje cells, Normal ataxin-1 localizes to several nuclear structures similar to 0.5 mu m across, whereas the expanded ataxin-1 localizes to a single similar to 2-mu m structure, before the onset of ataxia. Mutant ataxin-1 localizes to a single nuclear structure in affected neurons of SCA1 patients. Similarly, COS-1 cells transfected with wild-type or mutant ataxin-1 show a similar pattern of nuclear localization; with expanded ataxin-1 occurring in larger structures that are fewer in number than those of normal ataxin-1. Colocalization studies show that mutant ataxin-1 causes a specific redistribution of the nuclear matrix-associated domain containing promyelocytic leukaemia protein(4-7). Nuclear matrix preparations demonstrate that ataxin-1 associates with the nuclear matrix in Purkinje and COS cells. We therefore propose that a critical aspect of SCA1 pathogenesis involves the disruption of a nuclear matrix-associated domain.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT LAB MED & PATHOL, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
   UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT BIOCHEM, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
   UNIV MINNESOTA, INST HUMAN GENET, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, CELL & MOL BIOL PROGRAM, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
FU Telethon [38/B, TGM06S01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 480
Z9 522
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 971
EP 974
DI 10.1038/40153
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900056
PM 9353120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noji, H
   Yasuda, R
   Yoshida, M
   Kinosita, K
AF Noji, H
   Yasuda, R
   Yoshida, M
   Kinosita, K
TI Direct observation of the rotation of F-1-ATPase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; f1-atpase; force; molecule; subunits; motor
AB Cells employ a variety of linear motors, such as myosin(1-3), kinesin(4) and RNA polymerase(5), which move along and exert force on a filamentous structure. But only one rotary motor has been investigated in detail, the bacterial flagellum(6) (a complex of about 100 protein molecules(7)). We now show that a single molecule of F-1-ATPase acts as a rotary motor, the smallest known, by direct observation of its motion. A central rotor of radius similar to 1 nm, formed by its gamma-subunit, turns in a stator barrel of radius similar to 5nm formed by three alpha- and three beta-subunits(8). F-1-ATPase, together with the membrane-embedded proton-conducting unit F-0, forms the H+-ATP synthase that reversibly couples transmembrane proton flow to ATP synthesis/hydrolysis in respiring and photosynthetic cells(9,10). It has been suggested that the gamma-subunit of F-1-ATPase rotates within the alpha beta-hexamer(11), a conjecture supported by structural(8), biochemical(12,13) and spectroscopic(14) studies. We attached a fluorescent actin filament to the gamma-subunit as a marker, which enabled us to observe this motion directly. In the presence of ATP, the filament rotated for more than 100 revolutions in an anticlockwise direction when viewed from the 'membrane' side. The rotary torque produced reached more than 40 pN nm(-1) under high load.
C1 TOKYO INST TECHNOL, RESOURCES UTILIZAT RES LAB, MIDORI KU, YOKOHAMA, KANAGAWA 226, JAPAN.
   KEIO UNIV, FAC SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT PHYS, YOKOHAMA, KANAGAWA 223, JAPAN.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Keio University
NR 24
TC 1973
Z9 2184
U1 12
U2 414
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/386299a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300056
PM 9069291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kennedy, M
   Firpo, M
   Chol, K
   Wall, C
   Robertson, S
   Kabrun, N
   Keller, G
AF Kennedy, M
   Firpo, M
   Chol, K
   Wall, C
   Robertson, S
   Kabrun, N
   Keller, G
TI A common precursor for primitive erythropoiesis and definitive haematopoiesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; yolk-sac; fetal development; progenitor cells; blood-island; mouse; differentiation; mice; binding; embryo
AB The generation of blood cells, haematopoiesis, in the mouse embryo begins with the development of primitive nucleated erythroid cells in the yolk sac followed by the appearance of precursors for multiple definitive haematopoietic lineages(1-4) The later developing lineages arise from multipotential stem cells(5,6), but the relationship of primitive erythroid cells to these other haematopoietic populations is unknown. Using an in vitro embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation system(7), we show that primitive erythrocytes and other haematopoietic lineages arise from a common multipotential precursor that develops within embryoid bodies generated from differentiated ES cells, In response to vascular endothelial growth factor and c-kit Ligand these precursors give rise to colonies containing immature cells (blasts) expressing marker genes characteristic of haematopoietic precursors, Many blast colonies also expressed beta H1 and beta major globins but not Brachyury, a mesodermal marker, Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the blast colony-forming cells represent a transient population, preceding the establishment of the primitive erythroid and other lineage-restricted precursors, This precursor population may represent the earliest stage of embryonic haematopoietic commitment.
C1 NATL JEWISH MED & RES CTR, DENVER, CO 80206 USA.
   UNIV COLORADO, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT IMMUNOL, DENVER, CO 80262 USA.
C3 National Jewish Health; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
NR 30
TC 463
Z9 539
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 488
EP 493
DI 10.1038/386488a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600050
PM 9087406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinberger, B
   OConnell, RJ
AF Steinberger, B
   OConnell, RJ
TI Changes of the Earth's rotation axis owing to advection of mantle density heterogeneities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID true polar wander; anomaly; model
AB Polar wander, the secular motion of the Earth's rotation axis relative to its surface, has been studied for many years. Dynamical arguments(1-3) show that polar wander can arise from the redistribution of mass in a plastic deformable Earth, the rate depending on both the rate of mass redistribution and the rate at which the Earth's rotational bulge can readjust to the changing geoid modelling(4), a mantle flow field consistent with tomographic anomalies(5), and time-dependent lithospheric plate motions(6) to calculate the advection of mantle density heterogeneities and corresponding changes in the degree-two geoid during the Cenozoic era. We show that the rotation axis will follow closely any imposed changes of the axis of maximum non-hydrostatic moment of inertia. The resulting path of the rotation axis agrees well with palaeomagnetic results(7), with the model predicting a current rate of polar motion that explains 40% of that observed geodetically(8).
RP Steinberger, B (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,20 OXFORD ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 155
U1 2
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 169
EP 173
DI 10.1038/387169a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grunstein, M
AF Grunstein, M
TI Histone acetylation in chromatin structure and transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID newly synthesized histones; silent mating loci; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genetic-evidence; n-termini; yeast; deacetylase; h4; drosophila; h3
AB The amino termini of bistones extend from the nucleosomal core and are modified by acetyltransferases and deacetylases during the cell cycle. These acetylation patterns may direct histone assembly and help regulate the unfolding and activity of genes.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, INST MOL BIOL, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Grunstein, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, SCH MED, DEPT BIOL CHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
NR 75
TC 2429
Z9 2895
U1 2
U2 279
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6649
BP 349
EP 352
DI 10.1038/38664
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XX675
UT WOS:A1997XX67500042
PM 9311776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duan, D
   Winter, C
   Cowley, S
   Hume, JR
   Horowitz, B
AF Duan, D
   Winter, C
   Cowley, S
   Hume, JR
   Horowitz, B
TI Molecular identification of a volume-regulated chloride channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resistance p-glycoprotein; cl currents; protein; cells; expression; myocytes; electrophysiology; cloning
AB A volume-regulated chloride current (I-Cl.vol) is ubiquitously present in mammalian cells, and is required for the regulation of electrical activity cell volume, intracellular pH, immunological responses, cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the molecule responsible for I-Cl.vol has yet to be determined(1-3). Although three putative chloride channel proteins expressed from cloned genes (P-glycoprotein(4), pI(Cln), (ref. 5) and ClC-2 (ref. 6)) have been proposed to be the molecular equivalent of I-Cl.vol, neither P-glycoprotein nor pI(Cln), is thought to be a chloride channel or part thereof(7,8), and the properties of expressed ClC-2 channels differ from native I-Cl.vol (refs. 3, 6). Here we report that functional expression in NIH/3T3 cells of a cardiac clone of another member of the CIC family, ClC-3, results in a large basally active chloride conductance, which is strongly modulated by cell volume and exhibits many properties identical to those of I-Cl.vol in native cells(1-3,9-13). A mutation of asparagine to lysine at position 579 at the end of the transmembrane domains of ClC-3 abolishes the outward rectification and changes the anion selectivity from I- > Cl- to Cl- > I- but leaves swelling activation intact. Because ClC-3 is a channel protein belonging to a large gene family of chloride channels(3,14), these results indicate that ClC-3 encodes I-Cl.vol in many native mammalian cells.
C1 UNIV NEVADA,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & PHYSIOL,RENO,NV 89557.
C3 Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
NR 30
TC 411
Z9 473
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 417
EP 421
DI 10.1038/37151
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900068
PM 9389484
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plemper, RK
   Bohmler, S
   Bordallo, J
   Sommer, T
   Wolf, DH
AF Plemper, RK
   Bohmler, S
   Bordallo, J
   Sommer, T
   Wolf, DH
TI Mutant analysis links the translocon and BiP to retrograde protein transport for ER degradation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum membrane; ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; sec61p complex; yeast; homologs; route; kar2; gene
AB Proteins enter the secretory pathway through the endoplasmic reticulum(1), which delivers properly folded proteins to their site of action(2) and contains a quality-control system to monitor and prevent abnormal proteins from being delivered(3), Many of these proteins are degraded by the cytoplasmic proteasome(4-8), which requires their retrograde transport to the cytoplasm(5,6). Based on a co-immunoprecipitation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy-chain breakdown intermediates with the translocon subunit Sec61p (refs 9, 10), it was speculated that Sec61p maybe involved in retrograde transport(11), Here we present functional evidence from genetic studies that Sec61p mediates retrograde transport of a mutated lumenal yeast carboxypeptidase ycsY (CPY*) in vivo. The endoplasmic reticulum lumenal chaperone BiP (Kar2p) and Sec63p, which are also subunits of the import machinery(10,12), are involved in export of CPY* to the cytosol, Thus our results demonstrate that retrograde transport of proteins is mediated by a functional translocon. We consider the export of endoplasmic reticulum-localized proteins to the cytosol by the translocon for proteasome degradation to be a general process in eukaryotic cell biology.
C1 UNIV STUTTGART,INST BIOCHEM,D-70569 STUTTGART,GERMANY.
   MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOL MED,D-13122 BERLIN,GERMANY.
C3 University of Stuttgart; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
NR 29
TC 467
Z9 537
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 891
EP 895
DI 10.1038/42276
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400053
PM 9278052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hardingham, GE
   Chawla, S
   Johnson, CM
   Bading, H
AF Hardingham, GE
   Chawla, S
   Johnson, CM
   Bading, H
TI Distinct functions of nuclear and cytoplasmic calcium in the control of gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-fos; hippocampal-neurons; nervous-system; activation; kinase; serum; transcription; stimulation; sequences; pathways
AB Calcium entry into neuronal cells through voltage or ligand-gated ion channels triggers neuronal affinity-dependent gene expression critical for adaptive changes in the nervous system(1-5). Cytoplasmic calcium transients are often accompanied by an increase in the concentration of nuclear calcium(6-9), but the functional significance of such spatially distinct calcium signals is unknown. Here we show that gene expression is differentially controlled by nuclear and cytoplasmic calcium signals which enable a single second messenger to generate diverse transcriptional responses, We used nuclear microinjection of a nondiffusible calcium chelator to block increases in nuclear, but not cytoplasmic, calcium concentrations following activation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, We showed that increases in nuclear calcium concentration control calcium-activated gene expression mediated by the cyclic-AMP-response element (CRE), and demonstrated that the CRE-binding protein CREB can function as a nuclear calcium-responsive transcription factor. A second signalling pathway, activating transcription through the serum-response element (SRE), is triggered by a rise in cytoplasmic calcium and does not require an increase in nuclear calcium.
C1 MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 27
TC 641
Z9 735
U1 1
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 260
EP 265
DI 10.1038/385260a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100050
PM 9000075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Losos, JB
   Warheit, KI
   Schoener, TW
AF Losos, JB
   Warheit, KI
   Schoener, TW
TI Adaptive differentiation following experimental island colonization in Anolis lizards
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID populations; evolution; size; speciation; diversity; sparrow; time; bone
AB If colonizing populations are displaced into an environment that is often very different from that of their source(1), they are particularly likely to diverge evolutionarily, the more so because they are usually small and thus likely to change by genetic restructuring or drift(2,3). Despite its fundamental importance, the consequence of colonization for traits of founding populations have primarily been surmised from static present-day distributions(1,2,4,5), laboratory experiments(6) and the out-comes of haphazard human introductions(7-9), rather than from replicated field experiments. Here we report long-term results of just such an experimental study. Populations of the lizard Anolis sagrei introduced onto small islands from a nearby source, differentiated from each other rapidly over a 10-14-year period. The more different the recipient island's vegetation from that of the source the greater the magnitude of differentiation. Further, the direction of differentiation followed an expectation based on the evolutionary diversification of insular Anolis over its entire geographic range, In addition to providing a glimpse of adaptive dynamics in one of the most extensive generic radiations on earth, the results lend support to the general argument that environment determines the evolution of morphology.
C1 DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE,OLYMPIA,WA 98501.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,BURKE MUSEUM,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SECT EVOLUT & ECOL,DAVIS,CA 95616.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DIV ENVIRONM STUDIES,DAVIS,CA 95616.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Losos, JB (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT BIOL,CAMPUS BOX 1137,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA.
NR 30
TC 407
Z9 489
U1 1
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/387070a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luu, J
AF Luu, J
TI Solar system - Twice in a blue moon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neptune
RP Luu, J (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,60 GARDEN ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 10
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 441
EP 443
DI 10.1038/37225
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chuang, PY
   Charlson, RJ
   Seinfeld, JH
AF Chuang, PY
   Charlson, RJ
   Seinfeld, JH
TI Kinetic limitations on droplet formation in clouds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID condensation-nuclei; aerosols; sulfate; growth
AB The 'indirect' radiative cooling of climate due to the role of anthropogenic aerosols in cloud droplet formation processes (which affect cloud albedo) is potentially large, up to -1.5 W m(-2) (ref. 1). It is important to be able to determine the number concentration of cloud droplets to within a few per cent, as radiative forcing as a result of clouds is very sensitive to changes in this quantity(2), but empirical approaches are problematic(3-5). The initial growth of a subset of particles known as cloud condensation nuclei and their subsequent 'activation' to form droplets are generally calculated with the assumption that cloud droplet activation occurs as an equilibrium process described by classical Kahler theory(6,7). Here we show that this assumption can be invalid under certain realistic conditions. We conclude that the poor empirical correlation between cloud droplet and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations is partly a result of kinetically limited growth before droplet activation occurs. Ignoring these considerations in calculations of total cloud radiative forcing based on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations could lead to errors that are of the same order of magnitude as the total anthropogenic greenhouse-gas radiative forcing(1).
C1 CALTECH, DIV ENGN & APPL SCI, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, DEPT CHEM ENGN, MC 210 41, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, DEPT ENVIRONM ENGN SCI, MC 210 41, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
   UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
   UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT CHEM, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 19
TC 148
Z9 174
U1 2
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 594
EP 596
DI 10.1038/37576
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scott, BA
   Kirtley, JR
   Walker, D
   Chen, BH
   Wang, YH
AF Scott, BA
   Kirtley, JR
   Walker, D
   Chen, BH
   Wang, YH
TI Application of scanning SQUID petrology to high-pressure materials science
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cu-o system; superconductivity; sr2cuo3+delta; microscope; neutron; series
AB High-pressure synthesis is increasingly being used in the search for new materials. This is particularly the case for superconductors(1), but the synthesis products are difficult analyse because they are small in size (similar to 50 mg) and often consist of a mixture of unknolvn phases exhibiting a low superconducting volume fraction, X-ray or electron diffraction cannot identify a superconductor unambiguously if it is a minority constituent. Here we report a methodology-'scanning SQUID petrology'-that combines the use of a scanning SQUID microscope(2) with petrological techniques to image and identify low concentrations of superconducting phases in complex phase assemblages. We demonstrate the power of this methodology by investigating the poorly understood origin of superconductivity in the high-pressure Sr-Cu-O system(1). A Sr2CuO3 + KClO3 diffusion couple(3) processed at 60 kbar and 950 degrees C yielded the superconductor Sr3Cu2O5Cl at the similar to 3% level adjacent to the oxidizer. In addition to the unexpected participation of chlorine from an ostensibly 'inert' oxidizer that is commonly used in high-pressure synthesis work, the sample was highly zoned owing to limited oxygen diffusion kinetics, and contained non-superconducting Sr2CuO3.2. These contamination and diffusion problems probably affected all previous high-pressure copper oxide diffusion-couple experiments. Scanning SQUID petrology has general applicability to heterogeneous samples and is capable of detecting magnetic or superconducting phases at concentrations of less than 1 p.p.m.
C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Scott, BA (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 33
TC 23
Z9 23
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/38249
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, RD
   Sherman, D
   Ho, WH
   Stone, D
   Bennett, GL
   Moffat, B
   Vandlen, R
   Simmons, L
   Gu, QM
   Hongo, JA
   Devaux, B
   Poulsen, K
   Armanini, M
   Nozaki, C
   Asai, N
   Goddard, A
   Phillips, H
   Henderson, CE
   Takahashi, M
   Rosenthal, A
AF Klein, RD
   Sherman, D
   Ho, WH
   Stone, D
   Bennett, GL
   Moffat, B
   Vandlen, R
   Simmons, L
   Gu, QM
   Hongo, JA
   Devaux, B
   Poulsen, K
   Armanini, M
   Nozaki, C
   Asai, N
   Goddard, A
   Phillips, H
   Henderson, CE
   Takahashi, M
   Rosenthal, A
TI A GPI-linked protein that interacts with Ret to form a candidate neurturin receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotrophic factor; transforming gene; survival factor; gdnf; activation; neurons; cells; protooncogene; neuroblastoma; expression
AB Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are two structurally related, potent survival factors for sympathetic, sensory and central nervous system neurons(1-6). GDNF mediates its actions through a multicomponent receptor system composed of a ligand-binding glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein (designated GDNFR-alpha) and the trans-membrane protein tyrosine kinase Ret(7-12). In contrast, the mechanism by which the NTN signal is transmitted is not well understood. Here we describe the identification and tissue distribution of a GPI-linked protein (designated NTNR-alpha) that is structurally related to GDNFR-alpha. We further demonstrate that NTNR-alpha binds NTN (K-d-10 pM) but not GDNF with high affinity; that GDNFR-alpha binds to GDNF but not NTN with high affinity; and that cellular responses to NTN require the presence of NTNR-alpha. Finally, we show that NTN, in the presence of NTNR-alpha, induces tyrosine-phosphorylation of Ret, and that NTN, NTNR-alpha and Ret form a physical complex on the cell surface. These findings identify Ret and NTNR-alpha as signalling and ligand-binding components, respectively, of a receptor for NTN and define a novel family of receptors for neurotrophic and differentiation factors composed of a shared transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase and a ligand-specific GPI-linked protein.
C1 GENENTECH INC,DEPT NEUROSCI,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT BIOANALYT TECHNOL,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT PROT BIOCHEM,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT MOL BIOL,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT ANTIBODY TECHNOL,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   NAGOYA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,SHOWA KU,NAGOYA,AICHI 466,JAPAN.
   DEV BIOL INST MARSEILLE,INSERM,U382,F-13288 MARSEILLE 09,FRANCE.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Nagoya University; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
NR 28
TC 342
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 717
EP 721
DI 10.1038/42722
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900057
PM 9192898
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montague, CT
   Farooqi, IS
   Whitehead, JP
   Soos, MA
   Rau, H
   Wareham, NJ
   Sewter, CP
   Digby, JE
   Mohammed, SN
   Hurst, JA
   Cheetham, CH
   Earley, AR
   Barnett, AH
   Prins, JB
   ORahilly, S
AF Montague, CT
   Farooqi, IS
   Whitehead, JP
   Soos, MA
   Rau, H
   Wareham, NJ
   Sewter, CP
   Digby, JE
   Mohammed, SN
   Hurst, JA
   Cheetham, CH
   Earley, AR
   Barnett, AH
   Prins, JB
   ORahilly, S
TI Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; gene-product; ob rna; mice; protein
AB The extreme obesity of the obese (ob/ob) mouse is attributable to mutations in the gene encoding leptin(1), an adipocyte-specific secreted protein which has profound effects on appetite and energy expenditure. We know of no equivalent evidence regarding leptin's role in the control of fat mass in humans. We have examined two severely obese children who are members of the same highly consanguineous pedigree. Their serum leptin levels were very low despite their markedly elevated fat mass and, in both, a homozygous frame-shift mutation involving the deletion of a single guanine nucleotide in codon 133 of the gene for leptin was found. The severe obesity found in these congenitally leptin-deficient subjects provides the first genetic evidence that leptin is an important regulator of energy balance in humans.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,ADDENBROOKES HOSP,DEPT MED,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QR,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,ADDENBROOKES HOSP,DEPT CLIN BIOCHEM,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QR,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,ADDENBROOKES HOSP,DEPT COMMUNITY MED,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QR,ENGLAND.
   GUYS HOSP,S THAMES REG GENET CTR E,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
   CHURCHILL HOSP,OXFORD REG GENET SERV,OXFORD OX3 7LJ,ENGLAND.
   WYCOMBE GEN HOSP,HIGH WYCOMBE B9 5SS,BUCKS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BIRMINGHAM,DEPT MED,BIRMINGHAM B9 5SS,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
   BIRMINGHAM HEARTLANDS HOSP,BIRMINGHAM B9 5SS,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; University of Oxford; University of Birmingham; Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust; Heartlands Hospital; University of Birmingham
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 2292
Z9 2608
U1 0
U2 160
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 903
EP 908
DI 10.1038/43185
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600052
PM 9202122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masood, E
AF Masood, E
TI Off-track careers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6631
BP 436
EP 436
DI 10.1038/387436a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XA496
UT WOS:A1997XA49600070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morgan, J
   Warner, M
   Brittan, J
   Buffler, R
   Camargo, A
   Christeson, G
   Denton, P
   Hildebrand, A
   Hobbs, R
   Macintyre, H
   Mackenzie, G
   Maguire, P
   Marin, L
   Nakamura, Y
   Pilkington, M
   Sharpton, V
   Snyder, D
   Suarez, G
   Trejo, A
AF Morgan, J
   Warner, M
   Brittan, J
   Buffler, R
   Camargo, A
   Christeson, G
   Denton, P
   Hildebrand, A
   Hobbs, R
   Macintyre, H
   Mackenzie, G
   Maguire, P
   Marin, L
   Nakamura, Y
   Pilkington, M
   Sharpton, V
   Snyder, D
   Suarez, G
   Trejo, A
TI Size and morphology of the Chicxulub impact crater
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cretaceous-tertiary boundary; yucatan; gravity; mexico; extinction; basin; model; water
AB The Chicxulub impact in Mexico has been linked to the mass extinction of species at the end of the Cretaceous period. From seismic data collected across the offshore portion of the Impact crater, the diameter of the transient cavity is determined to be about 100 km. This parameter is critical for constraining impact-related effects on the Cretaceous environment, with previous estimates of the cavity diameter spanning an order of magnitude in impact energy. The offshore seismic data indicate that the Chicxulub crater has a multi-ring basin morphology, similar to large Impact structures observed on other planets, such as Venus.
C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT GEOL,LONDON SW7 2BP,ENGLAND.
   UNIV TEXAS,INST GEOPHYS,AUSTIN,TX 78759.
   PETR MEXICANOS,VILLAHERMOSA 86030,MEXICO.
   UNIV LEICESTER,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,LEICS,ENGLAND.
   GEOL SURVEY CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0Y3,CANADA.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,BULLARD LABS,BIRPS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EZ,ENGLAND.
   UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO,MEXICO CITY 04510,DF,MEXICO.
   LUNAR & PLANETARY INST,HOUSTON,TX 77058.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; PEMEX; University of Leicester; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; University of Cambridge; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
NR 27
TC 245
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 472
EP 476
DI 10.1038/37291
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harris, J
   Hutchison, MT
   Hursthouse, M
   Light, M
   Harte, B
AF Harris, J
   Hutchison, MT
   Hursthouse, M
   Light, M
   Harte, B
TI A new tetragonal silicate mineral occurring as inclusions in lower-mantle diamonds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-relations; pressure
AB Aluminium is one of a small group of elements-Si, Mg, Fe, Al, Ca and O-that form the bulk of the Earth's mantle. In the upper mantle, Al is largely contained in minerals with a garnet structure. But the mineral transformations associated with the breakdown of garnet structures in the uppermost lower mantle have been a matter of uncertainty(1-9). Here we report the discovery of a new aluminous mineral, present as inclusions in diamonds of lower-mantle origin found at Sao Luiz, Brazil(10). This phase has a stoichiometric garnet composition similar to pyrope-almandine but has a distinct tetragonal structure (space group I (4) over bar 2d), and is here referred to by the acronym TAPP (tetragonal almandine-pyrope phase). Although TAPP has not been recognized in experimental studies, we suggest that it is nevertheless a primary rather than retrogressive phase and has a limited stability held in relatively aluminous bulk compositions in the uppermost lower mantle. TAPP, like garnet, would lead to relatively low densities for basic rocks compared with peridotites (assumed to be the dominant mantle rocks), and we suggest therefore that it may play an important role in determining density differences and the dynamics of segregation between ultrabasic and basic compositions in the mantle(7,11,12).
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV GLASGOW,DEPT GEOL & APPL GEOL,GLASGOW G12 8QQ,LANARK,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,DEPT CHEM,CARDIFF CF1 3TB,S GLAM,WALES.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Glasgow; Cardiff University
NR 25
TC 73
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 486
EP 488
DI 10.1038/387486a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leirs, H
   Stenseth, NC
   Nichols, JD
   Hines, JE
   Verhagen, R
   Verheyen, W
AF Leirs, H
   Stenseth, NC
   Nichols, JD
   Hines, JE
   Verhagen, R
   Verheyen, W
TI Stochastic seasonality and nonlinear density-dependent factors regulate population size in an African rodent
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capture-recapture; tanzania; survival; cycles; models; rats
AB Ecology has long been troubled by the controversy over how populations are regulated(1,2). Some ecologists focus on the role of environmental effects, whereas others argue that density-dependent feedback mechanisms are central(3-6). The relative importance of both processes is still hotly debated, but clear examples of both processes acting in the same population are rare(7,8). Key-factor analysis (regression of population changes on possible causal factors) and time-series analysis are often used to investigate the presence of density dependence, but such approaches may be biased and provide no information on actual demographic rates(9,10). Here we report on both density-dependent and density-independent effects in a murid rodent pest species, the multimammute rat Mastomys natalensis (Smith, 1834), using statistical capture-recapture models, Both effects occur simultaneously, but we also demonstrate that they do not affect all demographic rates in the same way. We have incorporated the obtained estimates of demographic rates in a population dynamics model and show that the observed dynamics are affected by stabilizing nonlinear density-dependent components coupled with strong deterministic and stochastic seasonal components.
C1 UNIV OSLO, DEPT BIOL, DIV ZOOL, N-0316 OSLO, NORWAY.
   NATL BIOL SERV, PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR, LAUREL, MD 20708 USA.
   UNIV ANTWERP, RIJKSUNIV CTR ANTWERP, DEPT BIOL, B-2020 ANTWERP, BELGIUM.
C3 University of Oslo; University of Antwerp
RP Leirs, H (corresponding author), DANISH PEST INFESTAT LAB, SKOVBRYNET 14, DK-2800 LYNGBY, DENMARK.
NR 30
TC 259
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6647
BP 176
EP 180
DI 10.1038/38271
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XV757
UT WOS:A1997XV75700047
PM 9296494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, RS
   Kim, HJ
   Fischer, JE
   Thess, A
   Smalley, RE
AF Lee, RS
   Kim, HJ
   Fischer, JE
   Thess, A
   Smalley, RE
TI Conductivity enhancement in single-walled carbon nanotube bundles doped with K and Br
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fullerene
AB Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), prepared by metal-catalysed laser ablation of graphite, form close-packed bundles or 'ropes'(1). These rope crystallites exhibit metallic behaviour above 50 K (ref. 2), and individual tubes behave as molecular wires, exhibiting quantum effects at low temperatures(3,4). They offer an ah-carbon host lattice that, by analogy with graphite(5) and solid C-60 (ref. 6), might form intercalation compounds with interesting electronic properties, such as enhanced electrical conductivity and superconductivity. Multi-walled nanotube materials have been doped with alkali metals(7) and FeCl3 (ref. 8). Here we report the doping of bulk samples of SWNTs by vapour-phase reactions with bromine and potassium-a prototypical electron acceptor and donor respectively Doping decreases the resistivity at 300 K by up to a factor of 30, and enlarges the region where the temperature coefficient of resistance is positive (the signature of metallic behaviour). These results suggest that doped SWNTs represent a new family of synthetic metals.
C1 UNIV PENN,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   UNIV PENN,RES STRUCT MATTER LAB,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   RICE UNIV,RICE QUANTUM INST,CTR NANOSCALE SCI & TECHNOL,HOUSTON,TX 77251.
   RICE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,HOUSTON,TX 77251.
   RICE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,HOUSTON,TX 77251.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Rice University; Rice University; Rice University
NR 16
TC 843
Z9 933
U1 1
U2 242
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 255
EP 257
DI 10.1038/40822
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conway, JF
   Cheng, N
   Zlotnick, A
   Wingfield, PT
   Stahl, SJ
   Steven, AC
AF Conway, JF
   Cheng, N
   Zlotnick, A
   Wingfield, PT
   Stahl, SJ
   Steven, AC
TI Visualization of a 4-helix bundle in the hepatitis B virus capsid by cryo-electron microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional structure; angstrom resolution; crystal-structure; alpha-helices; core antigen; protein
AB Despite the development of vaccines, the hepatitis B virus remains a major cause of human liver disease(1). The virion consists of a lipoprotein envelope surrounding an icosahedral capsid composed of dimers of a 183-residue protein, 'core antigen' (HBcAg)(2). Knowledge of its structure is important for the design of antiviral drugs, but it has yet to be determined. Residues 150-183 are known to form a protamine-like domain required for packaging RNA, and residues 1-149 form the 'assembly domain' that polymerizes into capsids(2) and, unusually for a capsid protein, is highly alpha-helical(3). Density maps calculated from cryo-electron micrographs(4-6) show that the assembly domain dimer is T-shaped: its stem constitutes the dimer interface and the tips of its arms make the polymerization contacts. By refining the procedures used to calculate the map, we have extended the resolution to 9 Angstrom, revealing major elements of secondary structure. In particular, the stem, which protrudes as a spike on the capsid's outer surface, is a 4-helix bundle, formed by the pairing of alpha-helical hairpins from both subunits.
C1 NIAMSD,STRUCT BIOL LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NIAMSD,PROT EXPRESS LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases (NIAMS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
NR 30
TC 398
Z9 458
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/386091a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600058
PM 9052787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brune, JN
   Ellis, MA
AF Brune, JN
   Ellis, MA
TI Structural features in a brittle-ductile wax model of continental extension
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angle normal faults; range province; basin; origin; nevada; reflection; stress
AB Structural features produced during the rifting of continents depend on the layered rheological properties of the crust and lithosphere and, in particular, on the presence of any transitions between brittle and ductile behaviour(1). Here we use a wax model to explore the gross structural response of continental lithosphere under pure shear extension in the presence of a continuous brittle-ductile transition. The wax models were deformed under various boundary conditions to reflect a variety of different regions, most notably the Basin and Range province of North America. Our experiments show the development of listric normal faults, structures common to regions of continental extension. We also observe the formation of distributed and discrete rifting, and intrusion and occlusion of the upper brittle layer by the ductile lower layer. The factor controlling deformation style in each case appears to be the relative thickness of the brittle and ductile layers, although a relatively high rate of strain generally promotes discrete rifting.
C1 MEMPHIS STATE UNIV, CTR EARTHQUAKE RES & INFORMAT, MEMPHIS, TN 38152 USA.
   UNIV NEVADA, SEISMOL LAB, RENO, NV 89557 USA.
C3 University of Memphis; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
NR 32
TC 26
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/387067a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rex, M
   Harris, NRP
   von der Gathen, P
   Lehmann, R
   Braathen, GO
   Reimer, E
   Beck, A
   Chipperfield, MP
   Alfier, R
   Allaart, M
   OConnor, F
   Dier, H
   Dorokhov, V
   Fast, H
   Gil, M
   Kyro, E
   Litynska, Z
   Mikkelsen, IS
   Molyneux, MG
   Nakane, H
   Notholt, J
   Rummukainen, M
   Viatte, P
   Wenger, J
AF Rex, M
   Harris, NRP
   von der Gathen, P
   Lehmann, R
   Braathen, GO
   Reimer, E
   Beck, A
   Chipperfield, MP
   Alfier, R
   Allaart, M
   OConnor, F
   Dier, H
   Dorokhov, V
   Fast, H
   Gil, M
   Kyro, E
   Litynska, Z
   Mikkelsen, IS
   Molyneux, MG
   Nakane, H
   Notholt, J
   Rummukainen, M
   Viatte, P
   Wenger, J
TI Prolonged stratospheric ozone loss in the 1995-96 Arctic winter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polar vortex conditions; chemical depletion; chlorine chemistry; hno3
AB It is well established that extensive depletion of ozone, initiated by heterogenous reactions on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) can occur in both the Arctic and Antarctic lower stratosphere(1-9). Moreover, it has been shown that ozone loss rates in the Arctic region in recent years reached values comparable to those over the Antarctic(8,9). But until now the accumulated ozone losses over the Arctic have been the smaller, mainly because the period of Arctic ozone loss has not-unlike over the Antarctic-persisted well into springtime(8-10). Here we report the occurrence-during the unusually cold 1995-96 Arctic winter-of the highest recorded chemical ozone loss over the Arctic region. Two new kinds of behaviour were observed. First, ozone loss at some altitudes was observed long after the last exposure to PSCs. This continued loss appears to be due to a removal of the nitrogen species that slow down chemical ozone depletion. Second, in another altitude range ozone loss rates decreased while PSCs were still present, apparently because of an early transformation of the ozone-destroying chlorine species into less active chlorinenitrate. The balance between these two counteracting mechanisms is probably a fine one, determined by small differences in wintertime stratospheric temperatures. If the apparent cooling trend in the Arctic stratosphere(11) is real, more dramatic ozone losses may occur in the future.
C1 EUROPEAN OZONE RES COORDINATING UNIT, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1HE, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT CHEM, CTR ATMOSPHER SCI, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EW, ENGLAND.
   NILU, N-2007 KJELLER, NORWAY.
   FREE UNIV BERLIN, INST METEOROL, D-12165 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROL INST, SECT CLIMATE SCENARIOS & OZONE, NL-3730 AE DE BILT, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV WALES, DEPT PHYS, ABERYSTWYTH SY23 3BZ, DYFED, WALES.
   METEOROL OBSERV LINDENBERG, D-15864 LINDENBERG, GERMANY.
   CENT AEROL OBSERV, DOLGOPRUDNYI 141700, MOSCOW REGION, RUSSIA.
   ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV, N YORK, ON M3H 5T4, CANADA.
   INST NACL TECN AEROESPACIAL, MADRID 28850, SPAIN.
   FINNISH METEOROL INST, ILMALA, FIN-99600 SODANKYLA, FINLAND.
   CTR AEROL, INST METEOROL & WATER MANAGEMENT, PL-95119 LEGIONOWO, POLAND.
   DANISH METEOROL INST, DK-2100 COPENHAGEN O, DENMARK.
   METEOROL OFF, BRACKNELL RG12 2SZ, BERKS, ENGLAND.
   NATL INST ENVIRONM STUDIES, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
   SWISS METEOROL INST, STN AEROL PAYERNE, CH-1530 PAYERNE, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV COLL DUBLIN, DEPT CHEM, BELFIELD 4, DUBLIN, IRELAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; NILU; Free University of Berlin; Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute; Aberystwyth University; Deutscher Wetterdienst; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Meteorological Service of Canada; Finnish Meteorological Institute; Institute of Meteorology & Water Management; Danish Meteorological Institute DMI; Met Office - UK; National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan; Federal Office of Meteorology & Climatology (MeteoSwiss); University College Dublin
RP Rex, M (corresponding author), ALFRED WEGENER INST POLAR & MARINE RES, POB 600149, D-14401 POTSDAM, GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 183
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 835
EP 838
DI 10.1038/39849
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bradley, JC
   Chen, HM
   Crawford, J
   Eckert, J
   Ernazarova, K
   Kurzeja, T
   Lin, MD
   McGee, M
   Nadler, W
   Stephens, SG
AF Bradley, JC
   Chen, HM
   Crawford, J
   Eckert, J
   Ernazarova, K
   Kurzeja, T
   Lin, MD
   McGee, M
   Nadler, W
   Stephens, SG
TI Creating electrical contacts between metal particles using directed electrochemical growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecule-based devices; bed electrode; charge-transfer; packed-bed; deposition; diffusion; connections; transistors; dispersions; convection
AB Electrical connections in microelectronics are usually established by means of photolithography to define the conducting channels, But methods that do not involve lithography have been explored, such as the use of electrodeposition(1) or electropolymerization(2-6) to grow random structures of conducting-material between two electrodes. This approach has been used to make diodes, transistors and signal amplifiers based on conducting polymers(2,3). Template-based(7-12) and thermal plating(13) strategies have also been used to direct the growth of electrically conducting: media, One advantage of these approaches over photolithography is the possibility of forming contacts in three dimensions and so achieving enhanced data-processing densities. Previous electrochemical approaches have required that the electrodes to be connected are physically linked to the external voltage source. Here we show that electrodissolution and electrodeposition processes in an applied electric field can be exploited to create directional growth of copper deposits between copper particles that are not connected to an external circuit. Moreover, the particles distort the electric field in such a way as to focus the diffusion of copper ions and consequently the direction of 'wire' growth, enabling the particles to be connected to one another in a directional and controllable manner. This suggests that appropriately directed electric fields may be used to connect an array df such particles into an arbitrary circuit pattern.
RP Bradley, JC (corresponding author), DREXEL UNIV, DEPT CHEM, 32ND & CHESTNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
NR 42
TC 167
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 268
EP 271
DI 10.1038/38464
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Francois, R
   Altabet, MA
   Yu, EF
   Sigman, DM
   Bacon, MP
   Frank, M
   Bohrmann, G
   Bareille, G
   Labeyrie, LD
AF Francois, R
   Altabet, MA
   Yu, EF
   Sigman, DM
   Bacon, MP
   Frank, M
   Bohrmann, G
   Bareille, G
   Labeyrie, LD
TI Contribution of Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the last glacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; productivity; reconstruction; circulation; sediments; maximum; cd/ca; sea
AB The nitrogen-isotope record preserved in Southern Ocean sediments, along with several geochemical tracers for the settling fluxes of biogenic matter, reveals patterns of past nutrient supply to phytoplankton and surface-water stratification in this oceanic region. Areal averaging of these spatial patterns indicates that reduction of the CO2 'leak' from ocean to atmosphere by increased surface-water stratification south of the Polar Front made a greater contribution to the lowering of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the Last Glacial Maximum than did the increased export of organic carbon from surface to deep waters occurring further north.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
   SE MASSACHUSETTS UNIV, DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM, N DARTMOUTH, MA 02747 USA.
   SE MASSACHUSETTS UNIV, CTR MARINE SCI & TECHNOL, N DARTMOUTH, MA 02747 USA.
   NATL TAIWAN NORMAL UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, TAIPEI 117, TAIWAN.
   UNIV OXFORD, DEPT EARTH SCI, OXFORD OX1 3PR, ENGLAND.
   GEOMAR RES CTR MARINE GEOSCI, D-24148 KIEL, GERMANY.
   UNIV BORDEAUX 1, DEPT GEOL & OCEANOG, F-33405 TALENCE, FRANCE.
   CEA, CNRS, LAB MIXTE, CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT, F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; National Taiwan Normal University; University of Oxford; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Universite de Bordeaux; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Francois, R (corresponding author), WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT MARINE CHEM & GEOCHEM, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
NR 49
TC 502
Z9 554
U1 2
U2 103
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 929
EP 935
DI 10.1038/40073
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, Y
   Lloyd, C
   Zhou, H
   Dolich, S
   Deeds, J
   Gonzalo, JA
   Vath, J
   Gosselin, M
   Ma, JY
   Dussault, B
   Woolf, E
   Alperin, G
   Culpepper, J
   GutierrezRamos, JC
   Gearing, D
AF Pan, Y
   Lloyd, C
   Zhou, H
   Dolich, S
   Deeds, J
   Gonzalo, JA
   Vath, J
   Gosselin, M
   Ma, JY
   Dussault, B
   Woolf, E
   Alperin, G
   Culpepper, J
   GutierrezRamos, JC
   Gearing, D
TI Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-cloning; receptor-binding; cc-chemokines; growth-factor; interleukin-8; cleavage; cell; transmembrane; lymphotactin; leukocytes
AB Chemokines are small secreted proteins that stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes and mediate inflammation(1-4). During screening of a murine choroid plexus complementary DNA library, we identified a new chemokine, designated neurotactin. Unlike other chemokines, neurotactin has a unique cysteine pattern, Cys-X-X-X-Cys, and is predicted to be a type 1 membrane protein. Full-length recombinant neurotactin is localized on the surface of transfected 293 cells. Recombinant neurotactin containing the chemokine domain is chemotactic for neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo. Neurotactin messenger RNA is predominantly expressed in normal murine brain and its protein expression in activated brain microglia is upregulated in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, as well as in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide. Distinct from all other chemokine genes, the neurotactin gene is localized to human chromosome 16q. Consequently we propose that neurotactin represents a new delta-chemokine family and that it may play a role in brain inflammation processes.
RP Pan, Y (corresponding author), MILLENNIUM PHARMACEUT INC,640 MEM DR,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
FU Wellcome Trust [087618] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 566
Z9 617
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 611
EP 617
DI 10.1038/42491
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200058
PM 9177350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barger, SW
   Harmon, AD
AF Barger, SW
   Harmon, AD
TI Microglial activation by Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein and modulation by apolipoprotein E
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebrospinal-fluid; senile plaques; head-injury; disease; immunoreactivity; expression; domain; cells; onset; brain
AB A role for beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in the development of Alzheimer's disease has been indicated by genetics', and many conditions in which beta-APP is raised have been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease or an Alzheimer's-like pathology(2-4). Inflammatory events may also contribute to Alzheimer's disease(5), Here we investigate whether a secreted derivative of beta-APP (sAPP-alpha) can induce inflammatory reactions in microglia, which are brain cells of monocytic lineage. We found that treatment with sAPP-alpha increased markers of activation in microglia and enhanced their production of neurotoxins. The ability of sAPP-alpha to activate microglia was blocked by prior incubation of the protein with apolipoprotein E3 but not apolipoprotein E4, a variant associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's(6). A product of amyloidogenic beta-APP processing (sAPP-beta) also activated microglia. Because sAPP-beta is deficient in the neuroprotective activity shown by sAPP-alpha, our results indicate that increased amyloidogenic processing could adversely affect the balance of sAPP activities that determine neuronal viability.
C1 UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI,DEPT ANAT CELL BIOL & NEUROBIOL,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205.
   JOHN L MCCLELLAN MEM VET ADM MED CTR,CTR GERIATR RES EDUC & CLIN,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205.
C3 University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Medical Sciences; Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center
RP Barger, SW (corresponding author), UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI,DONALD W REYNOLDS DEPT GERIATR,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205, USA.
NR 29
TC 557
Z9 643
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 878
EP 881
DI 10.1038/42257
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400050
PM 9278049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Terfort, A
   Bowden, N
   Whitesides, GM
AF Terfort, A
   Bowden, N
   Whitesides, GM
TI Three-dimensional self-assembly of millimetre-scale components
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gold; monolayers
AB The spontaneous association of molecules, termed molecular self-assembly, is a successful strategy for the generation of large, structured molecular aggregates(1). The most important source of inspiration for this strategy is the biological world, in which many processes involve interfacial interactions and shape selectivity that guide the formation of complex, multicomponent three-dimensional structures. The success of molecular self-assembly notwithstanding, many objectives in science and technology require the assembly of components that are much larger than molecules: examples include microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems, sensors and microanalytical and microsynthetic devices(2). Photolithography, the principal technique used to make such microstructures, has certain limitations: it cannot easily form non-planar or three-dimensional structures; it generates structures that are metastable; and it can be used only for a Limited set of materials(3), Here we describe an approach for the self-assembly of millimetre-scale components that uses two concepts to direct the assembly process: shape recognition and the minimization of liquid-liquid interfacial free energies(4). These play a role in other spontaneous self-assembly phenomena, such as the formation of bubble rafts(5,6), the patterned dewetting of surfaces(7,8), and the coalescence of liquid drops(9). We apply self-assembled monolayer molecular films(10) to the surfaces of shaped macroscopic objects to render them hydrophilic or hydrophobic, depending on the terminal groups of the bound molecules. In aqueous solution, hydrophobic surfaces bearing a thin film of a hydrophobic, lubricating liquid adhere to similar surfaces with complementary shapes, while being able to adjust their relative alignment to ensure a good fit. In this way, the components assemble into well defined aggregates, which can be bound permanently when the hydrophobic liquid films consist of a polymerizable adhesive.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, DEPT CHEM & CHEM BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
NR 10
TC 241
Z9 281
U1 1
U2 104
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6621
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/386162a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WM973
UT WOS:A1997WM97300058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Newton, P
AF Newton, P
TI Palaeoclimatology - Climate's carbonate cypher
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 445
EP 445
DI 10.1038/37233
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edwards, B
   Ashcroft, NW
AF Edwards, B
   Ashcroft, NW
TI Spontaneous polarization in dense hydrogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID megabar pressures; solid hydrogen; molecular-hydrogen; phase-transition
AB More than six decades have passed since Wigner and Huntington(1) proposed that hydrogen might form a solid metallic phase at high density with characteristics similar to the alkali metals, This possibility has been investigated using the diamond-anvil cell to compress the crystalline state of molecular hydrogen(2), but there is still no definitive evidence for a dense, low-temperature metallic state, Below 140 K, solid hydrogen undergoes a transition at about 1.5 million atmospheres between two orientationally ordered states, The intermolecular vibrational mode (the vibron) shifts to a lower frequency at this transition(3,4), and becomes strongly infrared-active(5). So far as is known, hydrogen remains in this phase to the highest pressures yet reached. Here we report first-principles calculations of the structure of this phase using electronic density-functional theory. We find that it develops a spontaneous polarization at around ninefold compression relative to the volume at 1 atmosphere and that there is a corresponding movement of proton pairs away from their ideal lattice sites. Such behaviour can explain why the vibron becomes infrared-active, ie, and rationalizes the direction and mass-dependence (in experiments on deuterium) of the shift of the vibron frequency. In the polarized state, the previously decreasing bandgap widens again, and so its appearance might delay the transition to the elusive metallic state.
C1 CORNELL UNIV,ATOM & SOLID STATE PHYS LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 Cornell University
NR 21
TC 61
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 652
EP 655
DI 10.1038/41727
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicholls, N
AF Nicholls, N
TI Increased Australian wheat yield due to recent climate trends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The possibility that future climate change may affect agriculture has attracted considerable attention(1,2). As a step towards evaluating such influences, the effect of climate trends over the past few decades(3) needs to be assessed. Here I estimate the contribution of climate trends in Australia(4,5) to the substantial increase in Australian wheat yields since 1952. Non-climatic influences-such as new cultivars and changes in crop management practices-are removed by detrending the wheat yield and climate variables and using the residuals to calculate quantitative relationships between variations in climate and yield. Climate trends appear to be responsible for 30-50% of the observed increase in wheat yields, with increases in minimum temperatures being the dominant influence. This approach should be applicable in other regions for which sufficient data exist.
RP Nicholls, N (corresponding author), BUR METEOROL RES CTR,MELBOURNE,VIC 3000,AUSTRALIA.
NR 10
TC 241
Z9 300
U1 0
U2 122
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 484
EP 485
DI 10.1038/387484a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaplan, MR
   MeyerFranke, A
   Lamber, S
   Bennett, V
   Duncan, ID
   Levinson, SR
   Barres, BA
AF Kaplan, MR
   MeyerFranke, A
   Lamber, S
   Bennett, V
   Duncan, ID
   Levinson, SR
   Barres, BA
TI Induction of sodium channel clustering by oligodendrocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; myelin-deficient rat; optic-nerve; survival; differentiation; expression; ranvier; mutant; brain; gene
AB As oligodendrocytes wrap axons of the central nervous system (CNS) with insulating myelin sheaths, sodium channels that are initially continuously distributed along axons become segregated into regularly spaced gaps in the myelin called nodes of Ranvier(1). It is not known whether the regular spacing of nodes results from regularly spaced glial contacts or is instead intrinsically specified by the axonal cytoskeleton. Contact with Schwann cells induces clustering of sodium channels along the axons of peripheral neurons in vitro and in vivo(2-4). Similarly, it has been suggested that astrocyte contact induces clustering of sodium channels along CNS axons(5,6). Here we show that oligodendrocytes are necessary for clustering of sodium channels in vitro and in vivo. The induction, but not the maintenance, of sodium-channel clustering along the axons of highly purified rat retinal ganglion cells in culture depends on a protein secreted by oligodendrocytes. Surprisingly, the oligodendrocyte-induced clusters are regularly spaced at the predicted interval in the absence of glial-axonal contact. Mutant rats that are deficient in oligodendrocytes develop few axonal sodium channel clusters in vivo. These results demonstrate a crucial role for oligodendrocytes in inducing clustering of sodium channels.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   WORCHESTER FDN,SHREWSBURY,MA 01545.
   DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH VET MED,DEPT MED SCI,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
C3 Stanford University; Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
NR 30
TC 266
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 724
EP 728
DI 10.1038/386724a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700058
PM 9109490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelley, RL
   Wang, JW
   Bell, L
   Kuroda, MI
AF Kelley, RL
   Wang, JW
   Bell, L
   Kuroda, MI
TI Sex lethal controls dosage compensation in Drosophila by a non-splicing mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-chromosome; translational regulation; messenger-rnas; gene; binding; initiation; protein; melanogaster; expression; encodes
AB Dosage compensation in Drosophila requires the male-specific lethal (msl) proteins (MSL) to make gene expression from the single male X chromosome equivalent to that from both female X chromosomes(1,2). Expression of msl2 is repressed post-transcriptionally by Sex lethal (SXL), a female-specific RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing in the sex-determination hierarchy, Although msl2 RNA is alternatively spliced in males and females, this does not alter its coding potential and splicing is not required for male-specific expression of MSL2 protein. Instead, our results suggest that the association of SXL protein with multiple sites in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the mxl2 transcript represses its translation in females. Thus, this well characterized alternative splicing factor regulates at least one target transcript by a distinct mechanism.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   UNIV SO CALIF,PROGRAM MOL BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Southern California
NR 25
TC 219
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6629
BP 195
EP 199
DI 10.1038/387195a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WX945
UT WOS:A1997WX94500058
PM 9144292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seiff, A
   Blanchard, RC
   Knight, TCD
   Schubert, G
   Kirk, DB
   Atkinson, D
   Mihalov, JD
   Young, RE
AF Seiff, A
   Blanchard, RC
   Knight, TCD
   Schubert, G
   Kirk, DB
   Atkinson, D
   Mihalov, JD
   Young, RE
TI Wind speeds measured in the deep jovian atmosphere by the Galileo probe accelerometers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The atmosphere of Jupiter has a complex circulation which, until recently, has been observable only at the cloud tops(1,2); the mechanisms driving the winds, and the nature of the interior circulation, remained unknown(3). Recent analyses(4-6) of the radio signal from the Galileo probe, obtained during its descent into the jovian atmosphere, have suggested a vigorous interior circulation below the 4-bar level. Here we report an independent measurement of the winds below the cloud tops, making use of the data obtained by the two accelerometers on the descending probe. We find evidence for two distinct wind regimes, in general agreement with the Doppler radio measurements: a region of wind shear between 1 and 4 bar, where the wind speed increases dramatically with depth; and then a region of constant high-velocity winds down to at least the 17-bar level.
C1 SAN JOSE STATE UNIV,DEPT METEOROL,SAN JOSE,CA 95192.
   NASA,LANGLEY RES CTR,HAMPTON,VA 23665.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   UNIV IDAHO,DEPT ELECT ENGN,MOSCOW,ID 83844.
C3 California State University System; San Jose State University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Langley Research Center; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Idaho
RP Seiff, A (corresponding author), NASA,AMES RES CTR,MS 245-1,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035, USA.
NR 10
TC 23
Z9 23
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 650
EP 652
DI 10.1038/41721
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ray, TP
   Muxlow, TWB
   Axon, DJ
   Brown, A
   Corcoran, D
   Dyson, J
   Mundt, R
AF Ray, TP
   Muxlow, TWB
   Axon, DJ
   Brown, A
   Corcoran, D
   Dyson, J
   Mundt, R
TI Large-scale magnetic fields in the outflow from the young stellar object T Tauri S
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio-source; system; stars; companion; emission
AB T Tauri stars are young stellar objects, similar in mass to the Sun, that are completing the transition between a collapsing cloud and a main-sequence star powered by hydrogen fusion(1). Many of these objects are associated with circumstellar (and, presumably, protoplanetary) disks(2), as well as energetic outflows of gas that can extend several light years away from the young star(3), These outflows are thought to be collimated by magnetic fields(4), but direct observational evidence for such fields has hitherto been lacking, Here we show that the infrared companion(5) (T Tau S) of the prototypical T Tauri star (T Tau itself) recently ejected in opposite directions two large lobes of mildly relativistic particles, The radio emission from the two lobes exhibits strong circular polarization of opposite helicity, implying the existence of a strong, ordered magnetic field at a surprisingly large distance from the source, We also find that the T Tau system may contain three stars, rather than two as previously thought.
C1 NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,JODRELL BANK SK11 9DL,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND.
   SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,ESA,DIV SPACE SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
   UNIV COLORADO,CTR ASTROPHYS & SPACE ASTRON,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   UNIV LEEDS,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK INST ASTRON,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; Space Telescope Science Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Leeds; Max Planck Society
RP Ray, TP (corresponding author), DUBLIN INST ADV STUDIES,5 MERRION SQ,DUBLIN 2,IRELAND.
NR 25
TC 114
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 415
EP 417
DI 10.1038/385415a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Husain, M
   Shapiro, K
   Martin, J
   Kennard, C
AF Husain, M
   Shapiro, K
   Martin, J
   Kennard, C
TI Abnormal temporal dynamics of visual attention in spatial neglect patients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unilateral neglect; covert attention; lesions; blink
AB WHEN rye identify a visual object such as a word or letter, sur ability to detect a second object is impaired if it appears within 400 ms of the first(1-5). This phenomenon has been termed the attentional blink or dwell time and is a measure of our ability Lo allocate attention over time (temporal attention), Patients with unilateral visual neglect are unaware of people or objects contralateral to their lesion(6,7). They are considered to have It disorder of attending to a particular location in space (spatial attention)(6-11). Here we examined the non-spatial temporal dynamics of attention in patients, using a protocol for assessing the attentional blink. Neglect patients with right parietal, frontal or basal ganglia strokes had an abnormally severe and protracted attentional blink. When they identified a letter, their awareness of a subsequent letter was significantly diminished for a length of time that was three times as long as fur individuals without neglect, Our results demonstrate far the first time that visual neglect is a disorder of directing attention in time, as well as space.
C1 UNIV WALES,SCH PSYCHOL,BANGOR LL57 2DG,GWYNEDD,WALES.
C3 Bangor University
RP Husain, M (corresponding author), CHARING CROSS HOSP,CHARING CROSS & WESTMINSTER MED SCH,DEPT CLIN NEUROSCI,LONDON W6 8RF,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 311
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 154
EP 156
DI 10.1038/385154a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800053
PM 8990117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsumoto, T
   Honda, M
   McDougall, I
   Yatsevich, I
   OReilly, SY
AF Matsumoto, T
   Honda, M
   McDougall, I
   Yatsevich, I
   OReilly, SY
TI Plume-like neon in a metasomatic apatite from the Australian lithospheric mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beneath western victoria; noble-gases; ultramafic xenoliths; eastern australia; heat-flow; basalts; earth; constraints; systematics; evolution
AB The nature of metasomatizing fluids and melts in the mantle are of interest for understanding the chemical evolution of the Earth's interior(1-3). The study of noble-gas isotopes in appropriate mantle-derived samples has the potential to provide valuable insight into this question, by constraining the origin of the fluids and the timing of metasomatic events. Here we report the application of neon-isotope systematics to investigate the metasomatic history of apatite grains in spinel-lherzolite xenoliths from the Australian lithospheric mantle. We find that the apatite has a neon-isotope signature similar to that associated with plume-related volcanism, as is found in Hawaii, whereas coexisting mineral phases (olivine and amphibole) and non-apatite-bearing Iherzolites have isotope signatures more typical of mid-ocean-ridge basalts. The occurrence of plume-like neon in the apatite implicates deep plume-like material beneath southeastern Australia as the source of the metasomatizing agent.
C1 MACQUARIE UNIV,SCH EARTH SCI,KEY CTR GEOCHEM EVOLUT & MET CONTINENTS,SYDNEY,NSW 2109,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Macquarie University
RP Matsumoto, T (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,GPO BOX 4,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
NR 31
TC 57
Z9 60
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/40606
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mikami, K
   Matsukawa, S
AF Mikami, K
   Matsukawa, S
TI Asymmetric synthesis by enantiomer-selective activation of racemic catalysts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enantioselective addition; ene reaction; aldehydes; glyoxylate; reagents
AB Asymmetric catalysis of organic reactions to provide enantiomerically enriched products is of central importance to modern synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry(1-3). While non-racemic catalysts can generate non-racemic products, racemic catalysts inherently produce only a racemic mixture of chiral products. But a strategy whereby a racemic catalyst is selectively deactivated by a chiral molecule has been shown to yield non-racemic products(4-6). Here we describe an alternative, conceptually opposite strategy to asymmetric catalysis in which a chiral activator selectively activates one enantiomer of a racemic chiral catalyst. Our catalyst is a titanium(IV) complex for which a chiral additive acts as the chiral activator. The advantage of this approach over the deactivation strategy is that the activated catalyst can produce a greater enantiomeric excess in the products than can the enantiomerically pure catalyst on its own, as our results demonstrate.
RP Mikami, K (corresponding author), TOKYO INST TECHNOL,FAC ENGN,DEPT CHEM TECHNOL,MEGURO KU,2-12-1 OOKAYAMA,TOKYO 152,JAPAN.
NR 20
TC 171
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 613
EP 615
DI 10.1038/385613a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mathers, PH
   Grinberg, A
   Mahon, KA
   Jamrich, M
AF Mathers, PH
   Grinberg, A
   Mahon, KA
   Jamrich, M
TI The Rx homeobox gene is essential for vertebrate eye development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis; nervous-system; eyeless gene; expression; drosophila; aniridia; retina; mouse; head
AB Development of the vertebrate eye requires a series of steps including specification of the anterior neural plate, evagination of the optic vesicles from the ventral forebrain, and the cellular differentiation of the lens and retina. Homeobox-containing genes, especially the transcription regulator Pax6, play a critical role in vertebrate and invertebrate eye formation. Mutations in Pax6 function result in eye malformations known as Aniridia in humans and Small eye syndrome in mice(1-3). The Drosophila homologue of Pax6, eyeless, is also necessary for correct invertebrate eye development, and its misexpression leads to formation of ectopic eyes in Drosophila(4,5). Here we show that a conserved vertebrate homeobox gene, Rx, is essential for normal eye development, and that its misexpression has profound effects on eye morphology. Xenopus embryos injected with synthetic Rx RNA develop ectopic retinal tissue and display hyperproliferation in the neuroretina. Mouse embryos carrying a null allele of this gene do not form optic cups and so do not develop eyes. The Rx gene family plays an important role in the establishment and/or proliferation of retinal progenitor cells.
C1 US FDA,DEV BIOL LAB,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852.
   NICHHD,LAB MAMMALIAN GENES & DEV,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); Baylor College of Medicine
NR 25
TC 584
Z9 681
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 603
EP 607
DI 10.1038/42475
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200056
PM 9177348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stark, JM
   Hart, SC
AF Stark, JM
   Hart, SC
TI High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microbial biomass nitrogen; douglas-fir ecosystem; elevational gradient; direct extraction; new-mexico; soils; limits
AB THE importance of nitrate (NO3-) in the internal nitrogen cycle of undisturbed coniferous ecosystems has not been widely recognized(1,2). Nitrate concentrations in soils from these forests tend to be low, and assays measuring net nitrification usually show exceedingly slow rates(3-4). It may be, however, that microbial assimilation of NO3- is substantial in these soils, and that net nitrification rates greatly underestimate gross rates(5). Here we use a N-15 isotope-dilution technique in intact soil cores to measure gross rates of nitrification and microbial assimilation of NO3- in eleven undisturbed forest ecosystems of New Mexico and Oregon. We found that gross nitrification rates were surprisingly high in all of the forests examined. Net nitrification rates poorly predicted gross rates because the soil microbial communities had the capacity to assimilate almost all of the NO3- produced. To our knowledge, this is the first report of gross nitrification and NO3- assimilation rates in intact soil samples from a large number of contrasting forest ecosystems. Our results contradict previous assumptions that nitrification rates are low in mature coniferous forests and suggest that current models greatly underestimate the role of the microbial community in preventing NO3- loss.
C1 UTAH STATE UNIV, CTR ECOL, LOGAN, UT 84322 USA.
   NO ARIZONA UNIV, SCH FORESTRY, COLL ECOSYST SCI & MANAGEMENT, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86011 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; Northern Arizona University
RP Stark, JM (corresponding author), UTAH STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL, LOGAN, UT 84322 USA.
NR 30
TC 563
Z9 660
U1 3
U2 202
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/385061a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bruce, ME
   Will, RG
   Ironside, JW
   McConnell, I
   Drummond, D
   Suttie, A
   McCardle, L
   Chree, A
   Hope, J
   Birkett, C
   Cousens, S
   Fraser, H
   Bostock, CJ
AF Bruce, ME
   Will, RG
   Ironside, JW
   McConnell, I
   Drummond, D
   Suttie, A
   McCardle, L
   Chree, A
   Hope, J
   Birkett, C
   Cousens, S
   Fraser, H
   Bostock, CJ
TI Transmissions to mice indicate that 'new variant' CJD is caused by the BSE agent
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine spongiform encephalopathy; creutzfeldt-jakob-disease; scrapie incubation; different strains; rodents; lines; sheep
AB There are many strains of the agents that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or 'prion' diseases, These strains are distinguishable by their disease characteristics in experimentally infected animals, in particular the incubation periods and neuropathology they produce in panels of inbred mouse strains(1-4). We have shown that the strain of agent from cattle affected by bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) produces a characteristic pattern of disease in mice that is retained after experimental passage through a variety of intermediate species(5-7). This BSE 'signature' has also been identified in transmissions to mice of TSEs of domestic cats and two exotic species of ruminant(6,8), providing the first direct evidence for the accidental spread of a TSE between species, Twenty cases of a clinically and pathologically atypical form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), referred to as 'new variant' CJD (vCJD)(9), have been recognized in unusually young people in the United Kingdom, and a further case has been reported in France(10). This has raised serious concerns that BSE may have spread to humans, putatively by dietary exposure, Here we report the interim results of transmissions of sporadic CJD and VJD to mice, Our data provide strong evidence that the same agent strain is involved in both BSE and vCJD.
C1 WESTERN GEN HOSP,NATL CJD SURVEILLANCE UNIT,EDINBURGH EH4 2XU,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   INST ANIM HLTH,NEWBURY RG20 7NN,BERKS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & POPULAT SCI,LONDON WC1E 7HT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
RP Bruce, ME (corresponding author), INST ANIM HLTH,BBSRC MRC NEUROPATHOGENESIS UNIT,W MAINS RD,EDINBURGH EH9 3JF,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
NR 28
TC 1634
Z9 1774
U1 0
U2 109
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 498
EP 501
DI 10.1038/39057
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900057
PM 9333239
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mannings, V
   Koerner, DW
   Sargent, AI
AF Mannings, V
   Koerner, DW
   Sargent, AI
TI A rotating disk of gas and dust around a young counterpart to beta Pictoris
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-tauri stars; circumstellar disks; grains; absorption
AB beta Pictoris is the best known example of a main-sequence star encircled by a tenuous disk(1), Optical(2,3) and infrared(4) images of beta Pic suggest that the disk is composed of dust grains which have been interpreted(1) as the debris generated by the disruption of the asteroid-sized remnants of planet-formation processes(5), The star itself is relatively old, with an age in excess of 100 Myr, Here we present high-resolution millimetre-wave images of continuum and molecular-line emission from dust and gas surrounding a much younger star, MWC480: the stellar properties of MWC480 are similar to those of beta Pic, but its age is just 6 Myr, The morphology of the circumstellar material and a comparison with the predictions of kinematic modelling indicate the presence of a rotating disk, gravitationally bound to the star, Moreover, the mass of the disk is greater than the minimum required to form a planetary system like our own(5), We therefore suggest that the disk around the young star MWC480 could be a progenitor of debris disks of the type associated with older stars such as beta Pic, and so holds much promise for the study of both the origin of debris disks and the early stages of the formation of planetary systems.
C1 CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
RP Mannings, V (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV PHYS MATH & ASTRON,MS 105-24,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 27
TC 91
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 555
EP 557
DI 10.1038/41505
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200040
PM 9252187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dolan, RJ
   Fink, GR
   Rolls, E
   Booth, M
   Holmes, A
   Frackowiak, RSJ
   Friston, KJ
AF Dolan, RJ
   Fink, GR
   Rolls, E
   Booth, M
   Holmes, A
   Frackowiak, RSJ
   Friston, KJ
TI How the brain learns to see objects and faces in an impoverished context
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior temporal cortex; selective attention; extrastriate cortex; recognition memory; neurons
AB A degraded image of an object or face, which appears meaningless when seen for the first time, is easily recognizable after viewing an undegraded version of the same image(1), The neural mechanisms by which this form of rapid perceptual learning facilitates perception are not well understood. Psychological theory suggests the involvement of systems for processing stimulus attributes, spatial attention and feature binding(2), as well as those involved in visual imagery(3). Here we investigate where and how this rapid perceptual learning is expressed in the human brain by using functional neuroimaging to measure brain activity during exposure to degraded images before and after exposure to the corresponding undegraded versions (Fig. 1), Perceptual learning of faces or objects enhanced the activity of inferior temporal regions known to be involved in face and object recognition respectively(4-6). In addition, both face and object learning led to increased activity in medial and lateral parietal regions that have been implicated in attention(7) and visual imagery(8). We observed a strong coupling between the temporal face area and the medial parietal cortex when, and only when, faces were perceived, This suggests that perceptual learning involves direct interactions between areas involved in face recognition and those involved in spatial attention, feature binding and memory recall.
C1 ROYAL FREE HOSP,SCH MED,ACAD DEPT PSYCHIAT,LONDON NW3,ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD,DEPT EXPT PSYCHOL,OXFORD OX1 3UD,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; University of Oxford
RP Dolan, RJ (corresponding author), INST NEUROL,WELLCOME DEPT COGNIT NEUROL,QUEEN SQ,LONDON W1N 3BG,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 308
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 596
EP 599
DI 10.1038/39309
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800058
PM 9335498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taddei, F
   Radman, M
   MaynardSmith, J
   Toupance, B
   Gouyon, PH
   Godelle, B
AF Taddei, F
   Radman, M
   MaynardSmith, J
   Toupance, B
   Gouyon, PH
   Godelle, B
TI Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; populations; strains; competition; adaptation; selection
AB Because most newly arising mutations are neutral or deleterious, it has been argued(1-3) that the mutation rate has evolved to be as low as possible, limited only by the cost of error-avoidance and error-correction mechanisms, But up to one per cent of natural bacterial isolates are 'mutator' clones that have high mutation rates(4-6). We consider here whether high mutation rates might play an important role in adaptive evolution, Models of large, asexual, clonal populations adapting to a new environment show that strong mutator genes (such as those that increase mutation rates by 1,000-fold) can accelerate adaptation, even if the mutator gene remains at a very low frequency (for example, 10(-5)), Less potent mutators (10 to 100-fold increase) can become fixed in a fraction of finite populations, The parameters of the model have been set to values typical for Escherichia coli cultures, which behave in a manner similar to the model in long-term adaptation experiments(7).
C1 UNIV SUSSEX,SCH BIOL SCI,MICROBIAL GENET GRP,BRIGHTON BN1 9QG,E SUSSEX,ENGLAND.
   UNIV PARIS 11,CNRS,LAB EVOLUT & SYSTEMAT,F-91405 ORSAY,FRANCE.
   INST NATL AGRON PARIS GRIGNON,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
   ECOLE NATL GENIE RURAL EAUX & FORETS,F-75732 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 University of Sussex; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); AgroParisTech; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Taddei, F (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 07,INST JACQUES MONOD,CNRS,LAB MUTAGENESE,2 PL JUSSIEU,F-75251 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 573
Z9 646
U1 0
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 700
EP 702
DI 10.1038/42696
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900052
PM 9192893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiryukhin, V
   Casa, D
   Hill, JP
   Keimer, B
   Vigliante, A
   Tomioka, Y
   Tokura, Y
AF Kiryukhin, V
   Casa, D
   Hill, JP
   Keimer, B
   Vigliante, A
   Tomioka, Y
   Tokura, Y
TI An X-ray-induced insulator-metal transition in a magnetoresistive manganite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-diffraction; resistivity; oxide; films
AB Manganese oxides of the general formula A(1-x)B(x)MnO(3) (where A and B are trivalent and divalent cations, respectively) have recently attracted considerable attention by virtue of their unusual magnetic and electronic properties(1-9). For example, in some of these materials magnetic fields can drive insulator-to-metal transitions where both the conductivity and magnetization change dramatically-an effect termed 'colossal magneto-resistance'(1-3)-raising hopes for application of these materials in the magnetic recording industry(1-9). Here we show that in one such compound, Pr(0.7)Ca(0.3)Mn0(3), a transition from the insulating antiferromagnetic state to the metallic ferromagnetic state can be driven by illumination with X-rays at low temperatures (<40 K), This transition is accompanied by significant changes in the lattice structure, and can be reversed by thermal cycling, This effect, undoubtedly a manifestation of the strong electron-lattice interactions believed to be responsible for the magnetoresistive properties of these materials(6-9), provides insights into the physical mechanisms of persistent photoconductivity, and may also find applications in X-ray detection and X-ray lithographic patterning of ferromagnetic nanostructures.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS,UPTON,NY 11973.
   JOINT RES CTR ATOM TECHNOL,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,DEPT APPL PHYS,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 Princeton University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo
NR 15
TC 451
Z9 477
U1 1
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 813
EP 815
DI 10.1038/386813a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Price, CSC
AF Price, CSC
TI Conspecific sperm precedence in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanogaster; displacement; homogamy; females; protein
AB Traits that influence the interactions between males and females can evolve very rapidly through sexual selection(1) or sexually antagonistic coevolution(2). Rapid change in the fertilization systems of independent populations can give rise to reproductive incompatibilities between populations(3,4), and may contribute to speciation(5). Here I provide evidence for cryptic reproductive divergence among three sibling species of Drosophila that leads to a form of postmating isolation. When a female mates with both a conspecific and a heterospecific male, the conspecific sperm fertilize the vast majority of the eggs, regardless of the order of the matings. Heterospecific sperm fertilize fewer eggs after these double matings than after single matings. Experiments using spermless males show that the seminal fluid of the conspecific male is largely responsible for this conspecific sperm precedence. Moreover, when two males of the same species mate sequentially with a female from a different species, a highly variable pattern of sperm precedence replaces the second-male sperm precedence that is consistently found within species. These results indicate that females mediate sperm competition, and that second-male sperm precedence is not an automatic consequence of the mechanics of sperm storage.
RP Price, CSC (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT,1101 E 57TH ST,CHICAGO,IL 60637, USA.
NR 22
TC 169
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 663
EP 666
DI 10.1038/41753
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300046
PM 9262398
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heisler, CA
   Lumsden, SL
   Bailey, JA
AF Heisler, CA
   Lumsden, SL
   Bailey, JA
TI Visibility of scattered broad-line emission in Seyfert 2 galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active galactic nuclei; compact radio cores; spectropolarimetry; ngc-1068; spectra; model; tori
AB Active galaxies are thought to be powered by the accretion of gas onto a central massive black hole, Seyfert galaxies-the most common examples of nearby active galaxies-are separated into two classes based on their emission Sine widths', Seyfert 1 galaxies exhibit broad emission lines that are attributed to ionized gas within 1 pc of the black hole, whereas the spectra of Seyfert 2 galaxies show only narrower emission lines, believed to originate from a much larger region around the core. The 'unified model' for Seyfert galaxies attributes these differences to the presence of a dusty torus of dense molecular gas surrounding the black hole(2): the orientation of Seyfert 2 galaxies is such that the broad-line region is obscured, The detection(3) in the polarization spectrum of broad emission lines scattered into our line of sight by free electrons in NGC1068 (the prototypical Seyfert 2 galaxy) and other Seyfert 2 galaxies(4-8) has strengthened this view, but all of these galaxies were subject to selection biases. Here we report the results of a systematic search for polarized broad emission lines in a well defined sample of Seyfert 2 galaxies. Mie show that the ability to detect scattered broad emission lines is related to the far-infrared colours, in the manner predicted by the unified model.
C1 ANGLO AUSTRALIAN OBSERV, EPPING, NSW 2121, AUSTRALIA.
RP Heisler, CA (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, INST ADV STUDIES, MT STROMLO & SIDING SPRING OBSERV, WESTON CREEK PO, CANBERRA, ACT 2611, AUSTRALIA.
NR 25
TC 152
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 700
EP 702
DI 10.1038/385700a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Volkow, ND
   Wang, GJ
   Fowler, JS
   Logan, J
   Gatley, SJ
   Hitzemann, R
   Chen, AD
   Dewey, SL
   Pappas, N
AF Volkow, ND
   Wang, GJ
   Fowler, JS
   Logan, J
   Gatley, SJ
   Hitzemann, R
   Chen, AD
   Dewey, SL
   Pappas, N
TI Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human brain; c-11 raclopride; thalamic nucleus; frontal-lobe; binding; pet; drugs; addiction; receptors; abusers
AB Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in the control of movement, cognition, motivation and reward. This leads to an increase in extracellular dopamine; the reinforcing effect of cocaine is associated with elevated dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens(1,2). But addiction to cocaine involves other effects, such as craving, loss of control and compulsive drug intake; the role of the dopamine system in these effects is less well-understood. We therefore used positron emission tomography (PET) to compare the responses of cocaine addicts and normal controls to intravenous methylphenidate, a drug that, like cocaine, causes an increase in synaptic dopamine(3). Addicts showed reduced dopamine release in the striatum, the brain region where the nucleus accumbens is located, and also had a reduced 'high' relative to controls. In contrast, addicts showed an increased response to methylphenidate in the thalamus (a region that conveys sensory input to the cortex). This thalamic response was associated with cocaine craving and was not seen in control subjects. Thus, our findings challenge the notion that addiction involves an enhanced striatal dopamine response to cocaine and/or an enhanced induction of euphoria. Moreover, they suggest a participation of thalamic dopamine pathways in cocaine addiction, a possibility that merits further investigation.
C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT CHEM, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
   SUNY STONY BROOK, DEPT PSYCHIAT, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Volkow, ND (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DEPT MED, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
NR 30
TC 682
Z9 791
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 830
EP 833
DI 10.1038/386830a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600054
PM 9126741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kamil, AC
   Jones, JE
AF Kamil, AC
   Jones, JE
TI The seed-storing corvid Clark's nutcracker learns geometric relationships among landmarks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stability; recovery
AB Many animals regularly return to particular locations such as hives, nests, wintering grounds or cache sites. This ability clearly implies that animals possess information that allows them to find a route from their current location to their goal. However, the nature of this information is, in many cases, unknown. One particularly important issue is whether this information encodes at least some of the geometric relationships among real-world objects, which would meet a strict definition of a cognitive map(1,2). Are animals sensitive to such geometric relationships? Although there is dear evidence that animals can learn vectors that represent a goal location in terms of absolute distance and direction to a landmark, there is little evidence of any ability to extract abstract geometric rules(3-8). Here we report data demonstrating that the corvid Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) can learn to find the point halfway between two landmarks that vary in the distance that separates them. This learning is based on a general principle, as the birds correctly find the halfway point when the landmarks are presented with new distances between them. This demonstrates the ability to find a point defined not by the relationship between a goal and a landmark but by the relationship between landmarks. Further experiments demonstrate that there were two distinct processes involved in locating the halfway point, the use of directional bearings to find the (hypothetical) line connecting the landmarks and finding the correct place along that line.
C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT PSYCHOL,NEBRASKA BEHAV BIOL GRP,LINCOLN,NE 68588.
C3 University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP Kamil, AC (corresponding author), UNIV NEBRASKA,SCH BIOL SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68588, USA.
NR 14
TC 137
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6657
BP 276
EP 279
DI 10.1038/36840
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YG667
UT WOS:A1997YG66700060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahari, H
   Bedard, RL
   Bowes, CL
   Coombs, N
   Dag, O
   Jiang, T
   Ozin, GA
   Petrov, S
   Sokolov, I
   Verma, A
   Vovk, G
   Young, D
AF Ahari, H
   Bedard, RL
   Bowes, CL
   Coombs, N
   Dag, O
   Jiang, T
   Ozin, GA
   Petrov, S
   Sokolov, I
   Verma, A
   Vovk, G
   Young, D
TI Effect of microgravity on the crystallization of a self-assembling layered material
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In microgravity, crystals of semiconductors and proteins can be grown with improved crystallinity, offering the prospect of improved structural analyses (for proteins) and better electronic properties (for semiconductors)(1-3). Here we study the effect of a microgravity environment on the crystallization of a class of materials-layered microporous tin(IV) sulphides(4-11)-whose crystal structure is determined by weak interlayer interactions (electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals) as well as strong intralayer covalent bonds. We find that the crystals grown in microgravity (on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour) show improved crystal habits, smoother faces, greater crystallinity, better optical quality and larger void volumes than the materials grown on Earth. These differences are due at least in part to the profound influence of microgravity on the layer registry over length scales of around a nanometre, which is shown by X-ray and electron diffraction to be better in space than on Earth. Thus we can see a clear distinction between the covalent bonds in these materials, which are not significantly affected by microgravity, and the weaker forces (like those that determine the structure of proteins over length scales of around 0.3-0.4 nm) which are more susceptible to the dynamic disturbances that operate in crystallization on Earth.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,LASH MILLER CHEM LABS,MAT CHEM RES GRP,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H6,CANADA.
   UOP,DIV RES,DES PLAINES,IL 60017.
   IMAGETEK ANALYT IMAGING,TORONTO,ON M6J 2K4,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
NR 13
TC 35
Z9 39
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 857
EP 860
DI 10.1038/42213
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gordeev, SN
   deGroot, PAJ
   Oussena, M
   Volkozub, AV
   Pinfold, S
   Langan, R
   Gagnon, R
   Taillefer, L
AF Gordeev, SN
   deGroot, PAJ
   Oussena, M
   Volkozub, AV
   Pinfold, S
   Langan, R
   Gagnon, R
   Taillefer, L
TI Current-induced organization of vortex motion in type-II superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noise; conductivity; lattice; line
AB When a magnetic field is applied to a type-II superconductor, it penetrates the sample in localized tubes of magnetic flux associated with quantized current vortices; under appropriate conditions, these vortices form an ordered lattice, In a material free of crystal defects, transport currents force this lattice to move and dissipate energy, giving the material a non-zero resistance, The presence of defects, however, can inhibit vortex motion, or even I pin vortices to specific locations. Thus, to engineer materials with improved properties it is important to understand the motion of a driven vortex lattice in the presence of different kinds of pinning defects(1,2). Recent research has investigated vortex-lattice dynamics in the cases of weak, uniform pinning and strong but non-uniform pinning. Here we consider a different regime, in which the barriers to vortex motion at sample surfaces' also play a crucial role. Our experiments on dean, detwinned YBa2Cu3O7-delta crystals at temperatures around 80-90K reveal an interplay between surface pinning and weak bulk pinning that leads to the formation of a defect superstructure in the vortex lattice, This current-induced organization is similar to phenomena observed in the dynamics of sliding charge-density waves, and represents a fundamentally new kind of vortex dynamics.
C1 UNIV SOUTHAMPTON, DEPT PHYS, SOUTHAMPTON SO17 1BJ, HANTS, ENGLAND.
   MCGILL UNIV, DEPT PHYS, MONTREAL, PQ H3A 2T8, CANADA.
C3 University of Southampton; McGill University
NR 12
TC 54
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 324
EP 326
DI 10.1038/385324a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barnicoat, AC
   Henderson, IHC
   Knipe, RJ
   Yardley, BWD
   Napier, RW
   Fox, NPC
   Kenyon, AK
   Muntingh, DJ
   Strydom, D
   Winkler, KS
   Lawrence, SR
   Cornford, C
AF Barnicoat, AC
   Henderson, IHC
   Knipe, RJ
   Yardley, BWD
   Napier, RW
   Fox, NPC
   Kenyon, AK
   Muntingh, DJ
   Strydom, D
   Winkler, KS
   Lawrence, SR
   Cornford, C
TI Hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Witwatersrand basin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID placer model; basal reef
AB The origin of the gold mineralization in the Witwaterstrand basin of South Africa-the largest known Sold province-has been controversial for decades, with arguments favouring detrital(1,2) (placer), modified placer(3,4) and hydrothermal(5,6) origins. Here we present the results of an extensive geological study of Witwatersrand rocks which show that the gold (and associated uranium) mineralization is hydrothermal in origin and post-dates a regional high-temperature alteration event. Alteration processes identified on a small scale can be mapped out regionally as roughly strata-bound zones of acid metasomatism extending far into the basin: the fluid flow responsible for this alteration was concentrated in small-scale structures localized along lithological boundaries. We find that the gold precipitated as a consequence of interactions of the fluid with shale-derived hydrocarbons present within the basin.
C1 QUAD CONSULTING LTD,BOURNE END SL8 5AJ,BUCKS,ENGLAND.
   ANGLOAMER PROSPECTING SERV,ZA-2500 CARLETONVILLE,SOUTH AFRICA.
   IGI LTD,BIDEFORD EX39 5HE,DEVON,ENGLAND.
RP Barnicoat, AC (corresponding author), UNIV LEEDS,DEPT EARTH SCI,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 15
TC 158
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 820
EP 824
DI 10.1038/386820a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Callan's canyons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Jonathan Callan is a landscape artist with a difference. He is experimenting with the unpredictable by allowing his powdered medium to go with the flow, producing avalanches that create their own terrain.
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,DEPT HIST ART,35 BEAUMONT ST,OXFORD OX1 2PG,ENGLAND.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 565
EP 565
DI 10.1038/37503
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacGillivray, LR
   Atwood, JL
AF MacGillivray, LR
   Atwood, JL
TI A chiral spherical molecular assembly held together by 60 hydrogen bonds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complexation; phase; c-60
AB Spontaneous self-assembly processes that lead to discrete spherical molecular structures are common in nature. Spherical viruses' (such as hepatitis B) and fullerenes(2) are well-known examples in which non-covalent and covalent forces, respectively, direct the assembly of smaller subunits into larger superstructures. A common feature of these shell-like architectures is their ability to encapsulate neutral and/or charged guests whose size, shape and chemical exteriors complement those of the host's inner surface(3,4). Their interiors can often be regarded as a new phase of matter(5), capable of controlling the flow of reactants, transients and products, and of catalysing reactions of both chemical and biological relevance. Such properties have inspired the recent emergence of monomolecular(5-7) and supramolecular dimeric molecular capsules(8,9), many of which have been based on the head-to-head alignment of bowl-shaped polyaromatic macrocycles such as calix[4]arenes(5,7,9). But true structural mimicry of frameworks akin to viruses and fullerenes, which are based on the self-assembly of n > 3 subunits, and where surface curvature is supplied by edge sharing of regular polygons, has remained elusive. Here we present an example of such a system: a chiral spherical molecular assembly held together by 60 hydrogen bonds (1) (Fig, 1). We demonstrate the ability of 1, which consists of six calix[4]resorcinarenes 2 and eight water molecules, to self-assemble and maintain its structure in apolar media and to encapsulate guest species within a well-defined cavity that possesses an internal volume of about 1,375 Angstrom(3). Single crystal X-ray analysis shows that its topology resembles that of a spherical virus(1) and conforms to the structure of a snub cube, one of the 13 Archimedean solids(10).
RP MacGillivray, LR (corresponding author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT CHEM,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA.
NR 19
TC 1049
Z9 1156
U1 2
U2 243
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 469
EP 472
DI 10.1038/38985
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moulin, C
   Lambert, CE
   Dulac, F
   Dayan, U
AF Moulin, C
   Lambert, CE
   Dulac, F
   Dayan, U
TI Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by the North Atlantic oscillation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saharan dust; basin
AB AU year long, massive airborne plumes of desert dust from the Sahara and surrounding regions are exported to the North Atlantic Ocean(1) and the Mediterranean Sea(2). The mass of African dust transported in the atmosphere is large-about one billion tonnes per year (ref. 3)-and it has been suggested that the windblown dusts have a substantial influence on the regional radiative budget(4-6). Here we use daily satellite observations of airborne dusts(7) to obtain an 11-year regional-scale analysis of dust transport out of Africa. The substantial seasonal variability over the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea can be explained by the synoptic meteorology, Interannual variations in dust transport are similar over both regions, and are well correlated with the climatic variability defined by the North Atlantic Oscillation(8). This large-scale climatic control on the dust export is effected through changes in precipitation and atmospheric circulation over the regions of dust mobilization and transport, Such natural variability is so large that it is difficult to resolve any anthropogenic influences on atmospheric dust loads, such as those due to desertification or land-use changes. It seems likely that the North Atlantic Oscillation will also affect the distribution-and radiative influence of other aerosols.
C1 CEA, CNRS, CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT, F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   CEA, LAB MODELISAT CLIMAT & ENVIRONM, F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   SNRC, ENVIRONM & RISK ASSESSMENT SECT, IL-81800 YAVNE, ISRAEL.
C3 CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay
NR 23
TC 540
Z9 573
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 691
EP 694
DI 10.1038/42679
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adkins, JF
   Boyle, EA
   Keigwin, L
   Cortijo, E
AF Adkins, JF
   Boyle, EA
   Keigwin, L
   Cortijo, E
TI Variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the last interglacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID benthic foraminifera; th-230 measurements; deep circulation; climate-change; ice cores; ocean; sedimentation; sea; temperature; greenland
AB Studies of natural climate variability are essential for evaluating its future evolution. Greenland ice cores suggest that the modern warm period (the Holocene) has been relatively stable for the past 9,000 years(1,2). Much less is known about other warm interglacial periods, which comprise less than 10% of the climate record during the past 2.5 million years(3-7). Here we present high-resolution ocean sediment records of surface and deep-water variables from the Bermuda Rise spanning the last interglacial period, about 118,000-127,000 years ago. In general, deep-water chemical changes are coincident with transitions in surface climate at this site. The records do not show any substantial fluctuations relative to the much higher variability observed during the preceding and subsequent cool climates. The relatively stable interglacial period begins and ends with abrupt changes in deep-water now. We estimate, using Th-230 measurements to constrain the chronology, that transitions occur in less than 400 years.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
   CEA,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT,LAB CNRS,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Adkins, JF (corresponding author), MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 31
TC 164
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 154
EP 156
DI 10.1038/36540
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Larsen, AE
   Grier, DG
AF Larsen, AE
   Grier, DG
TI Like-charge attractions in metastable colloidal crystallites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vapor-liquid condensation; density-functional theory; phase-diagram; yukawa systems; suspensions; interface; dispersions; particles; fluid
AB Sub-micrometre charged latex spheres can be suspended In water to form regular arrays known as colloidal crystals. In contrast to most conventional solids, colloidal crystals can be forced Into metastable superheated states, The structure and dynamics of these metastable crystals show evidence for strong, long-range attractions between the similarly charged spheres. Such attractive interactions are inconsistent with the accepted theory of colloidal interactions, and might influence the properties of many natural and Industrial suspensions.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,JAMES FRANCK INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT PHYS,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
NR 31
TC 550
Z9 588
U1 0
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 230
EP 233
DI 10.1038/385230a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bodenhofer, K
   Hierlemann, A
   Seemann, J
   Gauglitz, G
   Koppenhoefer, B
   Gopel, W
AF Bodenhofer, K
   Hierlemann, A
   Seemann, J
   Gauglitz, G
   Koppenhoefer, B
   Gopel, W
TI Chiral discrimination using piezoelectric and optical gas sensors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acoustic-wave microsensors; chromatography; enantiomers; separation; isomers; resolution
AB Odour perception in humans can sometimes discriminate different enantiomers of a chiral compound(1-3), such as limonene. Chiral discrimination represents one of the greatest challenges in attempts to devise selective and sensitive gas sensors. The importance of such discrimination for pharmacology is clear, as the physiological effect of enantiomers of drugs and other biologically active molecules may differ significantly(4). Here we describe two different sensor systems that are capable of recognizing different enantiomers and of qualitatively monitoring the enantiomeric composition of amino-acid derivatives and lactates in the gas phase. One sensor detects changes in mass, owing to binding of the compound being analysed (the 'analyte'), by thickness shear-mode resonance(5-7); the other detects changes in the thickness of a surface layer by reflectometric interference spectroscopy(8-10). Both devices use the two enantiomers of a chiral polymeric receptor, and offer rapid on-line detection of chiral species with high selectivity.
C1 UNIV TUBINGEN,INST PHYS & THEORET CHEM,CTR INTERFACE ANAL & SENSORS,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV TUBINGEN,INST ORGAN CHEM,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
NR 25
TC 146
Z9 151
U1 1
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6633
BP 577
EP 580
DI 10.1038/42426
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XC522
UT WOS:A1997XC52200048
PM 9177343
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jung, TA
   Schlittler, RR
   Gimzewski, JK
AF Jung, TA
   Schlittler, RR
   Gimzewski, JK
TI Conformational identification of individual adsorbed molecules with the STM
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pi-cation radicals; porphyrin; images; phthalocyanine; monolayers
AB The structure and conformation of a molecule determine its chemical and physical properties. Molecular conformation at interfaces is of particular importance in organic thin films(1): in organic optoelectronic devices(2,3) for example, charge carrier injection is influenced by interfacial properties(4). Here we present a real-space conformational analysis of individual porphyrin molecules using scanning tunnelling microscopy(5,6). Porphyrins have been used as model systems to study charge transfer(7) and in vivo photoactivation of drug precursors(8), and have also been used in organic light-emitting diodes(9). We find that changes in the porphyrins' conformation occur predominantly by rotations around the bonds to four tertiary butyl appendages, which differ on different metal substrates. On corrugated gold(110) surfaces, we identify two different conformations as the precursory (metastable) and final states of adsorption. This kind of conformational adaptation to a surface may be general for adsorbed organic molecules, and might have important consequences for the technological applications of organic thin films.
C1 IBM CORP,ZURICH RES LAB,DIV RES,CH-8803 RUSCHLIKON,SWITZERLAND.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM Switzerland
NR 24
TC 371
Z9 388
U1 0
U2 134
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 696
EP 698
DI 10.1038/386696a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palkova, Z
   Janderova, B
   Gabriel, J
   Zikanova, B
   Pospisek, M
   Forstova, J
AF Palkova, Z
   Janderova, B
   Gabriel, J
   Zikanova, B
   Pospisek, M
   Forstova, J
TI Ammonia mediates communication between yeast colonies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; ras proteins; localization; expression; growth
AB Under certain growth conditions unicellular organisms behave as highly organized multicellular structures. For example, the fruiting bodies of myxobacteria(1) and of the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum(2) form structures composed of non-dividing motile cells. Although non-motile, yeasts can create organized structures, colonies in which cells communicate and act in a coordinated fashion. Colony morphologies are characteristic for different species and strains. Here we describe that, in addition to short-range intracolony cell-cell communication, yeasts exhibit long-distance signals between neighbouring colonies. The volatile alkaline compound ammonia, transmitted by yeast colonies in pulses, has been identified as a substance mediating the intercolony signal. The first alkaline pulse produced by neighbouring colonies is non-directed and is followed by acidification of the medium. The second pulse seems to be enhanced and is oriented towards the neighbour colony. Ammonia signalling results in growth inhibition of the facing parts of both colonies. This phenomenon is observed in different yeast genera. The presence of amino acids in the medium is required for ammonia production, Colonies derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae shr3 mutant, defective in localization of amino-acid permeases(3), do not produce detectable amounts of ammonia and do not exhibit asymmetric growth inhibition.
C1 ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBL,INST MICROBIOL,CR-14220 PRAGUE 4,CZECH REPUBLIC.
C3 Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Palkova, Z (corresponding author), CHARLES UNIV,DEPT GENET & MICROBIOL,VINICNA 5,PRAGUE 12844 2,CZECH REPUBLIC.
NR 15
TC 183
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 532
EP 536
DI 10.1038/37398
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500058
PM 9394006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pereverzev, SV
   Loshak, A
   Backhaus, S
   Davis, JC
   Packard, RE
AF Pereverzev, SV
   Loshak, A
   Backhaus, S
   Davis, JC
   Packard, RE
TI Quantum oscillations between two weakly coupled reservoirs of superfluid He-3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helium
AB Arguments first proposed over thirty years ago, based on fundamental quantum-mechanical principles, led to the prediction(1-3) that if macroscopic quantum systems are weakly coupled together, particle currents should oscillate between the two systems, The conditions for these quantum oscillations to occur are that the two systems must both have a well defined quantum phase, phi, and a different average energy per particle, mu: the term 'weakly coupled' means that the wavefunctions describing the systems must overlap slightly. The frequency of the resulting oscillations is then given by f = (mu(2) - mu(1))/h, where his Planck's constant. To date, the only observed example of this phenomenon is the oscillation of electric current between two superconductors coupled by a Josephson tunnelling weak link(4). Here we report the observation of oscillating mass currents between two reservoirs of superfluid He-3, the weak Link being provided by an array of submicrometre apertures in a membrane separating the reservoirs. An applied pressure difference creates mass-current oscillations, which are detected as sound in a nearby microphone. The sound frequency (typically 6,000-200 Hz) is precisely proportional to the applied pressure difference, in accordance with the above equation. These superfluid quantum oscillations were first detected while monitoring an amplified microphone signal with the human ear.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST HIGH PRESSURE PHYS,MOSCOW 117901,RUSSIA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Vereshchagin Institute of High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences
NR 23
TC 152
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 449
EP 451
DI 10.1038/41277
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strutt, DI
   Weber, U
   Mlodzik, M
AF Strutt, DI
   Weber, U
   Mlodzik, M
TI The role of RhoA in tissue polarity and Frizzled signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; genetic mosaics; locus encodes; cell fates; protein; phenotypes; pathways; gtpases; rac1; eye
AB The tissue polarity genes of Drosophila are required for correct establishment of planar polarity in epidermal structures(1,2), which in the eye is shown in the mirror-image symmetric arrangement of ommatidia relative to the dorsoventral midline. Mutations in the genes frizzled (fz), dishevelled (dsh) and prickle-spiny-legs (pk-sple) result in the loss of this mirror-image symmetry(3-5). fz encodes a serpentine receptor-like transmembrane protein required for reception and transmission of a polarity signal(5,6), Little else is known of the signalling pathway(s) involved other than that Dsh acts downstream of Fz(7). We have identified mutations in the Drosophila homologue of RhoA p21 GTPase, and by analysis of their phenotype show that RhoA is required for the generation of tissue polarity, Genetic interactions indicate a role for RhoA in signalling mediated by Fz and Dsh, and furthermore suggest that JNK/SAPK-like kinases are involved, These data are consistent with a Fz/RhoA signalling cascade analogous to the yeast pheromone signalling pathway(8) and that proposed for activation of the serum response factor (SRF) in vertebrate cells(9).
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,DEV BIOL PROGRAMME,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 29
TC 487
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 292
EP 295
DI 10.1038/387292a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700055
PM 9153394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roach, PL
   Clifton, IJ
   Hensgens, CMH
   Shibata, N
   Schofield, CJ
   Hajdu, J
   Baldwin, JE
AF Roach, PL
   Clifton, IJ
   Hensgens, CMH
   Shibata, N
   Schofield, CJ
   Hajdu, J
   Baldwin, JE
TI Structure of isopenicillin N synthase complexed with substrate and the mechanism of penicillin formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active-site; crystal-structure; factor refinement; biosynthesis; enzymes
AB The biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics in microorganisms requires the formation of the bicyclic nucleus of penicillin(1). Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), a non-haem iron-dependent oxidase, catalyses the reaction of a tripeptide, delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV), and dioxygen to form isopenicillin N and two water molecules(2). Mechanistic studies suggest the reaction is initiated by ligation of the substrate thiolate to the iron centre, and proceeds through an enzyme-bound monocyclic intermediate(3,4) (Fig. 1), Here we report the crystal structure of IPNS complexed to ferrous iron and ACV, determined to 1.3 Angstrom resolution. Based on the structure, we propose a mechanism for penicillin formation that involves ligation of ACV to the iron centre, creating a vacant iron coordination site into which dioxygen can bind. Subsequently, iron-dioxygen and iron-ore species remove the requisite hydrogens from ACV without the direct assistance of protein residues (Fig. 2). The crystal structure of the complex with the dioxygen analogue, NO and ACV bound to the active-site iron supports this hypothesis.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DYSON PERRINS LAB,OXFORD OX1 3QY,ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD,OXFORD CTR MOL SCI,OXFORD OX1 3QY,ENGLAND.
   UNIV UPPSALA,CTR BIOMED,DEPT BIOCHEM,S-75123 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Uppsala University
NR 30
TC 399
Z9 465
U1 2
U2 73
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6635
BP 827
EP 830
DI 10.1038/42990
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XF144
UT WOS:A1997XF14400056
PM 9194566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koch, C
AF Koch, C
TI Computation and the single neuron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells
AB Neurons and their networks underlie our perceptions, actions and memories. The latest work on information processing and storage at the single-cell level reveals previously unimagined complexity and dynamism.
RP Koch, C (corresponding author), CALTECH,COMPUTAT & NEURAL SYST PROGRAM,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 30
TC 159
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6613
BP 207
EP 210
DI 10.1038/385207a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WC711
UT WOS:A1997WC71100027
PM 9000068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Volkow, ND
   Wang, GJ
   Fischman, MW
   Foltin, RW
   Fowler, JS
   Abumrad, NN
   Vitkun, S
   Logan, J
   Gatley, SJ
   Pappas, N
   Hitzemann, R
   Shea, CE
AF Volkow, ND
   Wang, GJ
   Fischman, MW
   Foltin, RW
   Fowler, JS
   Abumrad, NN
   Vitkun, S
   Logan, J
   Gatley, SJ
   Pappas, N
   Hitzemann, R
   Shea, CE
TI Relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter occupancy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens; molecular mechanisms; binding-sites; pet; inhibitors; invivo; humans; drugs; brain
AB Cocaine is believed to work by blocking the dopamine transporter (DAT) and thereby increasing the availability of free dopamine within the brain(1-4). Although this concept is central to current cocaine research and to treatment development, a direct relationship between DAT blockade and the subjective effects of cocaine has not been demonstrated in humans. We have used positron emission tomography to determine what level of DAT occupancy is required to produce a subjective 'high' in human volunteers who regularly abuse cocaine. We report here that intravenous cocaine at doses commonly abused by humans (0.3-0.6 mg kg(-1)) blocked between 60 and 77% of DAT sites in these subjects. The magnitude of the self-reported high was correlated with the degree of DAT occupancy, and at least 47% of the transporters had to be blocked for subjects to perceive cocaine's effects. Furthermore, the time course for the high paralleled that of cocaine concentration within the striatum, a brain region implicated in the control of motivation and reward. This is the first demonstration in humans that the doses used by cocaine abusers lead to significant blockade of DAT, and that this blockade is associated with the subjective effects of cocaine. Although these findings provide justification to target the DAT for medication development they suggest that for drugs to be effective in blocking cocaine's effects they would have to be given at doses that achieve almost complete DAT occupancy.
C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,UPTON,NY 11973.
   SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT PSYCHIAT,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANESTHESIOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT PSYCHIAT,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   N SHORE UNIV HOSP,DEPT SURG,MANHASSET,NY 11030.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Columbia University; Northwell Health; North Shore University Hospital
RP Volkow, ND (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT MED,UPTON,NY 11973, USA.
NR 24
TC 515
Z9 603
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 827
EP 830
DI 10.1038/386827a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600053
PM 9126740
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsukamoto, Y
   Kato, J
   Ikeda, H
AF Tsukamoto, Y
   Kato, J
   Ikeda, H
TI Silencing factors participate in DNA repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-hybrid system; yeast; proteins; telomeres; rap1
AB DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by homologous recombination or DNA end-joining, but the latter process often causes illegitimate recombination and chromosome rearrangements. One of the factors involved in the end-joining process is Hdf1, a yeast homologue of Ku protein(1-4). We used the yeast two-hybrid assay to show that Hdf1 interacts with Sir4, which is involved in transcriptional silencing at telomeres and HM loci(5,6). Analyses of sir4 mutants showed that Sir4 is required for deletion by illegitimate recombination and DNA end-joining in the pathway involving Hdf1. Sir2 and Sir3, but not Sir1, were also found to participate in these processes. Furthermore, mutations of the SIR2, SIR3 and SIR4 genes conferred increased sensitivity to gamma-radiation in a genetic background with a mutation of the RAD52 gene, which is essential for double-strand break repair mediated by homologous recombination. These results indicate that Sir proteins are involved in double-strand break repair mediated by end-joining. We propose that Sir proteins act with Hdf1 to alter broken DNA ends to create an inactivated chromatin structure that is essential for the rejoining of DNA ends.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,DEPT MOL BIOL,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
NR 30
TC 294
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 900
EP 903
DI 10.1038/42288
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400055
PM 9278054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU WyssCoray, T
   Masliah, E
   Mallory, M
   McConlogue, L
   JohnsonWood, K
   Lin, C
   Mucke, L
AF WyssCoray, T
   Masliah, E
   Mallory, M
   McConlogue, L
   JohnsonWood, K
   Lin, C
   Mucke, L
TI Amyloidogenic role of cytokine TGF-beta 1 in transgenic mice and in Alzheimer's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor-beta; e epsilon-4 allele; apolipoprotein-e; extracellular-matrix; precursor protein; head-injury; angiopathy; plaques; deposition; brains
AB Deposition of amyloid-beta peptide in the central nervous system is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and a possible cause of neurodegeneration(1-3). The factors that initiate or promote deposition of amyloid-beta peptide are not known. The transforming growth factor TGF-beta 1 plays a central role in the response of the brain to injury(4,5), and increased TGF-beta 1 has been found in the central nervous system of patients with Alzheimer's disease(6-8). Here we report that TGF-beta 1 induces amyloid-beta deposition in cerebral blood vessels and meninges of aged transgenic mice overexpressing this cytokine from astrocytes. Co-expression of TGF-beta 1 in transgenic mice overexpressing amyloid-precursor protein, which develop Alzheimer's like patholog(9-11), accelerated the deposition of amyloid-beta peptide. More TGF-beta 1 messenger RNA was present in post-mortem brain tissue of Alzheimer's patients than in controls, the levels correlating strongly with amyloid-beta deposition in the damaged cerebral blood vessels of patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, These results indicate that overexpression of TGF-beta 1 may initiate or promote amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease and in experimental models and so may be a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT NEUROL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94141.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,NEUROSCI PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT NEUROSCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT PATHOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   ATHENA NEUROSCI INC,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP WyssCoray, T (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,GLADSTONE MOL NEUROBIOL PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94141, USA.
NR 30
TC 359
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 603
EP 606
DI 10.1038/39321
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800060
PM 9335500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coppolino, MG
   Woodside, MJ
   Demaurex, N
   Grinstein, S
   StArnaud, R
   Dedhar, S
AF Coppolino, MG
   Woodside, MJ
   Demaurex, N
   Grinstein, S
   StArnaud, R
   Dedhar, S
TI Calreticulin is essential for integrin-mediated calcium signalling and cell adhesion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; modulation; increases; receptor; binding; antigen
AB Integrins are important mediators of cell adhesion to extracellular ligands and can transduce biochemical signals both into and out of cells(1,2). The cytoplasmic domains of integrins interact with several structural and signalling proteins and consequently participate in the regulation of cell shape, motility, growth and differentiation(3). It has been shown that calreticulin associates with the cytoplasmic domains of integrin a-subunits and that this interaction can influence integrin-mediated cell adhesion to extracellular matrix(4,5). We have now developed calreticulin-deficient embryonic stem (ES) cells and isolated embryonic fibroblasts from calreticulin mutant mice. We find that in both cell types integrin-mediated adhesion is severely impaired, although integrin expression is unaltered. Expression of recombinant calreticulin in double knockout ES cells by complementary DNA transfection rescued integrin-mediated adhesion. In wild-type cells, engagement of surface integrins induced a transient elevation in cytosolic calcium concentration owing to influx of extracellular calcium. This calcium transient was absent in calreticulin-deficient cells. In contrast, the amount of calcium in endomembrane stores, which is sensitive to both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and thapsigargin, was indistinguishable in the two cell types. Our results indicate that calreticulin is an essential modulator both of integrin adhesive functions and integrin-initiated signalling, but that it may not play a significant role in the storage of luminal calcium.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,SUNNYBROOK HLTH SCI CTR,DIV CANC RES,TORONTO,ON M4N 3M5,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M4N 3M5,CANADA.
   HOSP SICK CHILDREN,DIV CELL BIOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X8,CANADA.
   SHRINERS HOSP CRIPPLED CHILDREN,GENET UNIT,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1A6,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Sunnybrook Health Science Center; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)
NR 29
TC 343
Z9 393
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6627
BP 843
EP 847
DI 10.1038/386843a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WV706
UT WOS:A1997WV70600057
PM 9126744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, KHS
   Relkin, NR
   Lee, KM
   Hirsch, J
AF Kim, KHS
   Relkin, NR
   Lee, KM
   Hirsch, J
TI Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain; speech; representation; organization
AB The ability to acquire and use several languages selectively is a unique and essential human capacity. Here we investigate the fundamental question of how multiple languages are represented in a human brain. We applied functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine the spatial relationship between native and second languages in the human cortex, and show that within the frontal-lobe language-sensitive regions (Broca's area)(1-3), second languages acquired in adulthood ('late' bilingual subjects) are spatially separated from native languages. However, when acquired during the early language acquisition stage of development ('early' bilingual subjects), native and second languages tend to be represented in common frontal cortical areas. In both late and early bilingual subjects, the temporal-lobe language-sensitive regions (Wernicke's area)(1-3) also show effectively little or no separation of activity based on the age of language acquisition. This discovery of language-specific regions in Broca's area advances our understanding of the cortical representation that underlies multiple language functions.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,DEPT NEUROL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   CORNELL UNIV MED COLL,DEPT NEUROL & NEUROSCI,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University
NR 24
TC 682
Z9 826
U1 4
U2 178
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6638
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/40623
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XK109
UT WOS:A1997XK10900049
PM 9217156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sniegowski, PD
   Gerrish, PJ
   Lenski, RE
AF Sniegowski, PD
   Gerrish, PJ
   Lenski, RE
TI Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E-coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID term experimental evolution; escherichia-coli; gene-product; identification; adaptation; environment; competition; selection; cloning; muts
AB Most mutations are likely to be deleterious, and so the spontaneous mutation rate is generally held at a very low value(1). Nonetheless, evolutionary theory predicts that high mutation rates can evolve under certain circumstances(2-4). Empirical observations have previously been limited to short-term studies of the fates of mutator strains deliberately introduced into laboratory populations of Escherichia coli(5-7), an to the effects of intense selective events on mutator frequencies in E. coli(8). Here we report the rise of spontaneously originated mutators in populations of E. coli undergoing long-term adaptation to a new environment; Our results corroborate computer simulations of mutator evolution in adapting clonal populations(4), and may help to explain observations that associate high mutation rates with emerging pathogens' and with certain cancers(10).
C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,CTR MICROBIAL ECOL,E LANSING,MI 48824.
C3 Michigan State University
RP Sniegowski, PD (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 30
TC 690
Z9 817
U1 4
U2 157
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6634
BP 703
EP 705
DI 10.1038/42701
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XD869
UT WOS:A1997XD86900053
PM 9192894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vallet, V
   Chraibi, A
   Gaeggeler, HP
   Horisberger, JD
   Rossier, BC
AF Vallet, V
   Chraibi, A
   Gaeggeler, HP
   Horisberger, JD
   Rossier, BC
TI An epithelial serine protease activates the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toad urinary-bladder; subunits; cells; mutations
AB Sodium balance, and ultimately blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume, is maintained by precise regulation of the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)(1-3). In a Xenopus kidney epithelial cell Line (A6), exposure of the apical membrane to the protease inhibitor aprotinin reduces transepithelial sodium transport. Sodium-channel activity can be restored by subsequent exposure to the nonspecific protease trypsin. Using A6 cells and a functional complementation assay to detect increases in ENaC activity, we have cloned a 329-residue protein belonging to the serine protease family. We show that coexpression of this protein with ENaC in Xenopus oocytes increases the activity of the sodium channel by two- to threefold. This channel-activating protease (CAP1) is expressed in kidney, gut, lung, skin and ovary. Sequence analysis predicts that CAP1 is a secreted and/or glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein: ENaC activity would thus be regulated by the activity of a protease expressed at the surface of the same cell. This previously undiscovered mechanism for autocrine regulation may apply to other ion channels, in particular to members of the ENaC family that are present in neurons and epithelial cells.
C1 UNIV LAUSANNE,INST PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,CH-1005 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Lausanne
NR 18
TC 452
Z9 490
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 607
EP 610
DI 10.1038/39329
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800061
PM 9335501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Myneni, RB
   Keeling, CD
   Tucker, CJ
   Asrar, G
   Nemani, RR
AF Myneni, RB
   Keeling, CD
   Tucker, CJ
   Asrar, G
   Nemani, RR
TI Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vegetation index; avhrr data; rise
AB Variations in the amplitude and timing of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 have shown an association with surface air temperature consistent with the hypothesis that warmer temperatures have promoted increases in plant growth during summer(1) and/or plant respiration during winter(2) in the northern high latitudes. Here we present evidence from satellite data that the photosynthetic activity of terrestrial vegetation increased from 1981 to 1991 in a manner that is suggestive of an increase in plant growth associated with a lengthening of the active growing season. The regions exhibiting the greatest increase lie between 45 degrees N and 70 degrees N, where marked warming has occurred in the spring time(3) due to an early disappearance of snow(4). The satellite data are concordant with an increase in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide exceeding 20% since the early 1970s, and an advance of up to seven days in the timing of the drawdown of CO2 in spring and early summer(1). Thus, both the satellite data and the CO2 record indicate that the global carbon cycle has responded to interannual fluctuations in surface air temperature which, although small at the global scale, are regionally highly significant.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,GREENBELT,MD 20771.
   NASA HEADQUARTERS,OFF MISSION PLANET EARTH,WASHINGTON,DC 20546.
   UNIV MONTANA,SCH FORESTRY,MISSOULA,MT 59812.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); University of Montana System; University of Montana
RP Myneni, RB (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,DEPT GEOG,COMMONWEALTH AVE,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 22
TC 2793
Z9 3410
U1 15
U2 935
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6626
BP 698
EP 702
DI 10.1038/386698a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WU387
UT WOS:A1997WU38700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poon, CS
   Merrill, CK
AF Poon, CS
   Merrill, CK
TI Decrease of cardiac chaos in congestive heart failure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-dimensional chaos; nonlinear dynamics; rate-variability; time-series; fibrillation; turbulence; cardiology
AB The electrical properties of the mammalian heart undergo many complex transitions In normal and diseased states(1-7). It has been proposed that the normal heartbeat may display complex nonlinear dynamics, including deterministic chaos(8,9), and that such cardiac chaos may be a useful physiological marker for the diagnosis(10-12) and management(13,14) of certain heart trouble, However, it is not clear whether the heartbeat series of healthy and diseased hearts are chaotic or stochastic(15-17), or whether cardiac chaos represents normal or abnormal behaviour's. Here we have used a highly sensitive technique, which is robust to random noise, to detect chaos(19). We analysed the electrocardiograms from a group of healthy subjects and those with severe congestive heart failure (CHF), a clinical condition associated with a high risk of sudden death. The short-term variations of beat-to-beat interval exhibited strongly and consistently chaotic behaviour in all healthy subjects, but were frequently interrupted by periods of seemingly non-chaotic fluctuations in patients with CHE Chaotic dynamics in the CHF data, even when discernible, exhibited a high degree of random variability over time, suggesting a weaker form of chaos. These findings suggest that cardiac chaos is prevalent in healthy heart, and a decrease in such chaos may be indicative of CHF.
RP Poon, CS (corresponding author), MIT, HARVARD MIT DIV HLTH SCI & TECHNOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 26
TC 260
Z9 283
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 492
EP 495
DI 10.1038/39043
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900055
PM 9333237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faddeev, L
   Niemi, AJ
AF Faddeev, L
   Niemi, AJ
TI Stable knot-like structures in classical field theory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In 1867, Lord Kelvin proposed that atoms-then considered to be elementary particles-could be described as knotted vortex tubes in ether(1). For almost two decades, this idea motivated an extensive study of the mathematical properties of knots, and the results obtained at that time by Tait(2) remain central to mathematical knot theory(3,4). But despite the clear relevance of knots to a large number of physical, chemical and biological systems, the physical properties of knot-like structures have not been much investigated. This is largely due to the absence of a theoretical means for generating stable knots in the nonlinear field equations that can be used to describe such systems. Here we show that knot-like structures can emerge as stable, finite-energy solutions in one such class of equations-local, three-dimensional langrangian field-theory models. Our results point to several experimental and theoretical situations where such structures may be relevant, ranging from defects in liquid crystals and vortices in superfluid helium to the structure-forming role of cosmic strings in the early Universe.
C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,VA STEKLOV MATH INST,ST PETERSBURG 196140,RUSSIA.
   UNIV HELSINKI,HELSINKI INST PHYS,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
   UPPSALA UNIV,DEPT THEORET PHYS,S-75108 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Steklov Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Department of the Steklov Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Institute of Physics; Uppsala University
NR 19
TC 578
Z9 612
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/387058a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghahramani, Z
   Wolpert, DM
AF Ghahramani, Z
   Wolpert, DM
TI Modular decomposition in visuomotor learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor control; representations; adaptation; direction; movement
AB The principle of 'divide-and-conquer' the decomposition of a complex task into simpler subtasks each learned by a separate module, has been proposed as a computational strategy during learning(1-3). We explore the possibility that the human motor system uses such a modular decomposition strategy to learn the visuomotor map, the relationship between visual inputs and motor outputs, Using a virtual reality system, subjects were exposed to opposite prism-like visuomotor remappings-discrepancies between actual and visually perceived hand locations-for movements starting from two distinct locations, Despite this conflicting pairing between visual and motor space, subjects learned the two starting-point-dependent visuomotor mappings and the generalization of this learning to intermediate starting locations demonstrated an interpolation of the two learned maps. This interpolation was a weighted average of the two learned visuomotor mappings, with the weighting sigmoidally dependent on starting location, a prediction made by a computational model of modular learning known as the ''mixture of experts'''. These results provide evidence that the brain may employ a modular decomposition strategy during learning.
C1 MIT,DEPT BRAIN & COGNIT SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   INST NEUROL,SOBELL DEPT NEUROPHYSIOL,LONDON WC1N 3BG,ENGLAND.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of London; University College London
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/386392a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000063
PM 9121554
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zuo, J
   DeJager, PL
   Takahashi, KA
   Jiang, WN
   Linden, DJ
   Heintz, N
AF Zuo, J
   DeJager, PL
   Takahashi, KA
   Jiang, WN
   Linden, DJ
   Heintz, N
TI Neurodegeneration in Lurcher mice caused by mutation in delta 2 glutamate receptor gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar purkinje-cells; polymerase chain-reaction; humpback-whales; simple sequences; dna; mouse; population; expression; subunit; maine
AB Lurcher (Lc) is a spontaneous, semidominant mouse neurological mutation(1). Heterozygous Lurcher mite (Lc/+) display ataxia as a result of a selective, coil-autonomous and apoptotic death of cerebellar Purkinje cells during postnatal develoment(2-4). Homozygous Lurcher mice (Lc/Lc) die shortly after birth because of a massive loss of mid-and hindbrain neurons during late embryogenesis(5). We have used positional cloning to identify the mutations responsible for neurodegeneration in two independent Lc alleles as G-to-A transitions that change a highly conserved alanine to a threonine residue in transmembrane domain III of the mouse delta 2 glutamate receptor gene (GluR delta 2). Lc/+ Purkinje cells have a very high membrane conductance and a depolarized resting potential, indicating the presence of a large, constitutive inward current. Expression of the mutant GluR delta 2(Lc) protein in Xenopus oocytes confirmed these results, demonstrating that Lc is inherited as a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a gain-of-function mutation in a glutamate receptor gene. Thus the activation of apoptotic neuronal death in Lurcher mice may provide a physiologically relevant model for excitotoxic cell death.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,MOL BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Johns Hopkins University
FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH51106] Funding Source: Medline
NR 51
TC 448
Z9 513
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 769
EP 773
DI 10.1038/42009
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700050
PM 9285588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cella, M
   Engering, A
   Pinet, V
   Pieters, J
   Lanzavecchia, A
AF Cella, M
   Engering, A
   Pinet, V
   Pieters, J
   Lanzavecchia, A
TI Inflammatory stimuli induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen processing capacity; epidermal langerhans cells; tumor-necrosis-factor; invariant chain; molecules; compartment; lymphocytes; expression; peptides; culture
AB Dendritic cells have the remarkable property of presenting any incoming antigen(1). To do so they must not only capture antigens with high efficiency and broad specificity, but must also maximize their capacity to load class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with antigenic peptides in order to present a large array of epitopes from different proteins, each at a sufficient copy number. Here we show that formation of peptide-MHC class II complexes is boosted by inflammatory stimuli that induce maturation of dendritic cells. In immature dendritic cells, class II molecules are rapidly internalized and recycled, turning over with a half-life of about 10 hours. Inflammatory stimuli induce a rapid and transient boost of class II synthesis, while the half-life of dass II molecules increases to over 100 hours. These coordinated changes result in the rapid accumulation of a large number of long-lived peptide-loaded MHC dass II molecules capable of stimulating T cells even after several days, The capacity of dendritic cells to load many antigenic peptides over a short period of initial exposure to inflammatory stimuli could favour presentation of infectious antigens.
C1 HOP ST ELOI,IMMUNOL LAB,INSERM,U291,F-34295 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite de Montpellier; CHU de Montpellier
RP Cella, M (corresponding author), BASEL INST IMMUNOL,GRENZACHERSTR 487,CH-4005 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 19
TC 939
Z9 1068
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 782
EP 787
DI 10.1038/42030
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700053
PM 9285591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Townsend, PD
AF Townsend, PD
TI Quantum cryptography on multiuser optical fibre networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systems
AB To establish a secure communication channel, it is necessary to distribute between two users a key which allows safe encryption and decryption of messages. But because decryption is a simple task for any key holder, it is crucial that the key remains secret during distribution, Secrecy cannot be guaranteed if distribution occurs on the basis of classical physical mechanisms, as it is impossible to know whether the key has been intercepted during transmission. Quantum cryptography(1-3) provides a fundamental solution to this problem, When quantum-mechanical processes are used to establish the key, any eavesdropping during transmission leads to an unavoidable and detectable disturbance in the received key information, Quantum cryptography has been demonstrated using standard telecommunication fibres linking single pairs of users(4-8), but practical implementations will require communication networks with many users(9). Here I introduce a practical scheme for multi-user quantum cryptography, and demonstrate its operation on an optical fibre network The scheme enables a single controller on the network to establish, and regularly update, a distinct secret key with each network user, These keys can then be used to securely encrypt conventional data transmissions that are broadcast on the network.
RP Townsend, PD (corresponding author), BT LABS,MARTLESHAM HEATH,IPSWICH IP5 7RE,SUFFOLK,ENGLAND.
NR 18
TC 237
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/385047a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spero, HJ
   Bijma, J
   Lea, DW
   Bemis, BE
AF Spero, HJ
   Bijma, J
   Lea, DW
   Bemis, BE
TI Effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biological carbonates; atmospheric co2; record; ocean; disequilibrium; fractionation; constraints; temperature; variability; exchange
AB Stable oxygen and carbon isotope measurements on biogenic calcite and aragonite have become standard tools for reconstructing past oceanographic and climatic change. In aquatic organisms, O-18/O-16 ratios in the shell carbonate are a function of the ratio in the sea water and the calcification temperature(1). In contrast, C-13/C-12 ratios are controlled by the ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water and physiological processes such as respiration and symbiont photosynthesis', These geochemical proxies have been used with analyses of foraminifera shells to reconstruct global ice volumes(3), surface and deep ocean temperatures(4,5), ocean circulation changes(6) and glacial-interglacial exchange between the terrestrial and oceanic carbon pools(7). Here, we report experimental measurements on living symbiotic and non-symbiotic plankton foraminifera (Orbulina universa and Globigerina bulloides respectively) showing that the C-13/C-12 and O-18/O-16 ratios of the calcite shells decrease with increasing seawater [CO32-]. Because glacial-period oceans had higher pH and [CO32-] than today(8), these new relationships confound the standard interpretation of glacial foraminiferal stable-isotope data In particular, the hypothesis that the glacial-interglacial shift in the C-13/C-12 ratio was due to a transfer of terrestrial carbon into the ocean(7) can be explained alternatively by an increase in ocean alkalinity(25). A carbonate-concentration effect could also help explain some of the extreme stable-isotope variations during the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic aeons(9).
C1 ALFRED WEGENER INST POLAR & MARINE RES,D-27515 BREMERHAVEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Spero, HJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT GEOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.
NR 33
TC 760
Z9 870
U1 3
U2 232
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 497
EP 500
DI 10.1038/37333
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lam, YA
   Xu, W
   DeMartino, GN
   Cohen, RE
AF Lam, YA
   Xu, W
   DeMartino, GN
   Cohen, RE
TI Editing of ubiquitin conjugates by an isopeptidase in the 26S proteasome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atp-dependent activator; terminal hydrolase; 20-s proteasome; protein; proteolysis; inhibition; identification; purification; degradation; nitriles
AB In eukaryotes, ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteolysis is essential for bulk protein turnover as well as diverse processes including cell-cycle control, differentiation, antigen presentation, and the stress response(1-3). Generally, multiple ubiquitins are added onto a substrate to form an isopeptide-linked 'polyubiquitin' chain, which targets substrates for degradation by the 26S proteasome(4-7). The specificity of Ub-dependent degradation was thought to depend primarily on the selection of targets for ubiquitination, but recently we have reported evidence(8) for a second level of specificity in which (poly)Ub-protein conjugates are partitioned among two fates: degradation of the protein substrate by the 26S proteasome; and disassembly by Ub isopeptidase(s) to regenerate the protein substrate. Potentially, an isopeptidase could influence degradation by 'editing' (poly)Ub-protein conjugates according to the extent of ubiquitination rather than the structure of the ubiquitination target itself. Here we describe a bovine isopeptidase that is well suited to such an editing function because of its unique localization and specificity, This enzyme is an intrinsic subunit of PA700, the 19S regulatory complex of the 26S proteasome. By disassembling the degradation signal from only the distal end of (poly)Ub chains, this isopeptidase can selectively rescue poorly ubiquitinated or slowly degraded Ub-protein conjugates from proteolysis.
C1 UNIV IOWA, DEPT BIOCHEM, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DEPT PHYSIOL, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 31
TC 386
Z9 468
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 737
EP 740
DI 10.1038/385737a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300050
PM 9034192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gale, JE
   Ashmore, JF
AF Gale, JE
   Ashmore, JF
TI An intrinsic frequency limit to the cochlear amplifier
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID outer hair-cells; membrane capacitance; na,k pump; channel; motility; transitions
AB Hearing in mammals depends on a feedback process within the inner ear termed the 'cochlear amplifier'(1). The essential components of this amplifier are sensorimotor cells, the outer hair cells, which transduce motion of the basilar membrane induced by sound and generate forces to cancel the viscous damping of the cochlear partition(2,3). Outer hair cells alter the passive mechanics of the cochlea, enhancing both the sensitivity and the frequency selectivity of the auditory system. The molecular basis of the mechanism is thought to be a voltage-sensitive 'motor' protein, as yet unidentified, embedded in the basolateral membrane of the outer hair cell(4). The cochlear amplifier operates up to at least 22 kHz (ref. 5), but by measuring both the charge and mechanical movements associated with the motor(6,7) in isolated membrane patches under voltage damp, we show here that the limiting frequency at which the motor operates lies near 25 kHz. This value therefore sets an upper limit to the range of hearing in mammalian cochleas using this mechanism. The fast charge movement, arising from charge displacement within the presumed motor molecule, further suggests that the protein is more likely to be related to a transporter than to a modified ion channel.
C1 UCL, DEPT PHYSIOL, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Gale, JE (corresponding author), UNIV BRISTOL, SCH MED SCI, DEPT PHYSIOL, UNIV WALK, BRISTOL BS8 1TD, AVON, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 113
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/37968
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600044
PM 9288966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barkai, N
   Leibler, S
AF Barkai, N
   Leibler, S
TI Robustness in simple biochemical networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterial chemotaxis; signal-transduction; escherichia-coli; methylation; adaptation; model; mechanism; proteins
AB Cells use complex networks of interacting molecular components to transfer and process information, These ''computational devices of living cells''(1) are responsible for many important cellular processes, including cell-cycle regulation and signal transduction. Here we address the issue of the sensitivity of the networks to variations in their biochemical parameters, We propose a mechanism for robust adaptation in simple signal transduction networks. We show that this mechanism applies in particular to bacterial chemotaxis(2-7). This is demonstrated within a quantitative model which explains, in a unified way, many aspects of chemotaxis, including proper responses to chemical gradients(8-12). The adaptation property(10,13-16) is a consequence of the network's connectivity and does not require the 'fine-tuning' of parameters. We argue that the key properties of biochemical networks should be robust in order to ensure their proper functioning.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT MOL BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
NR 21
TC 1177
Z9 1347
U1 0
U2 131
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6636
BP 913
EP 917
DI 10.1038/43199
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XG416
UT WOS:A1997XG41600054
PM 9202124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davies, SJA
   Fitch, MT
   Memberg, SP
   Hall, AK
   Raisman, G
   Silver, J
AF Davies, SJA
   Fitch, MT
   Memberg, SP
   Hall, AK
   Raisman, G
   Silver, J
TI Regeneration of adult axons in white matter tracts of the central nervous system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal-root ganglion; neurite outgrowth; spinal-cord; extracellular-matrix; growth-factor; oligodendrocytes; astrocytes; invitro; proteoglycans; inhibition
AB It is widely accepted that the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is unable to regenerate axons(1), In addition to physical or molecular barriers presented by glial scarring at the lesion site(2-4), it has been suggested that the normal myelinated CNS environment contains potent growth inhibitors(5,6) or lacks growth-promoting molecules(1,7). Here we investigate whether adult CNS white matter can support long-distance regeneration of adult axons in the absence of glial scarring, by using a microtransplantation technique(8) that minimizes scarring(9) to inject minute volumes of dissociated adult rat dorsal root ganglia directly into adult rat CNS pathways. This atraumatic injection procedure allowed considerable numbers of regenerating adult axons immediate access to the host glial terrain, where we found that they rapidly extended for long distances in white matter, eventually invading grey matter. Abortive regeneration correlated precisely with increased levels of proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix at the transplant interface, whereas successfully regenerating transplants were associated with minimal upregulation of these molecules, Our results demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that reactive glial extracellular matrix at the lesion site is directly associated with failure of axon regrowth in vivo, and that adult myelinated white matter tracts beyond the glial scar can be highly permissive for regeneration.
C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,CLEVELAND,OH 44106.
   NATL INST MED RES,DIV NEUROBIOL,NORMAN & SADIE LEE RES CTR,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
NR 30
TC 645
Z9 750
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 25
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6661
BP 680
EP 683
DI 10.1038/37776
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YM508
UT WOS:A1997YM50800030
PM 9414159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grosso, N
   Montmerle, T
   Feigelson, ED
   Andre, P
   Casanova, S
   GregorioHetem, J
AF Grosso, N
   Montmerle, T
   Feigelson, ED
   Andre, P
   Casanova, S
   GregorioHetem, J
TI An X-ray superflare from an infrared protostar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID young stellar objects; t-tauri stars; rho-ophiuchi; cloud; accretion; cluster; cores; disk
AB Class I protostars(1) are very young, low-mass stellar objects that are, according to current models, composite: they include a central star (still in the process of formation) surrounded by an accretion disk similar to 10-100 AU in radius and embedded in an extended, infalling envelope of gas and dust up to similar to 104 AU in size(2). X-ray emission from such protostars has recently been reported(3,4), suggesting that X-ray ionization of gas and heating of dust could profoundly influence the physical and chemical properties of young stellar systems. But these observations did not have the resolution necessary to rule out a non-protostar origin for the emissions. Here we report X-ray observations of one of the nearest star-forming regions-the rho Ophiuchi cloud-that clearly show an intense X-ray flare associated with a deeply embedded protostar. The peak X-ray luminosity, after correcting for extinction, is greater than or equal to 10-100 times the Sun's bolometric luminosity. The behaviour and intensity of the flare can be modelled as arising from a magnetically confined, low-density plasma bubble similar to 0.05-0.3 Au in diameter (much larger than the star itself), and the X-ray luminosity equals or exceeds the bolometric luminosity of the forming star. Taken together the evidence suggests that the X-rays are not created by the type of magnetic activity seen on the Sun or on other young low-mass stars, but rather are associated with processes in the circumstellar accretion disk or within the envelope.
C1 CEA, DAPNIA, SAP, SERV ASTROPHYS, CTR ETUD SACLAY, F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT ASTRON & ASTROPHYS, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
   OBSERV ASTRON, F-67000 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
   UNIV SAO PAULO, IAG, BR-05508 SAO PAULO, BRAZIL.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Universidade de Sao Paulo
NR 31
TC 116
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6628
BP 56
EP 58
DI 10.1038/387056a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WW758
UT WOS:A1997WW75800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stanley, EF
   Mirotznik, RR
AF Stanley, EF
   Mirotznik, RR
TI Cleavage of syntaxin prevents G-protein regulation of presynaptic calcium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick ciliary ganglion; acetylcholine-release; sensory neurons; giant synapse; n-type; currents; synaptotagmin; modulation; inhibition
AB Neurotransmitter release into the synapse is stimulated by calcium influx through ion channels that are closely associated with the transmitter release sites(1,2). This link may involve the membrane protein syntaxin, which is known to be associated with the release sites and to bind to the calcium channels(3,4). There is evidence that presynaptic calcium channels are downregulated by second messenger pathways involving G proteins(5,6). Here we use the patch-clamp technique to test whether calcium current is regulated by G proteins in a vertebrate presynaptic nerve terminal(7), and whether this regulation is affected by the Linkage to syntaxin. The calcium current in the nerve terminal showed typical G-protein-mediated changes in amplitude and activation kinetics which were reversed by a preceding depolarization. These effects of the G protein were virtually eliminated if syntaxin was I first cleaved with botulinum toxin CI. Our findings indicate that this sensitivity of the current to modulation by G proteins requires the association of the presynaptic calcium channel with elements of the transmitter release site, which may ensure that channels tethered at release sites(2,8) are preferentially regulated by the G-protein second messenger pathway.
RP Stanley, EF (corresponding author), NINCDS, SYNAPT MECH SECT, NIH, BLD 36, RM 5A25, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
NR 29
TC 154
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 340
EP 343
DI 10.1038/385340a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400050
PM 9002518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burns, CM
   Chu, H
   Rueter, SM
   Hutchinson, LK
   Canton, H
   SandersBush, E
   Emeson, RB
AF Burns, CM
   Chu, H
   Rueter, SM
   Hutchinson, LK
   Canton, H
   SandersBush, E
   Emeson, RB
TI Regulation of serotonin-2C receptor G-protein coupling by RNA editing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+ permeability; in-vitro; adenosine; channels; determinants; inhibition; invitro
AB The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) elicits a wide array of physiological effects by binding to several receptor subtypes. The 5-HT2 family of receptors belongs to a large group of seven-transmembrane-spanning G-protein-coupled receptors and includes three receptor subtypes (5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C) which are linked to phospholipase C, promoting the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and a subsequent increase in the intracellular levels of inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol(1). Here we show that transcripts encoding the 2C subtype of serotonin receptor (5-HT2CR) undergo RNA editing events in which genomically encoded adenosine residues are converted to inosines by the action of double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase(s). Sequence analysis of complementary DNA isolates from dissected brain regions have indicated the tissue-specific expression of seven major 5-HT2C receptor isoforms encoded by eleven distinct RNA species. Editing of J-HT2CR messenger RNAs alters the amino-acid coding potential of the predicted second intracellular loop of the receptor and can lead to a 10-15-fold reduction in the efficacy of the interaction between receptors and their G proteins. These observations indicate that RNA editing is a new mechanism for regulating serotonergic signal transduction and suggest that this post-transcriptional modification may be critical for modulating the different cellular functions that are mediated by other members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily.
C1 VANDERBILT UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PHARMACOL, NASHVILLE, TN 37232 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
NR 30
TC 900
Z9 1012
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 303
EP 308
DI 10.1038/387303a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700058
PM 9153397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monaghan, AP
   Bock, D
   Gass, P
   Schwager, A
   Wolfer, DP
   Lipp, HP
   Schutz, G
AF Monaghan, AP
   Bock, D
   Gass, P
   Schwager, A
   Wolfer, DP
   Lipp, HP
   Schutz, G
TI Defective limbic system in mice lacking the tailless gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor superfamily; drosophila; mouse; hippocampus; rat
AB The gene tailless is a member of the superfamily of genes that encode transcription factors of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor type, and is expressed in the invertebrate and vertebrate brain(1-4). In mice, its transcripts are restricted to the periventricular zone of the forebrain(4), the site of origin of neurons and glia. Here we use homologous recombination to generate mice that lack a functional tailless protein. Homozygous mutant mice are viable at birth, indicating that tailless is not required for prenatal survival; however, adult mutant mice show a reduction in the size of rhinencephalic and limbic structures, including the olfactory, infrarhinal and entorhinal cortex, amygdala and dentate gyrus. Both male and female mice are more aggressive than usual and females lack normal maternal instincts. These animals therefore enable a molecular approach to be taken towards understanding the genetic architecture and morphogenesis of the forebrain.
C1 GERMAN CANC RES CTR,DIV MOL BIOL CELL 1,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV ZURICH IRCHEL,INST ANAT,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Zurich
NR 20
TC 155
Z9 178
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6659
BP 515
EP 517
DI 10.1038/37364
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YJ865
UT WOS:A1997YJ86500053
PM 9394001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steyer, JA
   Horstmann, H
   Almers, W
AF Steyer, JA
   Horstmann, H
   Almers, W
TI Transport, docking and exocytosis of single secretory granules in live chromaffin cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotransmitter release; vesicle; actin; synaptobrevin; microscopy; culture; quanta; pool
AB Neurons maintain a limited pool of synaptic vesicles which are docked at active zones and are awaiting exocytosis(1-4). By contrast, endocrine cells releasing large, dense-core secretory granules have no active zones, and there is disagreement about the size(5) and even the existence(6) of the docked pool. It is not known how, and how rapidly, secretory vesicles are replaced at exocytic sites in either neurons or endocrine cells. By using electron microscopy, we have now been able to identify a pool of docked granules in chromaffin cells that is selectively depleted when cells secrete. With evanescent-wave fluorescence microscopy(7), we observed single granules undergoing exocytosis and leaving behind patches of bare plasmalemma. Fresh granules travelled to the plasmalemma at a top speed of 114 nm s(-1), taking an average of 6 min to arrive. On arrival, their motility diminished 4-food, probably as a result of docking. Some granules detached and returned to the cytosol. We conclude that a large pool of docked granules turns over slowly, that granules move actively to their docking sites, that docking is reversible, and that the 'rapidly releasable pool' measured electrophysiologically represents a small subset of docked granules.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MED RES,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 24
TC 357
Z9 401
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 474
EP 478
DI 10.1038/41329
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300049
PM 9242406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corcoran, MF
   Ishibashi, K
   Swank, JH
   Davidson, K
   Petre, R
   Schmitt, JHMM
AF Corcoran, MF
   Ishibashi, K
   Swank, JH
   Davidson, K
   Petre, R
   Schmitt, JHMM
TI Increasing X-ray emissions and periodic outbursts from the massive star eta Carinae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectra
AB Eta Carinae is one of the most massive, luminous and unstable stars known. The basic nature of this star is poorly understood, despite much study(1,2). It is a fluctuating source of hard X-rays(3-5), indicative of gas at an unusually high temperature (60 million kelvin): the mechanism for producing this gas has yet to be established, but may be related to strong shocks in a dense stellar wind. We have monitored the hard X-ray emission (2-10 keV) from eta Car over the past 1.5 years, in order to better understand the nature of these emissions and their variations. We shaw here that there has been an overall increase in the mean X-ray flux which has accelerated since January 1997, and that there are also small-scale periodic outbursts that occur every 85 days. It has recently been argued(6,7) that eta Car is in fact a binary stellar system whose components are approaching periastron near 1 January 1998. If this is indeed the case, then it is plausible that the hard Xray emission is produced by shocks associated with the collision of the winds from the two stars, in which case the X-ray flux should increase through periastron, and rapidly decline thereafter. Continued monitoring will test this prediction.
C1 UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC,COLUMBIA,MD 21044.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ASTRON,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
C3 Universities Space Research Association (USRA); University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Max Planck Society
RP Corcoran, MF (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS LAB,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 23
TC 51
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6660
BP 587
EP 589
DI 10.1038/37558
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YK853
UT WOS:A1997YK85300041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fuhlbrigge, RC
   Kieffer, JD
   Armerding, D
   Kupper, TS
AF Fuhlbrigge, RC
   Kieffer, JD
   Armerding, D
   Kupper, TS
TI Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a specialized form of PSGL-1 expressed on skin-homing T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p-selectin; leukocyte adhesion; fucosyl-transferase; glycoprotein ligand; physiological flow; myeloid cells; fuct-vii; receptor; molecule; binding
AB T cells play a pathogenic role in many inflammatory and certain malignant skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic and allergic contact dermatitis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma(1-6). Memory T cells that infiltrate the skin express a unique skin-homing receptor called cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), a carbohydrate epitope that facilitates the targeting of T cells to inflamed skin(1,7,8). CLA is defined by both its reactivity with a unique monoclonal antibody, HECA-452, and its activity as a ligand for E-selectin(2,9-11), but the structure of the protein component of CLA has not previously been defined. Here we report that CLA is an inducible carbohydrate modification of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), a known surface glycoprotein that is expressed constitutively on all human peripheral-blood T cells, Cultured peripheral-blood T cells can be differentiated into CLA-bearing cells, which bind both E-selectin and P-selectin, or CLA-negative cells, which bind P-selectin but do not bind E-selectin, suggesting that there is independent regulation of selectin-binding phenotypes, We propose that differential post-translational modification of a single cell-surface receptor, PSGL-1, mediated by fucosyltransferase VII, serves as a mechanism for regulating tissue-specific homing of memory T cells.
C1 BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV DERMATOL,HARVARD SKIN DIS RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
NR 27
TC 441
Z9 506
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6654
BP 978
EP 981
DI 10.1038/40166
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YD299
UT WOS:A1997YD29900058
PM 9353122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carraway, KL
   Weber, JL
   Unger, MJ
   Ledesma, J
   Yu, N
   Gassmann, M
   Lai, C
AF Carraway, KL
   Weber, JL
   Unger, MJ
   Ledesma, J
   Yu, N
   Gassmann, M
   Lai, C
TI Neuregulin-2, a new ligand of ErbB3/ErbB4-receptor tyrosine kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neu differentiation factor; cardiac development; nervous-system; receptor; heregulin; expression; family; erbb2; aria; her4/p180(erbb4)
AB The neuregulins (NRGs) are a family of multipotent epidermal-growth-factor-like (EGF-like) factors that arise from splice variants of a single gene. They influence the growth, differentiation, survival and fate of several cell types. We have now discovered a set of new neuregulin-like growth factors, which we call neuregulin-2 (NRG-2): these are encoded by their own gene and exhibit a distinct expression pattern in adult brain and developing heart. Like NRG-1, the EGF-like domain of the new ligands binds to both the ErbB3- and ErbB4-receptor tyrosine kinases. However, NRG-2 stimulates different ErbB-receptor tyrosine-phosphorylation profiles from NRG-1. Our results indicate that NRG-1 and NRG-2 mediate distinct biological processes by acting at different sites in tissues and eliciting different biochemical responses in cells.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   BETH ISRAEL HOSP, DIV SIGNAL TRANSDUCT, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, MOL NEUROBIOL LAB, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Salk Institute
NR 30
TC 356
Z9 459
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6632
BP 512
EP 516
DI 10.1038/387512a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XB479
UT WOS:A1997XB47900051
PM 9168115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kendrick, KM
   GuevaraGuzman, R
   Zorrilla, J
   Hinton, MR
   Broad, KD
   Mimmack, M
   Ohkura, S
AF Kendrick, KM
   GuevaraGuzman, R
   Zorrilla, J
   Hinton, MR
   Broad, KD
   Mimmack, M
   Ohkura, S
TI Formation of olfactory memories mediated by nitric oxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; aspartate receptor antagonist; soluble guanylyl cyclase; synthase messenger-rna; selective impairment; carbon-monoxide; rat-brain; hippocampus; inhibition; system
AB Sheep learn to recognize the odours of their lambs within two hours of giving birth, and this learning involves synaptic changes within the olfactory bulb(1,2). Specifically, mitral cells become increasingly responsive to the learned odour, which stimulates release of both glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmitters from the reciprocal synapses between the excitatory mitral cells and inhibitory granule cells(1). Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in synaptic plasticity in other regions of the brain as a result of its modulation of cyclic GMP levels(3-7). Here we investigate the possible role of NO in olfactory learning. We find that the neuronal enzyme nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is expressed in both mitral and granule cells, whereas the guanylyl cyclase subunits that are required for NO stimulation of cGMP formation(8) are expressed only in mitral cells. Immediately after birth, glutamate levels rise, inducing formation of NO and cGMP, which potentiate glutamate release at the mitral-to-granule cell synapses. Inhibition of nNOS or guanylyl cyclase activity prevents both the potentiation of glutamate release and formation of the olfactory memory. The effects of nNOS inhibition can be reversed by infusion of NO into the olfactory bulb, Once memory has formed, however, inhibition of nNOS or guanylyl cyclase activity cannot impair either its recall or the neurochemical release evoked by the learned lamb odour. Nitric oxide therefore seems to act as a retrograde and/or intracellular messenger, being released from both mitral and granule cells to potentiate glutamate release from mitral cells by modulating cGMP concentrations. We propose that the resulting changes in the functional circuitry of the olfactory bulb underlie the formation of olfactory memories.
RP Kendrick, KM (corresponding author), BABRAHAM INST,DEPT NEUROBIOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4AT,ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 227
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 670
EP 674
DI 10.1038/41765
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300048
PM 9262400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reyburn, HT
   Mandelboim, O
   ValesGomez, M
   Davis, DM
   Pazmany, L
   Strominger, JL
AF Reyburn, HT
   Mandelboim, O
   ValesGomez, M
   Davis, DM
   Pazmany, L
   Strominger, JL
TI The class I MHC homologue of human cytomegalovirus inhibits attack by natural killer cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anti-kp43 monoclonal-antibody; lymphocytes-t; expression; complex; receptor; chains; virus; genes
AB Recognition and destruction of virus-infected cells by class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is a central part of the immune system's attempts to control and eliminate virus infection. It is therefore not surprising that many viruses have evolved strategies to interfere with the processing and presentation of peptide antigen on class I MHC molecules (reviewed in ref. 1). These mechanisms act to prevent or reduce expression of MHC molecules at the cell surface. However, many natural killer (NK) cells are able to recognize and destroy host cells that no longer express class I MHC molecules (the 'missing self' hypothesis(2)). Thus, any virus-infected cell that has lost cell-surface expression of MHC class I to avoid CTL attack should become susceptible to NK-cell-mediated destruction. We describe here the first example, to our knowledge, of a viral strategy to evade immune surveillance by NK cells.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University
NR 26
TC 259
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6624
BP 514
EP 517
DI 10.1038/386514a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WR256
UT WOS:A1997WR25600057
PM 9087413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vanderMarel, RP
   deZeeuw, PT
   Rix, HW
   Quinlan, GD
AF vanderMarel, RP
   deZeeuw, PT
   Rix, HW
   Quinlan, GD
TI A massive black hole at the centre of the quiescent galaxy M32
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galactic nuclei; dense clusters; compact stars; evolution; resolution; models; parsec; m87
AB Massive black holes are thought to reside at the centres of many galaxies(1,2), where they power quasars and active galactic nuclei. But most galaxies are quiescent, indicating that any central massive black hole present will be starved of fuel and therefore detectable only through its gravitational influence on the motions of the surrounding stars. M32 is a nearby, quiescent elliptical galaxy in which the presence of a massive black hole has been suspected(3-9); however, the limited resolution of the observational data and the restricted classes of models used to interpret this data have made it difficult to rule out alternative explanations, such as models with an anisotropic stellar velocity distribution and no dark mass or models with a central concentration of dark objects (for example, stellar remnants or brown dwarfs). Here we present space-based high-resolution optical spectra of M32, which show that the stellar velocities near the centre of this galaxy exceed those inferred from previous ground-based observations. We use a range of general dynamical models to determine a central dark mass concentration of (3.4 +/- 1.6) x 10(6) solar masses, contained within a region only 0.3 pc across. This leaves a massive black hole as the most plausible explanation of the data, thereby strengthening the view that such black holes exist even in quiescent galaxies.
C1 STERREWACHT LEIDEN,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV ARIZONA,STEWARD OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; University of Arizona; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP vanderMarel, RP (corresponding author), INST ADV STUDY,OLDEN LANE,PRINCETON,NJ 08540, USA.
NR 30
TC 86
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6617
BP 610
EP 612
DI 10.1038/385610a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WH294
UT WOS:A1997WH29400042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimamura, M
   Yasue, H
   Ohshima, K
   Abe, H
   Kato, H
   Kishiro, T
   Goto, M
   Munechika, I
   Okada, N
AF Shimamura, M
   Yasue, H
   Ohshima, K
   Abe, H
   Kato, H
   Kishiro, T
   Goto, M
   Munechika, I
   Okada, N
TI Molecular evidence from retroposons that whales form a clade within even-toed ungulates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequences; elements; phylogeny; sines
AB The origin of whales and their transition from terrestrial life to a fully aquatic existence has been studied in depth. Palaeontological(1,2), morphological(3) and molecular studies(4-7) suggest that the order Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) is more closely related to the order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates, including cows, camels and pigs) than to other ungulate orders. The traditional view that the order Artiodactyla is monophyletic has been challenged by molecular analyses of variations in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA(5-7). We have characterized two families of short interspersed elements (SINEs) that were present exclusively in the genomes of whales, ruminants and hippopotamuses, but not in those of camels and pigs. We made an extensive survey of retropositional events that might have occurred during the divergence of whales and even-toed ungulates. We have characterized nine retropositional events of a SINE unit, each of which provides phylogenetic resolution of the relationships among whales, ruminants, hippopotamuses and pigs. Our data provide evidence that whales, ruminants and hippopotamuses form a monophyletic group.
C1 TOKYO INST TECHNOL,FAC BIOSCI & BIOTECHNOL,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA 226,JAPAN.
   NATL INST ANIM IND,ANIM GENOME RES GRP,KUKIZAKI,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   NATL INST FAR SEAS FISHERIES,LARGE CETACEAN SECT,SHIMIZU,SHIZUOKA 424,JAPAN.
   INST CETACEAN RES,GENET ECOL SECT,CHUO KU,TOKYO 104,JAPAN.
   CHIBA ZOOL PK,WAKABA KU,CHIBA 264,JAPAN.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; National Agriculture & Food Research Organization - Japan
NR 25
TC 324
Z9 356
U1 1
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6643
BP 666
EP 670
DI 10.1038/41759
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XQ863
UT WOS:A1997XQ86300047
PM 9262399
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prodeus, AP
   Zhou, XN
   Maurer, M
   Galli, SJ
   Carroll, MC
AF Prodeus, AP
   Zhou, XN
   Maurer, M
   Galli, SJ
   Carroll, MC
TI Impaired mast cell-dependent natural immunity in complement C3-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID necrosis-factor-alpha; arthus reaction; tnf-alpha; infection; release; mouse; c5a; histamine; receptor
AB The complement system is widely regarded as essential for normal inflammation, not least because of its ability to activate mast cells(1-5). However, recent studies have called into question the importance of complement in several examples of mast cell-dependent inflammatory responses(6-9). To investigate the role of complement in mast cell-dependent natural immunity, we examined the responses of complement-deficient mice(10,11) to caecal ligation and puncture(12), model of acute septic peritonitis(12,13) that is dependent on mast cells and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). We found that C4- or C3-deficient mice(10,11) '' were much more sensitive to caecal ligation and puncture than wild-type (WT) controls (100% versus 20% in 24-h mortality, respectively). C3-deficient mice also exhibited reductions in peritoneal mast cell degranulation, production of TNF-alpha, neutrophil infiltration and clearance of bacteria. Treating the C3-deficient mice with purified C3 protein enhanced activation of peritoneal mast cells, TNF-alpha production, neutrophil recruitment, opsonophagocytosis of bacteria and resistance to caecal ligation and puncture, confirming that the defects were complement-dependent. These results provide formal evidence that complement activation is essential for the full expression of innate immunity in this mast cell-dependent model of bacterial infection.
C1 BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
RP Prodeus, AP (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 30
TC 227
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/36586
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400054
PM 9367154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schreiner, CE
   Langner, G
AF Schreiner, CE
   Langner, G
TI Laminar fine structure of frequency organization in auditory midbrain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior colliculus; central nucleus; spectral integration; cochlear nucleus; single units; cat; inhibition; nerve; representation; resolution
AB The perception of sound is based on signal processing by a bank of frequency-selective auditory filters, the so-called critical bands(1-3). Here we investigate how the internal frequency organization of the main auditory midbrain station, the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC), might contribute to the generation of the critical-band behaviour of its neurons. We find a unique spatial arrangement of the frequency distribution in the ICC that correlates with psychophysical critical-band characteristics. Systematic frequency discontinuities along the main tonotopic axis, in combination with a smooth frequency gradient orthogonal to the main tonotopic organization of cat ICC, reflect a layering of the frequency organization paralleling its anatomical laminae. This layered frequency organization is characterized by constant frequency ratios of corresponding locations on neighboring laminae and may provide a spatial framework for the generation of critical bands and for signal processing within(4) and across' frequency bands for the analysis of sound.
C1 TECH UNIV DARMSTADT,INST ZOOL,D-64287 DARMSTADT,GERMANY.
C3 Technical University of Darmstadt
RP Schreiner, CE (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SLOAN CTR THEORET NEUROSCI,WM KECK CTR INTEGRAT NEUROSCI,COLEMAN LAB,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC002260] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 172
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6640
BP 383
EP 386
DI 10.1038/41106
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XM528
UT WOS:A1997XM52800052
PM 9237756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levesque, AJ
   Cwynar, LC
   Walker, IR
AF Levesque, AJ
   Cwynar, LC
   Walker, IR
TI Exceptionally steep north south gradients in lake temperatures during the last deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID younger dryas event; aquatic invertebrates; atlantic canada; cooling event; climate change; new-brunswick; oscillation; indicators; vegetation; record
AB During the transition from the last glacial to the present interglacial climate (late-glacial period), high summer insolation(1) combined with the presence of the Laurentide ice sheet is thought to have promoted the development of strong summer thermal gradients in North America south of the ice margin(2). Here we use palaeoecological methods to obtain quantitative evidence for the existence of these gradients. Our palaeoclimate reconstructions are based on water temperatures inferred from fossil assemblages of aquatic midge larvae in five lakes along a 240-km transect, extending from central New Brunswick, Canada, to southeastern Maine, USA. We show that the temperature gradient shifted during the Killarney Oscillation (KO) and Younger Dryas (YD) cooling events, and that water temperature differences of 9 and 11 degrees C existed over distances of 55 and 240 km, respectively, during parts of the late-glacial period. These gradients are much stronger than the current north-south trends of lake summer surface water temperatures for these five lakes and for lakes across the northern tree line. The rapid motion of such steep temperature gradients may have affected the progressive development of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the region.
C1 UNIV NEW BRUNSWICK,DEPT BIOL,FREDERICTON,NB E3B 6E1,CANADA.
   OKANAGAN UNIV COLL,DEPT BIOL,KELOWNA,BC V1V 1V7,CANADA.
   OKANAGAN UNIV COLL,OKANAGAN INST FRESHWATER SCI,KELOWNA,BC V1V 1V7,CANADA.
C3 University of New Brunswick
NR 35
TC 94
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6615
BP 423
EP 426
DI 10.1038/385423a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WF007
UT WOS:A1997WF00700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Casasnovas, JM
   Springer, TA
   Liu, JH
   Harrison, SC
   Wang, JH
AF Casasnovas, JM
   Springer, TA
   Liu, JH
   Harrison, SC
   Wang, JH
TI Crystals structure of ICAM-2 reveals a distinctive integrin recognition surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intercellular-adhesion molecule-1; cell-adhesion; plasmodium-falciparum; binding-site; immunoglobulin superfamily; human rhinovirus; lfa-1; receptor; fragment; domain-1
AB Recognition by integrin proteins on the cell surface regulates the adhesive interactions between cells and their surroundings(1,2). The structure of the 'I' domain that is found in some but not all integrins, has been determined(3,4). However, the only integrin ligands for which structures are known, namely fibronectin and VCAM-1 (refs 5-7), are recognized by integrins that lack I domains. The intercellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1, 2 and 3 are, like VCAM-1, members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), but they are recognized by an I domain-containing integrin, lymphocyte-function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1, or CD11a/CD18). Here we present the crystal structure of the extracellular region of ICAM-2. The glutamic acid residue at position 37 is critical for LFA-1 binding and is proposed to coordinate the Mg2+ ion in the I domain; this Glu 37 is surrounded by a relatively flat recognition surface and lies in a beta-strand, whereas the critical aspartic acid residue in VCAM-1 and fibronectin lie in protruding loops. This finding suggests that there are differences in the architecture of recognition sites between integrins that contain or lack I domains. A bend between domains 1 and 2 of ICAM-2 and a tripod-like arrangement of N-linked glycans in the membrane-proximal region of domain 2 may be important for presenting the recognition surface to LFA-1. A model of ICAM-1 based on the ICAM-2 structure provides a framework for understanding its recognition by pathogens.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,CTR BLOOD RES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University
NR 31
TC 93
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 312
EP 315
DI 10.1038/387312a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700060
PM 9153399
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU OttoBliesner, BL
   Upchurch, GR
AF OttoBliesner, BL
   Upchurch, GR
TI Vegetation-induced warming of high-latitude regions during the late Cretaceous period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global climate model; transfer scheme lsx; stomatal-resistance; carbon-dioxide; early tertiary; paleoclimates; simulations; record
AB Modelling studies of pre-quaternary (>2 million years ago) climate implicate atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(1), land elevation(2) and land-sea distribution(3-5) as important factors influencing global climate change over geological timescales. But during times of global warmth, such as the Cretaceous period and Eocene epoch, there are large discrepancies between model simulations of high-latitude and continental-interior temperatures and those indicated by palaeotemperature records(6,7), Here we use a global climate model for the latest Cretaceous (66 million years ago) to examine the role played by high- and middle-latitude forests in surface temperature regulation. In our simulations, this forest vegetation warms the global climate by 2.2 degrees C. The low-albedo deciduous forests cause high-latitude land areas to warm, which then transfer more heat to adjacent oceans, thus delaying sea-ice formation and increasing winter temperatures over coastal land. Overall, the inclusion of some of the physical and physiological climate feedback effects of high-latitude forest vegetation in our simulations reduces the existing discrepancies between observed and modelled climates of the latest Cretaceous, suggesting that these forests may have made an important contribution to climate regulation during periods of global warmth.
C1 SW TEXAS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,SAN MARCOS,TX 78666.
C3 Texas State University System; Texas State University San Marcos
RP OttoBliesner, BL (corresponding author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,POB 3000,BOULDER,CO 80307, USA.
NR 35
TC 121
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6619
BP 804
EP 807
DI 10.1038/385804a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WK570
UT WOS:A1997WK57000049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, GB
   Ducy, P
   McKee, MD
   Pinero, GJ
   Loyer, E
   Behringer, RR
   Karsenty, G
AF Luo, GB
   Ducy, P
   McKee, MD
   Pinero, GJ
   Loyer, E
   Behringer, RR
   Karsenty, G
TI Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID targeted disruption; apolipoprotein-e; mouse embryos; vitamin-k; atherosclerosis; lesions; gene; hypercholesterolemia; protooncogene; region
AB Calcification of the extracellular matrix (ECM) can be physiological or pathological. Physiological calcification occurs in bone when the soft ECM is converted into a rigid material capable of sustaining mechanical force; pathological calcification can occur in arteries(1) and cartilage(2) and other soft tissues. No molecular determinant regulating ECM calcification has yet been identified. A candidate molecule is matrix GLA protein (Mgp), a mineral-binding ECM protein(3) synthesized by vascular smooth-muscle cells and chondrocytes, two cell types that produce an uncalcified ECM, Mice that lack Mgp develop to term but die within two months as a result of arterial calcification which leads to blood-vessel rupture. Chondrocytes that elaborate a typical cartilage matrix can be seen in the affected arteries. Mgp-deficient mice additionally exhibit inappropriate calcification of various cartilages, including the growth plate, which eventually leads to short stature, osteopenia and fractures. These results indicate that ECM calcification must be actively inhibited in soft tissues. To our knowledge, Mgp is the first inhibitor of calcification of arteries and cartilage to be characterized in vivo.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, MD ANDERSON CANCER CTR, DEPT MOL GENET, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, MD ANDERSON CANCER CTR, DEPT RADIOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   UNIV MONTREAL, FAC DENT, DEPT STOMATOL, MONTREAL, PQ H3C 3J7, CANADA.
   UNIV TEXAS, DENT BRANCH, DEPT BASIC SCI, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; Universite de Montreal; University of Texas System
NR 30
TC 1730
Z9 1982
U1 0
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/386078a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600054
PM 9052783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallimore, JF
   Baum, SA
   ODea, CP
AF Gallimore, JF
   Baum, SA
   ODea, CP
TI A direct image of the obscuring disk surrounding an active galactic nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ngc-1068; galaxy; spectropolarimetry; emission; spectrum; models
AB Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are generally accepted to be powered by the release of gravitational energy in a compact accretion disk surrounding a massive black hole(1,2); such disks are also thought necessary to collimate the powerful radio jets seen in some AGN(3). The unifying classification schemes for AGN further propose that differences in their appearance can be attributed to the opacity of the accreting material, which may obstruct our view of the central region of some systems. The popular model for the obscuring medium is a parsec-scale disk of dense molecular gas(4), although evidence for such disks has been mostly indirect, as their angular size is much smaller than the resolution of conventional telescopes. Here we report direct images of a parsec-scale disk of ionized gas within the nucleus of NGC1068, the archetype of obscured AGN. The disk is viewed nearly edge-on, and individual clouds observed within the ionized disk are opaque to high-energy radiation, consistent with the unifying classification schemes. The projected axes of the disk and AGN are aligned, from which we infer that the ionized gas disk traces the outer regions of the long-sought inner accretion disk.
C1 SPACE TELESCOPE SCI INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21218.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute
RP Gallimore, JF (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,POSTFACH 1603,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 28
TC 108
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6645
BP 852
EP 854
DI 10.1038/42201
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XT754
UT WOS:A1997XT75400041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Basso, MA
   Wurtz, RH
AF Basso, MA
   Wurtz, RH
TI Modulation of neuronal activity by target uncertainty
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frontal eye field; superior colliculus; visual-search; attention; selection; monkey; cortex
AB Visual scenes are composed of many elements and although we can appreciate a scene as a whole, we can only move our eyes to one element of the scene at a time. As visual scenes become more complex, the number of potential targets in the scene increases, and the uncertainty that any particular one will be selected for an eye movement also increases. How motor systems accommodate this target uncertainty remains unknown. The activities of neurons in both the cerebral cortex(1-5) and superior colliculus(6-8) are modulated by this selection process. We reasoned that activity associated with target uncertainty should be evident in the saccadic motor system at the final stages of neural processing, in the superior colliculus(9,10). By systematically changing the number of stimuli from which a selection must be made and recording from superior colliculus neurons, we found that as the target uncertainty increased,the neural activity preceding target selection decreased. These results indicate that neurons within the final common pathway for movement generation are active well in advance of the selection of a particular movement. This early activity varies with the probability that a particular movement will be selected.
RP Basso, MA (corresponding author), NEI,SENSORIMOTOR RES LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 16
TC 275
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6646
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/37975
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XU596
UT WOS:A1997XU59600045
PM 9288967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deegan, RD
   Bakajin, O
   Dupont, TF
   Huber, G
   Nagel, SR
   Witten, TA
AF Deegan, RD
   Bakajin, O
   Dupont, TF
   Huber, G
   Nagel, SR
   Witten, TA
TI Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID latex-particles; water; evaporation
AB When a spilled drop of coffee dries on a solid surface, it leaves a dense, ring-like deposit along the perimeter (Fig. 1a). The coffee-initially dispersed over the entire drop-becomes concentrated into a tiny fraction of it. Such ring deposits are common wherever drops containing dispersed solids evaporate on a surface, and they influence processes such as printing, washing and coating(1-5). Ring deposits also provide a potential means to write or deposit a fine pattern onto a surface. Here we ascribe the characteristic pattern of the deposition to a form of capillary flow in which pinning of the contact line of the drying drop ensures that liquid evaporating from the edge is replenished by liquid from the interior, The resulting outward flow can carry virtually all the dispersed material to the edge. This mechanism predicts a distinctive power-law growth of the ring mass with time-a law independent of the particular substrate, carrier fluid or deposited solids. We have verified this law by microscopic observations of colloidal fluids.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT COMP SCI,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Deegan, RD (corresponding author), UNIV CHICAGO,JAMES FRANCK INST,5640 S ELLIS AVE,CHICAGO,IL 60637, USA.
NR 11
TC 5614
Z9 6342
U1 42
U2 1852
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6653
BP 827
EP 829
DI 10.1038/39827
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YC148
UT WOS:A1997YC14800050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wong, PC
   Zheng, H
   Chen, H
   Becher, MW
   Sirinathsinghji, DJS
   Trumbauer, ME
   Chen, HY
   Price, DL
   VanderPloeg, LHT
   Sisodia, SS
AF Wong, PC
   Zheng, H
   Chen, H
   Becher, MW
   Sirinathsinghji, DJS
   Trumbauer, ME
   Chen, HY
   Price, DL
   VanderPloeg, LHT
   Sisodia, SS
TI Presenilin 1 is required for Notch1 DII1 expression in the paraxial mesoderm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial alzheimers-disease; missense mutations; vertebral column; gene; somites; embryo; pax-1; cells
AB Approximately 10% of cases of Alzheimer's disease are familial and associated with autosomal dominant inheritance of mutations in genes encoding the amyloid precursor protein(1), presenilin 1 (PS1)(2) and presenilin 2 (pS2)(3,4). Mutations in PSI are Linked to about 25% of cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease(5). PS1, which is endoproteolytically processed in vivo(6), is a multipass transmembrane protein and is a functional homologue of SEL-12 (ref. 7), a Caenorhabditis elegans protein that facilitates signalling mediated by the Notch/LIN-12 family of receptors(8,9). To examine 1 potential roles for PS1 in facilitating Notch-mediated signalling during mammalian embryogenesis, we generated mice with targeted disruptions of PSI alleles (PS1(-/-) mice). PS1(-/-) embryos exhibited abnormal patterning of the axial skeleton and spinal ganglia, phenotypes traced to defects in somite segmentation and differentiation. Moreover, expression of mRNA encoding Notch1 and Dill (delta-like gene 1)(10), a vertebrate Notch ligand, is markedly reduced in the presomitic mesoderm of PS1(-/-) embryos compared to controls. Hence, PS1 is required for the spatiotemporal expression of Notch1 and Dll1, which are essential for somite segmentation and maintenance of somite borders(11-13).
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,NEUROPATHOL LAB,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   MERCK RES LABS,DEPT GENET & MOL BIOL,RAHWAY,NJ 07065.
   MERCK SHARP & DOHME RES LABS,NEUROSCI RES CTR,HARLOW CM20 2QR,ESSEX,ENGLAND.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Merck & Company; Merck & Company; Merck & Company United Kingdom
RP Wong, PC (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA.
NR 30
TC 636
Z9 699
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1997
VL 387
IS 6630
BP 288
EP 292
DI 10.1038/387288a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WZ167
UT WOS:A1997WZ16700054
PM 9153393
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suzuki, H
   Kurihara, Y
   Takeya, M
   Kamada, N
   Kataoka, M
   Jishage, K
   Ueda, O
   Sakaguchi, H
   Higashi, T
   Suzuki, T
   Takashima, Y
   Kawabe, Y
   Cynshi, O
   Wada, Y
   Honda, M
   Kurihara, H
   Aburatani, H
   Doi, T
   Matsumoto, A
   Azuma, S
   Noda, T
   Toyoda, Y
   Itakura, H
   Yazaki, Y
   Horiuchi, S
   Takahashi, K
   Kruijt, JK
   vanBerkel, TJC
   Steinbrecher, UP
   Ishibashi, S
   Maeda, N
   Gordon, S
   Kodama, T
AF Suzuki, H
   Kurihara, Y
   Takeya, M
   Kamada, N
   Kataoka, M
   Jishage, K
   Ueda, O
   Sakaguchi, H
   Higashi, T
   Suzuki, T
   Takashima, Y
   Kawabe, Y
   Cynshi, O
   Wada, Y
   Honda, M
   Kurihara, H
   Aburatani, H
   Doi, T
   Matsumoto, A
   Azuma, S
   Noda, T
   Toyoda, Y
   Itakura, H
   Yazaki, Y
   Horiuchi, S
   Takahashi, K
   Kruijt, JK
   vanBerkel, TJC
   Steinbrecher, UP
   Ishibashi, S
   Maeda, N
   Gordon, S
   Kodama, T
TI A role for macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis and susceptibility to infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-density-lipoprotein; e-deficient mice; apolipoprotein-e; cholesterol; binding; hypercholesterolemia; macrosialin; bacteria; adhesion; proteins
AB Macrophage type-I and type-II class-A scavenger receptors (MSR-A) are implicated in the pathological deposition of cholesterol during atherogenesis as a result of receptor-mediated uptake of modified low-density Lipoproteins (mLDL)(1-6). MSR-A can bind an extraordinarily wide range of ligands, including bacterial pathogens(7), and also mediates cation-independent macrophage adhesion in vitro(8). Here we show that targeted disruption of the MSR-A gene in mice results in a reduction in the size of atherosclerotic lesions in an animal deficient in apolipoprotein E. Macrophages from MSR-A-deficient mice show a marked decrease in mLDL uptake in vitro, whereas mLDL clearance from plasma occurs at a normal rate, indicating that there may be alternative mechanisms for removing mLDL from the circulation. In addition, MSR-A-knockout mice show an increased susceptibility to infection with Listeria monocytogenes or herpes simplex virus type-1, indicating that MSR-A may play a part in host defence against pathogens.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,DEPT MOL BIOL & MED,ADV SCI & TECHNOL RES CTR,MEGURO KU,TOKYO 153,JAPAN.
   CHUGAI PHARMACEUT CO LTD,SHIZUOKA 412,JAPAN.
   CSK RES PK INC,SHIZUOKA 412,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,DEPT INTERNAL MED 3,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
   KUMAMOTO UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,KUMAMOTO 860,JAPAN.
   KUMAMOTO UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,KUMAMOTO 860,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,FAC PHARMACEUT SCI,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   NATL INST HLTH & NUTR,TOKYO 162,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
   JAPANESE FDN CANC RES,INST CANC,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
   OBIHIRO UNIV AGR & VET MED,RES CTR PROTOZOAN MOL IMMUNOL,OBIHIRO,HOKKAIDO 080,JAPAN.
   LEIDEN UNIV,DIV BIOPHARMACEUT,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT MED,VANCOUVER,BC V5Z 4E3,CANADA.
   UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   UNIV OXFORD,SIR WILLIAM DUNN SCH PATHOL,OXFORD OX1 3RE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Tokyo; Roche Holding; Roche Holding Japan; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; University of Tokyo; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto University; University of Osaka; National Institute of Health & Nutrition - Japan; University of Tokyo; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; Obihiro University of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; University of British Columbia; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; University of Oxford
NR 28
TC 1004
Z9 1164
U1 0
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6622
BP 292
EP 296
DI 10.1038/386292a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WP003
UT WOS:A1997WP00300054
PM 9069289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicol, A
   Walsh, JJ
   Watterson, J
   Underhill, JR
AF Nicol, A
   Walsh, JJ
   Watterson, J
   Underhill, JR
TI Displacement rates of normal faults
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID great-basin province; kenya rift-valley; inner moray firth; slip rates; growth; evolution; patterns; model; earthquakes; kinematics
AB Previous estimates of displacement rates on individual faults have been limited to neotectonic faults and averaged over time intervals of about 200 kyr or less(1-5). These estimates have been highly variable, which has led to a belief that longer-term displacement rates on individual faults are likely to be variable as well. Here we report estimates of long-term normal-fault displacement rates averaged over time intervals ranging from 1 to 40 Myr, and based on observed decreases in displacement of progressively younger horizons intersected by syn-sedimentary faults. We find that displacement rates are remarkably stable over these longer time periods, and within a given fault system the rates are strongly dependent on the relative size of the fault (as measured by cumulative vertical displacement), Taken together, these results indicate that faults become large relative to nearby faults by having higher displacement rates, even when small, rather than as a consequence of having been active for longer, Our analyses also show that high regional strain rates tend to be accommodated by high fault displacement rates rather than high fault densities.
C1 UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT EARTH SCI,FAULT ANAL GRP,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,GRANT INST GEOL,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Liverpool; University of Edinburgh
NR 34
TC 103
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6656
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/36548
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YF494
UT WOS:A1997YF49400049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Svoboda, K
   Denk, W
   Kleinfeld, D
   Tank, DW
AF Svoboda, K
   Denk, W
   Kleinfeld, D
   Tank, DW
TI In vivo dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID action-potentials; synaptic activation; hippocampal-neurons; cortical-neurons; cell dendrites; rat; ca1; propagation; microscopy; frequency
AB THE dendrites of mammalian pyramidal neurons contain a rich collection of active conductances that can support Na+ and Ca2+ action potentials (for a review see ref, 1), The presence, site of initiation, and direction of propagation of Na+ and Ca2+ action potentials are, however, controversial(2), and seem to be sensitive to resting membrane potential, ionic composition, and degree of channel inactivation, and depend on the intensity and pattern of synaptic stimulation, This makes it difficult to extrapolate from in vitro experiments to the situation in the intact brain, Here we show that two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy(3) can penetrate the highly scattering tissue of the intact brain. We used this property to measure sensory stimulus-induced dendritic [Ca2+] dynamics of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the rat primary vibrissa (Sm1) cortex in vivo. Simultaneous recordings of intracellular voltage and dendritic [Ca2+] dynamics during whisker stimulation or current injection showed increases in [Ca2+] only in coincidence with Na+ action potentials, The amplitude of these [Ca2+] transients at a given location was approximately proportional to the number of Na+ action potentials in a short burst, The amplitude for a given number of action potentials was greatest in the proximal apical dendrite rand declined steeply,vith increasing distance from the soma, with little Ca2+ accumulation in the most distal branches, in layer 1.
C1 AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,BIOL COMPUTAT RES DEPT,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs
NR 30
TC 642
Z9 752
U1 0
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6612
BP 161
EP 165
DI 10.1038/385161a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WB728
UT WOS:A1997WB72800055
PM 8990119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smirnakis, SM
   Berry, MJ
   Warland, DK
   Bialek, W
   Meister, M
AF Smirnakis, SM
   Berry, MJ
   Warland, DK
   Bialek, W
   Meister, M
TI Adaptation of retinal processing to image contrast and spatial scale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tiger salamander; ganglion-cells; visual-cortex; neurons; rabbit; field
AB Owing to the limited dynamic range of a neuron's output, neural circuits are faced with a trade-off between encoding the full range of their inputs and resolving gradations among those inputs. For example, the ambient light level varies daily over more than nine orders of magnitude(1), whereas the firing rate of optic nerve fibres spans less than two(2). This discrepancy is alleviated by light adaptation(3): as the mean intensity increases, the retina becomes proportionately less sensitive. However, image statistics other than the mean intensity also vary drastically during routine visual processing. Theory predicts that an efficient visual encoder should adapt its strategy not only to the mean, but to the full shape of the intensity distribution(4-6). Here we report that retinal ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina, adapt to both image contrast-the range of light intensities-and to spatial correlations within the scene, even at constant mean intensity. The adaptation occurs on a scale of seconds, one hundred times more slowly than the immediate light response, and involves 2-5-fold changes in the firing rate. It is mediated within the retinal network: two independent sites of modulation after the photoreceptor cells appear to be involved. Our results demonstrate a remarkable plasticity in retinal processing that may contribute to the contrast adaptation of human vision(7).
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DIV HLTH SCI & TECHNOL,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   NEC RES INST,PRINCETON,NJ 08540.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; NEC Corporation
NR 28
TC 363
Z9 440
U1 3
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6620
BP 69
EP 73
DI 10.1038/386069a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WL746
UT WOS:A1997WL74600052
PM 9052781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pidoplichko, VI
   DeBiasi, M
   Williams, JT
   Dani, JA
AF Pidoplichko, VI
   DeBiasi, M
   Williams, JT
   Dani, JA
TI Nicotine activates and desensitizes midbrain dopamine neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acetylcholine-receptor; synaptic transmission; rat; addiction; system
AB Tobacco use in developed countries is estimated to be the single largest cause of premature death(1), Nicotine is the primary component of tobacco that drives use, and like other addictive drugs, nicotine reinforces self-administration and place preference in animal studies(2-5). Midbrain dopamine neurons normally help to shape behaviour by reinforcing biologically rewarding events, but addictive drugs such as cocaine can inappropriately exert a reinforcing influence by acting upon the mesolimbic dopamine system(3-6). Here we show that the same concentration of nicotine achieved by smokers activates and desensitizes multiple nicotinic receptors thereby regulating the activity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons, Initial application of nicotine can increase the activity of the dopamine neurons, which could mediate the rewarding aspects of tobacco use, Prolonged exposure to even these low concentrations of nicotine, however, can cause desensitization of the nicotinic receptors, which helps to explain acute tolerance to nicotine's effects, The effects suggest a cellular basis for reports that the first cigarette of the day is the most pleasurable, whereas the effect of subsequent cigarettes may depend on the interplay between activation and desensitization of multiple nicotinic receptors(5).
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DIV NEUROSCI, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT MOL PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV, VOLLUM INST ADV BIOMED RES, PORTLAND, OR 97201 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University
NR 30
TC 585
Z9 680
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6658
BP 401
EP 404
DI 10.1038/37120
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YH549
UT WOS:A1997YH54900063
PM 9389479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simard, SW
   Perry, DA
   Jones, MD
   Myrold, DD
   Durall, DM
   Molina, R
AF Simard, SW
   Perry, DA
   Jones, MD
   Myrold, DD
   Durall, DM
   Molina, R
TI Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plants; translocation; transport
AB Different plant species can be compatible with the same species of mycorrhizal fungi(1,2) and be connected to one another by a common mycelium(3,4). Transfer of carbon(3-5), nitrogen(6,7) and phosphorus(8,9) through interconnecting mycelia has been measured frequently in laboratory experiments, but it is not known whether transfer is bidirectional, whether there is a net gain by one plant over its connected partner, or whether transfer affects plant performance in the field(10,11). Laboratory studies using isotope tracers show that the magnitude of one-way transfer can be influenced by shading of 'receiver' plants(3,5), fertilization of 'donor' plants with phosphorus(12), or use of nitrogen-fixing donor plants and non-nitrogen-fixing receiver plants(13,14), indicating that movement may be governed by source-sink relationships. Here we use reciprocal isotope labelling in the field to demonstrate bidirectional carbon transfer between the ectomycorrhizal tree species Betula papyrifera and Pseudotsuga menziesii, resulting in net carbon gain by P. menziesii. Thuja plicata seedlings lacking ectomycorrhizae absorb small amounts of isotope, suggesting that carbon transfer between B. papyrifera and P. menziesii is primarily through the direct hyphal pathway. Net gain by P. menziesii seedlings represents on average 6% of carbon isotope uptake through photosynthesis. The magnitude of net transfer is influenced by shading of P. menziesii indicating that source-sink relationships regulate such carbon transfer under field conditions.
C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA.
   OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA.
   OKANAGAN UNIV COLL, DEPT BIOL, KELOWNA, BC V1V 1V7, CANADA.
   US FOREST SERV, USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; Oregon State University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service
RP Simard, SW (corresponding author), BRITISH COLUMBIA MINIST FORESTS, KAMLOOPS FOREST REG, KAMLOOPS, BC V2C 2T7, CANADA.
NR 30
TC 614
Z9 752
U1 10
U2 447
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6642
BP 579
EP 582
DI 10.1038/41557
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XP722
UT WOS:A1997XP72200048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emerich, DF
   Winn, SR
   Hantraye, PM
   Peschanski, M
   Chen, EY
   Chu, YP
   McDermott, P
   Baetge, EE
   Kordower, JH
AF Emerich, DF
   Winn, SR
   Hantraye, PM
   Peschanski, M
   Chen, EY
   Chu, YP
   McDermott, P
   Baetge, EE
   Kordower, JH
TI Protective effect of encapsulated cells producing neurotrophic factor CNTF in a monkey model of Huntington's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID progressive motor neuronopathy; factor prevents degeneration; excitatory amino-acids; quinolinic acid; neuronal death; nervous-system; implantation; striatum; mouse; ngf
AB Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that results from degeneration of striatal neurons, particularly those containing GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)(1). There is no effective treatment for preventing or slowing this neuronal degeneration. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a trophic factor for striatal neurons(2,3) and therefore a potential therapeutic agent for Huntington's disease. Here we evaluate CNTF as a neuroprotective agent in a nonhuman primate model of Huntington's disease. We gave cynomolgus monkeys intrastriatal implants of polymer-encapsulated baby hamster kidney fibroblasts that had been genetically modified to secrete human CNTF. One week later, monkeys received unilateral injections of quinolinic acid into the previously implanted striatum to reproduce the neuropathology seen in Huntington's disease(4,5). Human CNTF was found to exert a neuroprotective effect on several populations of striatal cells, including GABAergic, cholinergic and diaphorase-positive neurons which were all destined to die following: administration of quinolinic acid. Human CNTF also prevented the retrograde atrophy of layer V neurons in motor cortex and exerted a significant protective effect on the GABAergic innervation of the two important target fields of the striatal output neurons (the globus pallidus and pars reticulata of the substantia nigra). Our results show that human CNTF has a trophic influence on degenerating: striatal neurons as well as on critical non-striatal regions such as the cerebral cortex, supporting the idea that human CNTF may help to prevent the degeneration of vulnerable striatal populations and cortical-striatal basal ganglia circuits in Huntington's disease.
C1 CYTOTHERAPEUT INC,PROVIDENCE,RI 02906.
   OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,DEPT SURG,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
   SVC HOSP FREDER JOLIET,CNRS,URA 1285,F-91406 ORSAY,FRANCE.
   INSERM,U421,FAC MED,F-94010 CRETEIL,FRANCE.
   RUSH PRESBYTERIAN ST LUKES MED CTR,RES CTR BRAIN REPAIR,CHICAGO,IL 60612.
   RUSH PRESBYTERIAN ST LUKES MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL SCI,CHICAGO,IL 60612.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Rush University; Rush University
NR 29
TC 242
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6623
BP 395
EP 399
DI 10.1038/386395a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WQ170
UT WOS:A1997WQ17000064
PM 9121555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Danner, R
   Kulkarni, SR
   Saito, Y
   Kawai, N
AF Danner, R
   Kulkarni, SR
   Saito, Y
   Kawai, N
TI Faint X-ray sources in the core of the globular cluster M28
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID millisecond pulsar; discovery; 47-tucanae
AB Globular clusters, the most ancient stellar groups in our galaxy, are known to contain bright X-ray sources, faint X-ray sources and millisecond pulsars, The bright X-ray sources are neutron stars accreting matter from a companion star(1), and the millisecond pulsars are believed to be descendants of these sources(2). But the origin of the faint X-ray sources remains unclear Here we report satellite-based X-ray observations of the globular cluster M28 which reveal two faint X-ray sources; an extended source slightly offset from the centre of the duster, and a point source. The point source pulsates with the same period as a well-known(3,4) 3-millisecond pulsar in M28. The nature of the extended source is more puzzling, however, and its spatial and spectral properties permit a range of plausible models. We argue that this source is either a collection of low-luminosity accreting neutron-star binaries or a synchrotron nebula powered by a recent outburst of energy from an unknown source. Sensitive optical and X-ray observations should be able to distinguish between these two possibilities.
C1 CALTECH, DIV PHYS MATH & ASTRON 10524, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
   INST SPACE & ASTRONAUT SCI, SAGAMIHARA, KANAGAWA 229, JAPAN.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS, D-85740 GARCHING, GERMANY.
   INST PHYS & CHEM RES, WAKO, SAITAMA 35101, JAPAN.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Max Planck Society; RIKEN
NR 24
TC 19
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 751
EP 753
DI 10.1038/41962
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ho, YS
   Swenson, L
   Derewenda, U
   Serre, L
   Wei, YY
   Dauter, Z
   Hattori, M
   Adachi, T
   Aoki, J
   Arai, H
   Inoue, K
   Derewenda, ZS
AF Ho, YS
   Swenson, L
   Derewenda, U
   Serre, L
   Wei, YY
   Dauter, Z
   Hattori, M
   Adachi, T
   Aoki, J
   Arai, H
   Inoue, K
   Derewenda, ZS
TI Brain acetylhydrolase that inactivates platelet-activating factor is a G-protein-like trimer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dieker lissencephaly gene; neuronal migration; nervous-system; lis-1 gene; subunit; expression; messenger; purification; product
AB THE platelet-activating factor PAF (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a potent lipid first messenger active in general cell activation, fertilization, inflammatory and allergic reactions, asthma, HIV pathogenesis, carcinogenesis, and apoptosis(1-5). There is substantial evidence that PAF is involved in intracellular signalling, but the pathways are poorly understood. Inactivation of PAF is carried out by specific intra- and extracellular acetylhydrolases(6) (PAF-AHs), a subfamily of phospholipases A2 that remove the sn-2 acetyl group, Mammalian brain contains at least three intracellular isoforms, of which PAF-AH(Ib) is the best characterized(7-9). This isoform contains a heterodimer of two homologous catalytic subunits alpha(1) and alpha(2), each of relative molecular mass 26K, and a non-catalytic 45K beta-subunit, a homologue of the beta-subunit of trimeric G proteins. We now report the crystal structure of the bovine alpha(1) subunit of PAF-AH(Ib) at 1.7 Angstrom resolution in complex with a reaction product, acetate, The tertiary fold of this protein is closely reminiscent of that found in p21(ras) and other GTPases. The active site is made up of a trypsin-like triad of Ser 47, His 195 and Asp 192, Thus, the intact PAF-AH(Ib) molecule is an unusual G-protein-like (alpha(1)/alpha(2))beta trimer.
C1 UNIV VIRGINIA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MOL PHYSIOL & BIOL PHYS,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22906.
   UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT BIOCHEM,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2H7,CANADA.
   EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,OUTSTN,D-22603 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
   UNIV TOKYO,FAC PHARMACEUT SCI,DEPT HLTH CHEM,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Alberta; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Tokyo
NR 30
TC 163
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6611
BP 89
EP 93
DI 10.1038/385089a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WA731
UT WOS:A1997WA73100057
PM 8985254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nedelec, FJ
   Surrey, T
   Maggs, AC
   Leibler, S
AF Nedelec, FJ
   Surrey, T
   Maggs, AC
   Leibler, S
TI Self-organization of microtubules and motors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome segregation; kinesin; extracts; invitro; force
AB Cellular structures are established and maintained through a dynamic interplay between assembly and regulatory processes. Self-organization of molecular components provides a variety of possible spatial structures: the regulatory machinery chooses the most appropriate to express a given cellular function(1). Here we study the extent and the characteristics of self-organization using microtubules and molecular motors(2) as a model system. These components are known to participate in the formation of many cellular structures, such as the dynamic asters found in mitotic and meiotic spindles(3,4). Purified motors and microtubules have previously been observed to form asters in vitro(5). We have reproduced this result with a simple system consisting solely of multi-headed constructs of the motor protein kinesin(6) and stabilized microtubules. We show that dynamic asters can also be obtained from a homogeneous solution of tubulin and motors. By varying the relative concentrations of the components, we obtain a variety of self-organized structures. Further, by studying this process in a constrained geometry of micro-fabricated glass chambers(7), we demonstrate that the same final structure can be reached through different assembly 'pathways'.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT MOL BIOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   ECOLE SUPER PHYS & CHIM IND VILLE PARIS,LAB PHYSICOCHIM THEOR,F-75231 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI)
NR 29
TC 722
Z9 832
U1 3
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6648
BP 305
EP 308
DI 10.1038/38532
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XW772
UT WOS:A1997XW77200053
PM 9305848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gewirtz, JC
   Davis, M
AF Gewirtz, JC
   Davis, M
TI Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; lateral nucleus; intraamygdala infusion; basolateral amygdala; impairs acquisition; startle; antagonist; expression; memory; blockade
AB Antagonists of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-type glutamate receptors disrupt several forms of learning(1-8). Although this might indicate that NMDA-receptor-mediated processes are critical for synaptic plasticity, there may be other mechanisms by which NMDA-receptor antagonism could interfere with learning(1,9-12). For instance, fear conditioning would be blocked by microinfusion of the NMDA-receptor antagonist AP5 (D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate) into the basolateral amygdala(6,13,14) if AP5 inhibited routine synaptic transmission, thereby reducing the ability of stimuli to activate amygdala neurons(15,16). In second-order fear conditioning(17,18), the reinforcer is a fear-eliciting conditioned stimulus rather than an unconditioned stimulus. Expression of conditioned fear is amygdala-dependent(19,20) and so provides a behavioural assessment of the ability of the reinforcer to activate amygdala neurons in the presence of AP5. We report here that intra-amygdala AP5 actually enhances expression of conditioned fear to the conditioned stimulus that provides the reinforcement signal for second-order conditioning. Nevertheless, acquisition of second-order fear conditioning is completely blocked. Our findings strongly support the view that NMDA receptors are critically involved in synaptic plasticity.
C1 YALE UNIV,RIBICOFF RES FACIL,CONNECTICUT MENTAL HLTH CTR,DEPT PSYCHIAT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06508.
C3 Yale University
RP Gewirtz, JC (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,RIBICOFF RES FACIL,CONNECTICUT MENTAL HLTH CTR,DEPT PSYCHOL,34 PK ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06508, USA.
NR 30
TC 178
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6641
BP 471
EP 474
DI 10.1038/41325
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XN553
UT WOS:A1997XN55300048
PM 9242405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kretzschmar, M
   Doody, J
   Massague, J
AF Kretzschmar, M
   Doody, J
   Massague, J
TI Opposing BMP and EGF signalling pathways converge on the TGF-beta family mediator Smad1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mad-related protein; growth-factor-beta; signaling pathways; transduction; specificity; receptors; dpc4
AB The growth factor TGF-beta, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and related factors regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, controlling the development and maintenance of most tissues(1,2). Their signals are transmitted through the phosphorylation of the tumour-suppressor SMAD proteins by receptor protein serine/threonine kinases (RS/TKs)(3-10), leading to the nuclear accumulation(5,9,11,12) and transcriptional activity of SMAD proteins(6,12,13). Here we report that Smad1, which mediates BMP signals, is also a target of mitogenic growth-factor signalling through epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Phosphorylation occurs at specific serines within the region linking the inhibitory and effector domains of Smad1, and is catalysed by the Erk family of mitogen-activated protein kinases. In contrast to the BMP-stimulated phosphorylation of Smad1, which affects carboxy-terminal serines and induces nuclear accumulation of Smad1(6), Erk-mediated phosphorylation specifically inhibits the nuclear accumulation of Smad1. Thus, Smad1 receives opposing regulatory inputs through RTKs and RS/TKs, and it is this balance that determines the level of Smad1 activity in the nucleus, and so possibly the role of Smad1 in the control of cell fate.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELL BIOL & GENET PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 34
TC 768
Z9 917
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6651
BP 618
EP 622
DI 10.1038/39348
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YA008
UT WOS:A1997YA00800064
PM 9335504
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, R
   Husmann, A
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Saboungi, ML
   Enderby, JE
   Littlewood, PB
AF Xu, R
   Husmann, A
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Saboungi, ML
   Enderby, JE
   Littlewood, PB
TI Large magnetoresistance in non-magnetic silver chalcogenides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant magnetoresistance; multilayers
AB Several materials have been identified over the past few years as promising candidates for the development of new generations of magnetoresistive devices. These range from artificially engineered magnetic multilayers' and granular alloys(2,3), in which the magnetic-field response of interfacial spins modulates electron transport to give rise to 'giant' magnetoresistance(4), to the manganite peravskites5-7, in which metal-insulator transitions driven by a magnetic field give rise to a 'colossal' magnetoresistive response (albeit at very high fields). Here we describe a hitherto unexplored class of magnetoresistive compounds, the silver chalcogenides. At high temperatures, the compounds Ag2S, Ag2Se and Ag2Te are superionic conductors; below similar to 400 K, ion migration is effectively frozen and the compounds are non-magnetic semiconductors(8,9) that exhibit no appreciable magnetoresistance(10). We show that slightly altering the stoichiometry can lead to a marked increase in the magnetic response. At room temperature and in a magnetic field of similar to 55 kOe, Ag2+deltaSe and Ag2+deltaTe show resistance increases of up to 200%, which are comparable with the colossal-magnetoresistance materials. Moreover, the resistance of our most responsive samples exhibits an unusual linear dependence on magnetic field, indicating both a potentially useful response down to fields of practical importance and a peculiarly long length scale associated with the underlying mechanism.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,JAMES FRANCK INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT PHYS,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV MAT SCI,ARGONNE,IL 60439.
   AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
NR 24
TC 600
Z9 650
U1 5
U2 262
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 1997
VL 390
IS 6655
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/36306
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YE477
UT WOS:A1997YE47700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawicki, G
   Salas, E
   Murat, J
   MisztaLane, H
   Radomski, MW
AF Sawicki, G
   Salas, E
   Murat, J
   MisztaLane, H
   Radomski, MW
TI Release of gelatinase A during platelet activation mediates aggregation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extracellular-matrix; endothelial-cells; tissue inhibitor; metalloproteinases; collagenase; expression; family; timp-2
AB Blood platelets limit blood loss at sites of vascular injury by forming a mechanical plug. They are also involved in thrombosis, atherosclerosis, inflammation and metastasis. Platelet activation is essential for these physiological and pathological reactions and depends upon their adhesion to the vessel wall and attachment to each other in the aggregation process. The two known pathways of aggregation are mediated by the release of endoperoxides/thromboxane A(2) and ADP(1-3) which amplify platelet aggregation. Here we report the identification of a new pathway of aggregation which is mediated by the release of a metalloproteinase enzyme, gelatinase A.
C1 UNIV ALBERTA, DEPT PHARMACOL, EDMONTON, AB T6G 2H7, CANADA.
   UNIV ALBERTA, DEPT OBSTET & GYNAECOL, EDMONTON, AB T6G 2H7, CANADA.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Alberta
NR 29
TC 293
Z9 321
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 1997
VL 386
IS 6625
BP 616
EP 619
DI 10.1038/386616a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WT273
UT WOS:A1997WT27300061
PM 9121586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weinstein, LB
   Jones, BCNM
   Cosstick, R
   Cech, TR
AF Weinstein, LB
   Jones, BCNM
   Cosstick, R
   Cech, TR
TI A second catalytic metal ion in a group I ribozyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tetrahymena ribozyme; endoribonuclease activity; guanosine binding; rna; substrate; site; mechanism; complexes; cleavage; step
AB Although only a subset of protein enzymes depend on the presence of a metal ion for their catalytic function, all naturally occurring RNA enzymes require metal ions to stabilize their structure and for catalytic competence(1). In the self-splicing group I intron from Tetrahymena thermophila(2), several divalent metals can serve structural roles, but only Mg2+ and Mn2+ promote splice-site cleavage and exon ligation(3,4). A study of a ribozyme reaction analogous to 5'-splice-site cleavage by guanosine uncovered the first metal ion with a definitive role in catalysis. Substitution of the 3'-oxygen of the leaving group with sulphur resulted in a metal-specificity switch, indicating an interaction between the leaving group and the metal ion(5). Here we use 3'-(thioinosylyl)-(3' --> 5')-uridine(6), IspU, as a substrate in a reaction that emulates exon ligation. Activity requires the addition of a thiophilic metal ion (Cd2+ or Mn2+), providing evidence for stabilization of the leaving group by a metal ion in that step of splicing. Based on the principle of microscopic reversibility, this metal ion activates the nucleophilic 3'-hydroxyl of guanosine in the first step of splicing, supporting the model of a two-metal-ion active site(7).
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT CHEM,ROBERT ROBINSON LABS,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Liverpool
NR 26
TC 157
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6644
BP 805
EP 808
DI 10.1038/42076
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XR667
UT WOS:A1997XR66700058
PM 9285596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lavier, LL
   Steckler, MS
AF Lavier, LL
   Steckler, MS
TI The effect of sedimentary cover on the flexural strength of continental lithosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thrust belt; rheology; temperature; dependence; boundary; subsidence; thickness; beneath; romania; basin
AB The factors that control the flexural rigidity-or effective elastic thickness (EET)-of continental Lithosphere have been extensively studied over the past two decades, Using EET estimates derived from the analysis of topography, basin structures and gravity anomalies, several authors(1-5) have shown that crustal thickness, geothermal gradient, strain rate, rheology and plate curvature all affect the flexural strength of continents. Recognition that certain combinations of these parameters result in a significant reduction of flexural strength caused by decoupling of the crust and the upper mantle(3,5) has been a critical step in understanding why many continental areas have estimated EETs that are thin compared with the total mechanical thickness of the continental lithosphere(5), Here we develop a semi-analytical model of the EET through a parametrization of the yield stress envelope(6,7) that includes the effects of crust-mantle decoupling, We perform a detailed comparison of EET estimates at foreland basins and mountain belts to values predicted by our model and find that, to predict the EET estimates successfully we need to take into account the effect of the sediment cover and to use a strong plagioclase-controlled rheology. The effect of sediment cover is to weaken the lithosphere because of the lower density of sediments relative to crystalline crust(5,8,9) and by thermally insulating the lower crust(9-11).
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,PALISADES,NY 10964.
C3 Columbia University
RP Lavier, LL (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,POB 1000,RT 9W,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 39
TC 58
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 1997
VL 389
IS 6650
BP 476
EP 479
DI 10.1038/39004
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XY909
UT WOS:A1997XY90900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Indenbom, MV
   vanderBeek, CJ
   Berseth, V
   Benoit, W
   DAnna, G
   Erb, A
   Walker, E
   Flukiger, R
AF Indenbom, MV
   vanderBeek, CJ
   Berseth, V
   Benoit, W
   DAnna, G
   Erb, A
   Walker, E
   Flukiger, R
TI Magneto-optical observation of twisted vortices in type-II superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-t(c) superconductors; transport currents; flux lines; yba2cu3o7-delta; anisotropy
AB When magnetic nux penetrates a type-II superconduct or, it does so as quantized flux lines or vortex lines, so called because each is surrounded by a supercurrent vortex. Interactions between such vortices lead to a very rich and well characterized phenomenology for this 'mixed state'. But an outstanding question remains: are individual vortex Lines 'strong', or can they easily be cut and made to pass through one another? The concept of vortex cutting was originally proposed to account for dissipation observed in superconducting wires oriented parallel to an applied magnetic field, where the vortex lines and transport current should be in a force-free configuration(1-6). Previous experiments, however, have been unable to establish the vortex topology in the force-free configuration or the size of the energy barrier for vortex cutting. Here we report magneto-optical images of YBa2Cu3O7-delta samples in the force-fi-ee configuration which show that thousands of vortex lines can twist together to form highly stable structures. In some cases, these 'vortex twisters' interact with one another to produce wave-like dynamics. Our measurements also determine directly the current required to initiate vortex cutting, and show that it is much higher than that needed to overcome the pinning of vortices by material defects. This implies that thermodynamic phases of entangled vortices(7-10) are intrinsically stable and may occupy a significant portion of the mixed-state phase diagram for type-II superconductors.
C1 ECOLE POLYTECH FED LAUSANNE,INST GENIE ATOM,DEPT PHYS,CH-1015 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST SOLID STATE PHYS,CHERNOGOLOVKA 142432,MOSCOW DISTRICT,RUSSIA.
   UNIV GENEVA,DEPT PHYS MAT CONDENSEE,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Russian Academy of Sciences; Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS; University of Geneva
NR 25
TC 32
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6618
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/385702a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WJ423
UT WOS:A1997WJ42300039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freymann, DM
   Keenan, RJ
   Stroud, RM
   Walter, P
AF Freymann, DM
   Keenan, RJ
   Stroud, RM
   Walter, P
TI Structure of the conserved GTPase domain of the signal recognition particle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; protein translocation; binding domain; hydrolysis; mechanism; subunit; conformation; receptor; sequence; errors
AB The signal-recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (SR) function in the co-translational targeting of nascent protein-ribosome complexes to the membrane translocation apparatus(1). The SRP protein subunit (termed Ffh in bacteria) that recognizes the signal sequence of nascent polypeptides is a GTPase, as is the SR-alpha subunit (termed FtsY)(2,3). Ffh. and FtsY interact directly, each stimulating the GTP hydrolysis activity of the other(4). The sequence of Ffh suggests three domains: an amino-terminal N domain of unknown function, a central GTPase G domain, and a methionine-rich M domain that binds both SRP RNA and signal peptides(5,6). Sequence conservation suggests that structurally similar N and G domains are present in FtsY(7,8). Here we report the structure of the nucleotide-free form of the NG fragment of Ffh. Consistent with a role for apo Ffh in protein targeting, the side chains of the empty active-site pocket form a tight network of interactions which map stabilize the nucleotide-free protein. The structural relationship between the two domains suggests that the N domain senses or controls the nucleotide occupancy of the GTPase domain. A structural subdomain unique to these evolutionarily conserved GTPases constitutes them as a distinct subfamily in the GTPase superfamily(9).
RP Freymann, DM (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 30
TC 205
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 1997
VL 385
IS 6614
BP 361
EP 364
DI 10.1038/385361a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA WD914
UT WOS:A1997WD91400056
PM 9002524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Field, SB
   Klaus, M
   Moore, MG
   Nori, F
AF Field, SB
   Klaus, M
   Moore, MG
   Nori, F
TI Chaotic dynamics of falling disks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behavior; paper
AB The study of the motion of flat bodies falling in a viscous medium dates back at least to Newton(1) and Maxwell(2), and is relevant to problems in meteorology(3), sedimentology(4), aerospace engineering(1) and chemical engineering(5-8). More recent theoretical studies(9-12) have emphasized the role played by deterministic chaos, although many experimental studies(1,5-8,13,14) were performed before the development of such ideas. Here we report experimental observations of the dynamics of disks falling in water/glycerol mixtures. We find four distinct types of motion, which are mapped out in a 'phase diagram'. The apparently complex behaviour can be reduced to a series of one-dimensional maps, which display a discontinuity at the crossover from periodic to chaotic motion. This discontinuity leads to an unusual intermittency transition(15), not previously observed experimentally, between the two behaviours.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT PHYS,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Field, SB (corresponding author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA.
NR 19
TC 232
Z9 256
U1 9
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 1997
VL 388
IS 6639
BP 252
EP 254
DI 10.1038/40817
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA XL121
UT WOS:A1997XL12100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

